STUDY GUIDE

Endocrine vs nervous

Endrocine - longer to start, longer lasting

nervous - shorter to start, shorter lasting

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands

Exocrine glands (sweat, salivary = outside the body)

Pituitary

Thyroid

Adrenals

pancreas

gonads

blood vessels come from all the glands

paracrine signaling releases molecules that degrade really quickly (very localized)

autocrine signalling - within a cell or to the adjacent cell (T cells)

signal receptors receive hormones

steroids - type of cholesterol - can penetrate plasma membrane

Peptides

Monoamines

(water soluble so they cant pass through cell)

Pituitary Gland- master - hormones to instructs glands to produce hormones

connected to hypothalamus

two lobes fused together

posterior pituitary - extension of hypo - secretes oxytocin (contractions in child birth, breast feeding, social recognition, pair bonding, orgasms, anxiety) and antidiuretic
hormone (tells kidneys to retain water)

Anterior pituitary - secretes a bunch into things like thyroid (negative feed back) - if thyroid hormone levels are low, pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone to travel to
thyroid

thyroid produces thyroid hormone which tell pituitary to stop producing

Adrenal Glands - salt and water levels in kidneys

sympathetic nervous system fight or flight

hypothalamus tell pituitary gland to release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone or ACTH

Epinephrine produced in adrenal gland

Pancreas - biggest gland

regulate glucose

glucose goes up, insulin released, absorb glucose, convert glucose to glycogen or adipose

or glucagon released, break up glycogen and adipose for glucose reserves

Diabetes can lead to a lack of insulin produced

Testes and Ovaries

Testes make androgens - testosterone is main type

Ovaries make estrogens and progestins (most important are progesterone and estradiol)

Alfred Jost studied sex dierentiation in bunnies

discovered that in absence of hormones, default setting for mammalian embryo is female

Estrogen is required for manufacture of serotonin

In menstrual cycle, estrogen levels go down, so does serotonin

There are at least 50 dierent types of chemical messengers at work in your body at this very moment

Hormones regulate:

reproduction

metabolism and energy balance

growth and development

body defenses

general homeostasis and water, nutrient, and electrolyte balance of the blood

Cascades- hormones triggering hormones triggering hormones

pituitary can command glands like thyroid, parathyroid, pineal and adrenal

most hormones are amino acid based

Few like the gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids synthesized from cholesterol

hormones can only trigger reactions in specific cells (target cells with correct receptors)

Target cell activation is also influenced by

blood levels of the hormone

number of receptors for hormone on/in target cell

strength of the binding

Thyroid produces thyroxine - stimulates metabolism and binds to receptors in most of the cells in your body

Pituitary produces many hormones including follicle-stimulating hormone

helps regulate growth and trigger sexual maturity

Hormones can increase or decrease target cell activity

Eating glucose:

beta cells release insulin

Alpha cells can release glucagon in opposite situation

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis

or HPA Axis

Between three glands (responsible for digestion, sexuality, immune response and handling stress)

Fight or Flight

Hypothalamus bridges gap between nervous and endocrine

Bad thing happens

Hypothalamus release of CRH or corticotropin releasing hormone

CRH goes from blood stream to anterior pituitary gland

Binds to outside due to polar nature

Trigger the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH

ACTH travels through bloodstream to the adrenal cortices of the adrenal glands on top of your kidneys

Binds to outside of cells

Trigger release of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones (day to day stress - blood sugar and pressure)

Ramp up blood pressure

dump glucose into your bloodstream

shut down nonemergency services like immune and sperm and egg development

hypothalamus stops releasing CRH after noticing the cascade which then triggers a cascade of stopped releases

The pineal gland secrets melatonin, a hormone that helps to control a person's sleep

Intype 1 diabetes, the body isn't able to produce enough insulin and so blood glucose becomes too high unless insulin is injected.

In type 2 diabetes, the body is unable to respond eectively to insulin, which can also result in higher than normal blood glucose levels. Medications for type 2 diabetes
include those which help to increase insulin sensitivity, those which stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin and other medications which inhibit the release of glucagon.