Gravity

Still a mystery
for science

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History

Isaac Newton declered in 1686 in his masterpiece

Principa that gravity was an attractive force between all
objects. Newtons Universal Law of Gravity is concidered
to be one of the greatest science allegations of all time.
Isaac Newton was a scientist, but also a life-long bibliar
scholar. He wrote in his Principa: “Our most beatiful
system of the sun, planets and comets could only
proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent
and powerful being”.

What kind of force is gravity ?

Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature ( strong, electromagnetic,
weak and gravity) but by far the weakest of them. It dominates on the scale of
large space objects. Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle.
The force reaches an extreemely long distance, getting less and less for greater
distance, but it never quite reaches zero ! (1)

The relative strengt between these four forces is like this:

Strong 1 Stability of atomic nucleus

Electromagnetic 10-2 Atomic, molecular bonding

Weak 10-6 Radioactive decay process

Gravity 10-43 Stability of space objects

Newtons theory had its greatest success when it was used to predict the
existence of the planet Neptune. Although Newton’s theory has been some
adjusted, it is still more used than Einsteins General relativity, beeing a much
more simple theory to work with, and giving suficciently accurate results for
most applications.

The equivalence principle

This principle express the idea that all objects fall in the same way. A simple way
to test this priciple is to drop two objects of different masses or compositions in a
vacuum, and see if they hits the ground at the same time.

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Gravity and General relativity
Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by
matter, and a free-falling object are moving
along straight paths in curved spacetime. The
Einstein field equation are a set of 10
simultanous, non-linear, differensial equations !

Earth’s gravity
Every planetary body, including the Earth, is
surrounded by its own gravitational field,
performing attractive force on all objecte. The
strength of a gravitational field in numerically
equal to the acceleration of objects under its
influence, approximately expressed by the
standard average g = 9.81 m/s2. (1)

Gravity and quantum mechanics.

Several decades after the discovery of general relativity it was realized that
relativity is incompareable to quantum mechanics. It is possible to describe
gravity in the framework of quantum field theory, just like other fundamental
forces , such that the attractive force of gravity arises, due to exchange of
“virtual gravitons”, in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from
exchange of virtual photons. But this “approach” fails at short distance due to
Planck’s length. Some scientists believe that the emerge of a complete theory,
like the String Theory, or perhaps the M-theory could give an independent
background to solve the approach to the gravity problem.

What kind of matter is gravity ?

Could there be particles like neutrinos or photons beeing responsible, or is
gravity another kind of mysterious matters like dark matter, dark energy and
vacuum energy ? Let us take a little look at these possibilities:

Neutrinos move straight forward with a speed close up to the light, completely
unaffectet by ordinary matter, gravity- or electromagnetic forces. They come
from “somewhere” and ends up “nowhere”, with one exception, a collosion with a
proton, a very seldom happening. The density of neutrinos hitting your body
corresponds to several 100 millions of neutrinos per second .

Photons, the “light particle”, responsible for all electromagnetic radiation, goes
also in stright lines with the speed of light , but strong gravimetric fields can give
them a bend in their direction.

Dark matter, dark energy and vacuum energy has still not found a sensible
explanation. About 70 % of all matter in the universe concists of dark energy,
some 26% of dark matter, and the rest of ordinary matter, including all stars and
galaxies we can observe in the universe is only 5 %. (neutrinos 0.3 %).

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Dark matter has an attractive force, maybe necessary to keep the univers
united, and so far comparable to the gravity force, but more than this can not be
used as resemblance.

Dark energy has a repulsive force, perhaps causing the expansion of our
universe, keeping a balance in the size of our universe.

Vacuum energy The quantum theory brought in a question about the precence
of vacuum–energy in space, beeing the sourche for pairs of particles constantly
popping up into existance throughout in the universe. These virtual particles, one
negative and one positive, could perhaps exist for a fraction of a second.

Other explananations ?
The real truth about gravity is still a great problem for
science. Some related “behaviour” can be found
between gravity- and centrifugal forces. Take a look at
the gyro-scope at right .

If you try to disturb the gyro by making a press on the

suspensions, the axis of the gyroscope will make a
movement perpendicular to the moment, trying to get it’s
own spinning axis parellell to the momentum.

By high speed this device seems to have a mystical connection to someting quite
unvisible in it’s surroundings, may be

A facinating experience, which in 1990 inspired me to try to utilize this

phenomena in a machinery based on two contra-spinning bicycle wheels, in the
purpose to create antigravity. (3)

Without regard to my “brave experiment”, both gravity- and centrifugal forces

are seemingly connectet to some invisible matter in their surroundings. The
atoms in a spinning wheel or in an accelerated body have something in
common. They “dont like to be disturbed” in their gained condition, and either
meet a disturbance with an evaside movement, or need for increased strain for
acceleration.

The experiments taking place by The Large Hadron Accelerator (CERN) will
perhaps give the scientist’s results that means a better understanding of what
mechanism nature use to produce matter from a seemingly empty space in the
universe.

The Higgs boson is the only Standard Model particle that has not yet been
observed. Experimental detection of the Higgs boson would help explain the
origin of matter in the universe, and explain the difference between the
massless photon, which mediates electro-magnetism, and the massive W and Z
bosons, mediating the weak force. (4)

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On the 30.mars at 13.06 this year a message came from the CERN institute in
Switzerland, announcing that a successful experiment in the 27 km long LHC
accelerator by colliding two contrary rotating proton beams by 7 TeV (Terra
electron volt) had been completed. The detections from this happening would
now be closely scrutinized.

Skien, 4.april 2010

Kjell W. Tveten

References

(1) http://wapedia.mobi/en/Gravity

(2) http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_bevegelseslover

(3) http://neutrino.posterous.com Welcom to my web site/ Antigravity

(4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson