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Tuesday, December 22, 2015

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Internet Pages
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1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Wireless communication is the transmission of information over a distance

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without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductor. It uses only radio waves as the

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medium instead of wires. There are basically three ways to setup a wirel ess network. point - to - point,
point - to - multipoint mesh or ad hoc network 1.1 POINT TO POINT M ETHOD Point to point wireless
network links connect two locations together through line of sight (LOS).

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They can operate in licensed/unlicensed radio frequencies or through free space optics, with speeds available

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between 100mbps to 10Gbps. 1.2 POINT TO MULTIPO INT METHOD: Point to Multi Point wireless networks,

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also used for outdoor hotspots, interconnect multiple locations to central access poin ts through line of sight

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and non line of sight (nLOS). This method operates in both the unlicensed and licensed frequencies bands
with speeds up to 1Gbps. 2 1.3 MESH OR AD HOC M ETHOD: Wireless mesh networks provide a self configuring, scalable, and self - healing wireless network capable of extremely high concurrent connections.

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Each mesh node will have redundant links to other mesh nodes which creates inherent redundancy. They are

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high capacity environments as they can scale to many kilometres. In th is study a combination of Wi - Fi and
WiMAX cells have been used, and so user will be have an uninterrupted connectivity in all the region whether

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it is licensed or unlicensed band. 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY The following is the literature survey

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about the "Integration of WiMAX And Wi - Fi". 1. Maria Gracias and Veljko Knezevic (2011), have analyzed the

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quality of service in which the networks can have a good strength.

They have compared WiFi and WiMAX with the new technologies and tested the technologies in a testbed
environment. They proposed that an Internet Service Provider(ISP) will be using WiMAX to backhaul multiple

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Wi - Fi hotspot sites. 2. Aymen I. Zreikat (2013), have proposed the deployment of Wi - Fi and WiMAX cells

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together to have a connectivity were it is not interrupted. They suggested the model for integration of two

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technologies, where it will have a new scalability, mixed service support and mobility.

The proposed integrated model will have a good quality of service for the who le network. 3. Juwita Mohd

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Sultan, Garik Markarian (2015), have proposed the interconnection between two different protocol network

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known as Wi - Fi /WiMAX router. To have an optimized network, they had tested how many number of Wi - Fi

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users or hotspots can could accommodate a Wi - Fi /WiMAX router and a WiMAX base s tation . 4. Nitul Dutta,

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Sangappa Ramachandra B iradar ( 2012 ), have proposed the deployment scenario of two most popular
wireless networks IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16

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and to examine the challenges and issues involved in the integration of both the networ ks. 4 CHAPTER 3
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXISTING METHOD 3.1 WI - FI: Wi - Fi(Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless
networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. It
describes network components that are based on one of the 802.11 standards developed by the IEEE. Wi - Fi

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is the standard way computers connect to wireless networks. Wi - Fi is known to be less secure than wired

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connecti ons because an intruder does not need a physical connection.

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Web pages that use SSL are secure but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders.
Because of this, Wi - Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The encryption WEP, prov ed easy to

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break. Higher quality protocols were added later on. An optional feature added, called Wi - Fi Protected Setup

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(WPS) was deployed, but it also had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.

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The standards are classifi ed as follows, 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac 5
802.11b (Old 1990s) Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct sequence spread spectrum
(DSSS) Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft ran 802.11a/g (Middle Age

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mid - late 1990s) Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)/also 2.4GHz OFDM in 20

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MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx.

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100 - 200 ft range l 802.11n/ac (Current) Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band Adaptive OFDM /MIMO
in 20/40/80/160 MHz Antennas: 2 - 4, up to 8 Speed s up to 600Mbps/10 Gbps, approx. 200 ft range
Other advances in packetization, antenna use, multiuser MIMO . In these standards, 802.11n/ac standard is
the most advanced standard where multiple users can be connected.

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The users in the Wi - Fi connection ha ve many advantages like strength, quality of service, etc. The main

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disadvantage of the standard is the distance covered by it. As the coverage area of this standard is very
minimum, more new technologies have been proposed to increase the coverage area. 6 3.2 WIMAX: WIMAX

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stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access . WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks

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that are based on the IEEE 802.16

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standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipm ent
WiMAX, which will have a range of up to 31 miles, is primarily aimed at making broadband network access

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widely available without the expense of stringing wires or the distance limitations of Digital Subscriber Line.

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WiMAX is gaining popularity as a te chnology which delivers carrier - class, high speed wireless broadband at

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a much lower cost while covering large distance than Wi - Fi It has been designed to be a cost effective way to

0% http://www.ensc.sfu.ca/~ljilja/papers/Op

deliver broadband over a large area.

It is intended to handle high - quality voice, data and video services while offering a high QoS WiMAX

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operates in between 10 and 66 GHz Line of Sight (LOS) at a range up to 50 km (30 miles) and 2 to 11GHz

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non Line - of - Sight (NLOS) typically up to 6 - 10 km (4 - 6 miles) for fixed customer prem ises equipment

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(CPE). Both the fixed and mobile standards include the licensed (2.5, 3.5, and 10.5 GHz) and unlicensed (2.4

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and 5.8 GHz) frequency spectrum. However, the frequency range for the fixed standard covers 2 to 11 GHz
while the mobile standard covers below 6 GHz.

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Depending on the frequency band, it can be Frequency Division Duplex or Time Division Duplex configuration.
The data rates for the fixed standard will support up to 75 Mbps per subscriber in 20 MHz of spectrum, but
typical data rates w ill be 20 to 30 Mbps. The mobile applications will support 30 Mbps per subscriber, in 10
MHz of spectrum, but typical data rates will be 3 - 5 Mbps. 7 WiMAX has many standards based on IEEE
802.16.

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Here the user will have a uninterrupted connection for a lar ger distance than the Wi - Fi technology and it has
many features better than that technology , they are o Scalability o Quality of Service o Range o Coverage
These features are compared with Wi - Fi technology and they are listed below 3.3 COMPARISON OF FEAT
URES 3.3 .1 SCALABILITY: 802.11 802.16a Wide (20MHz) frequency channels MAC designed to

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support 10s of users Channel bandwidths can be chosen by operator 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz width

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channels.

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MAC designed for scalability. independent of channel bandwidth MAC designed to support thousands of
users. 8 3.3 .2 QUALITY OF SERVIC E: 802.11 802.16a Contention - based MAC Standard cannot
currently guarantee latency for Voice, Video Standard does not allow for differentiated levels of service on a

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per - user basis 802.11e (proposed) QoS is prioritization only Grant - request MAC Designed to

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support Voice and Video from ground up Supports differentiated service levels: e.g.

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T1 for business customers; best effort for residential. Centrally - enforced QoS 3.3 .3 RANGE: 802.11
802.16a Optimized for ~100 meters No near - far compensation Designed to handle indoor multi

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- path delay spread of 0.8 seconds Optimization centres around PHY and MAC layer for 100m range

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Optimized for up to 50 Km Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometres Designed to

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tolerate greater multi - path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0 seconds PHY and MAC designed

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with multi - mile range in mind 9 3. 3 .4

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Coverage: 802.11 802.16a Optimized for indoor performance No mesh topology support within ratified

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standards Optimized for outdoor NLOS performance Standard supports mesh network topology

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Standard supports advanced antenna techniques 3.4 DEPLOYMENT MODEL: The inter - working capabilities
between WiMAX and Wi - Fi enable service providers to deliver consistent, transparent, and user - friendly
broadband services to their subscribers. Achieving this transparency requires two key elements.

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Multi - mode subscriber dev ices that can communicate on both WiMAX and Wi - Fi networks. The ability

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to provide service across WiMAX and Wi - Fi networks when users move between them, This is generally

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implemented through a controlling Access Service Network Gateway (ASN GW), common Authentication,

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Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) service functionality located in the service provider network. WiMAX has
established its relevance as an alternative to wired DSL and cable, providing a competitive broadband service
offering that can be rapidly and cost effectively deployed.

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Building on fixed services by adding broadband connectivity on the move, Mobile WiMAX networks based on

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scalable OFDMA technology are now capable of simultaneously supporting fixed, portable, and mobile us age
models. With scalable OFDMA, operators no longer 10 need to choose between fixed or mobile services.

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WiMAX is being deployed today in cities and dense residential areas to provide mobile broadband Internet.

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WiMAX can offer an alternate metro mobile broadb and solution in two ways.

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First, even if the final connection to the terminal is Wi - Fi, backhaul from access points can use WiMAX to
allow direct connection to the network hubs rather than multi - hop meshing. This solution depends on the
availability of spe ctrum: the most likely short - term scenario would be for broadband cellular data

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connections, but as WiMAX becomes available in an area, this option is a possibility that should provide

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higher bandwidth. Fig 3.1.

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Wi - Fi and WiMAX together The cost - effective integration of WiMAX into devices, such as notebooks, CE
devices, smart phones, and mobile Internet devices, drives new opportunities for service providers to:

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Target both tech - savvy business users requiring mission - critical mobile connect ivity and consumers

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seeking an economical, wide area mobile Internet 11 experience that extends their home Wi - Fi experience.

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Deliver advanced mobile broadband Internet services that require high throughput and QoS to support

0% http://www.google.com/patents/US9113490

video and VoIP applications.

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M arket innovative, compelling devices that create demand for mobile Internet services, while lowering

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device subsidies. Offer bundled fixed, portable, and mobile wireless broadband services to subscribers for

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maximum user flexibility. Service providers ha ve been increasingly leveraging Wi - Fi to expand their
broadband footprint and offer alternative pricing models. 12 Fig, 3.2 Network Combination of Wi - Fi and
WiMAX 13 CHA P TER 4 INTEGRATION OF WIFI AND WiMAX To allow the interoperability between WiFi and
WiMAX as a hybrid network, a special gateway is needed known as WiFi/WiMAX gateway.

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The main use of this gateway is to connect the users of both technologies seamlessly with greater gain access
as shown in Figure 1. For this type of combination, the WiFi users connect to th e Internet through a WiMAX

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core network using the WiFi/WiMAX gateway. The WiMAX base station sees the gateway as another WiMAX
subscriber station. Since each WiFi/WiMAX gateway can accommodate many WiFi users, the average traffic
generated by the gateway i s higher compared to WiMAX subscriber stations.

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As a result, a controlled resource allocation is required between WiFi/WiMAX gateway and WiMAX base
station to optimize the available bandwidth. Figure 4 . 1: WiFi and WiMAX integration 14 4 .1 WIFI AND
WIMAX WLAN or also known as 802.11 standards is a technology that allows any electronic device to
exchange and transfer data wirelessly in a high speed internet connection within a short range area. The

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network can support data rates up to 54 Mbps at a range of about 30 to 300 meters. There are five main

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WLAN specifications: IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11e, IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n. Formerly,

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IEEE802.11a/b/g was utilized widely, however, now the popular usage is for 802.11n standard that operates in

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the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. WiMAX is designed for a long range communication . 4 .2
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INTEGRATION OF WIFI AND WIMAX Wi - Fi is an implementation of wireless local area network within a

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short range area such as an office, a college or a universit y campus. WiMAX on the other hand covers a

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metropolitan area by connecting houses, buildings or cities. WiMAX is different from Wi - Fi in many respects;
coverage distances, and data rate. One of the main reasons why Wi - Fi unable to operate at greater distan
ces as WiMAX is that radios operating in the unlicensed frequencies are not allowed to be as powerful as
those operated with licenses. Since the power is less, the same effects happen to the distance.

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Secondly, the Wi - Fi MAC layer uses contention access, w hereas WiMAX uses a scheduling algorithm. Using
a contention mode algorithm, users have to compete for data throughput to the access point . In the
meantime, by scheduling mode algorithm , it allows the user to only compete once to the access point. Both
Wi - Fi and WiMAX standards are designed for the Internet protocol applications.

However, by combining these two technologies, WiMAX can be functioning as a backhaul while Wi - Fi
connected directly to the subscriber. The most interesting part is network provid ers are able to deploy
wireless broadband connections to areas not currently served in a short time and cost - effectively 15 since
only little or no disruption to existing infrastructures is needed. On top of that by combining Wi - Fi and WiMAX
technologies, a m ore complete suite of broadband services can be offered by service providers.

It is because Wi - Fi is known for its high speed connectivity meanwhile high speed and large range
connectivity for WiMAX. Although, both the technology the WiMAX and the Wi - Fi pr ovide a wireless
connection to last mile problem, their working mechanism is technically different . One of the primary reason
for WI - FI not working at the greater distance as wimax is that radios will be operating in the unlicensed band
where it will have a very high signal strength . . 4 .3

BROADER BROADBAND WITH WIMAX AND WIFI By distributing high - speed Internet access from cable,
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), and other fixed broadband connections within wireless hotspots, WiFi has
dramatically increased productivity and convenience. Today, nearly pervasive WiFi delivers high - speed
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) connectivity to millions of offices, homes, and public locations, such as
hotels, cafs, and airports. Worldwide, more than 223 million homes have WiFi connections, and there are
over 127 million WiFi hotspots.

The integration of WiFi into notebooks has accelerated the adoption of WiFi to the point where it is nearly a
default feature in notebooks. Over 97% of laptops ship with WiFi integrated, and an increasing number of
handhelds and Consumer Electronics (CE) devices are adding WiFi capabilities. WiMAX takes wireless
Internet access to the next level, and over time, could achieve similar attach rates to devices as WiFi. WiMAX
can deliver Intern et access miles from the nearest WiFi hotspot and blanket large areas Wide Area Networks
(WANs), be they metropolitan, suburban, or rural with multi - megabit per second mobile broadband Internet
access. Although the wide area Internet 16 connectivity offered b y 2.5

and 3G cellular data services has been mobile, these services do not provide the broadband speeds to which
users have become accustomed and that WiMAX can deliver. WiMAX has established its relevance as an
alternative to wired DSL and cable, providing a competitive broadband service offering that can be rapidly and
cost effectively deployed. Now, Mobile WiMAX, as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) 802.16e - 2005 standard, adds broadband connectivity on the mov e.

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Mobile WiMAX, based on scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology, is
capable of simultaneously supporting fixed, portable, and mobile usage models. With scalable OFDMA,
operators no longer need to choose between fixed or mobile services. Together, WiMAX and WiFi are ideal
partners for service providers to deliver convenient, affordable mobile broadband Internet services in more
places. Both are open IEEE wireless standards built from the ground up for Internet Protocol (IP ) - based
applications and services.

By combining WiMAX and WiFi access together, service providers can deliver high - speed Internet
connectivity that subscr ibers desire in more places. WiMAX and WiFi technology synergies enable seamless
integration into lapt ops, CE devices, and a new category of devices called mobile Internet devices. T he
complementary nature of WiMAX and WiFi, as well as illustrates how service providers can leverage these
technologies to offer wireless broadband Internet connectivity and in more locations. It also focuses on the
synergies between the IEEE 802.11a/g/n Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and IEEE 802.16e 2005 OFDMA air interfaces. 17 4 .4

WIMAX/WIFI SYNERGIES Although both WiMAX and WiFi provide wireless broadband conne ctivity, they
have been optimized for different usage models: WiFi for very high - speed WLAN connectivity and WiMAX for
high - speed Wireless WAN (WWAN) connectivity. By combining WiMAX and WiFi technologies, service
providers can offer their subscribers a mo re complete suite of broadband services in more places. The IEEE
802.11 and IEEE 802.16 standards are referred to as WiFi and WiMAX, respectively. The draft IEEE 802.11n
standard is a new high - throughput enhancement designed for digital home and office app lications. IEEE
802.16e - 2005 is the mobile enhancement to IEEE 802.16

- 2004 and is designed to support wide area mobility via scalable OFDMA technology. Both of these
technologies leverage OFDM and advanced antenna innovations to attain high - broadband data rates and
improved signal reception. WiMAX and WiFi networks use IP - based technologies to provide connection
services to the Internet. These standards and IP - based network approach, combined with certification o f
equipment by the WiFi and the WiMAX Forum, provides compelling benefits to service providers and users:
A common user experience for wireless broadband services, which is a critical enabler in attaining rapid user
adoption.

An open network philosophy where any certified WiMAX or WiFi device is able to connect to any WiMAX or
WiFi network that supports the same certification profile, improving todays business models for delivering
mobile broadband services. Vendor agreed - upon certification profiles, facilitating volume production and
global econ omies of scale. Wireless client and network equipment subjected to extensive 18
interoperability and conformance testing, enabling an open and competitive multi - vendor environment.

An IP based network infrastructure, enabling cost - effective deployments for operators and open Internet
services for users 4 .5 BROADBAND ON THE GO WiMAX enables service providers to offer on the go
broadband Internet connectivity beyond WiFi hotspots. Users get frustrated when they subscribe to a WiFi
hotspot service but then f ind themselves in a hotspot which requires payment to a different service provider.
This inconsistent access is a primary reason users avoid signing up for monthly WiFi hotspot service contracts
in the first place.

For service providers, WiMAX provides the ability to expand broadband services by offering subscribers
coverage when not in range of a hotspot. With the integration of both WiMAX and WiFi into mobile devices,
service providers can even offer transparency of service between WiFi in hotspots and Wi MAX in the broader
metropolitan areas. Fig 4 . 2 : Using Handheld Devices in Mobile, Portable and Public Hotspot Environments
19 The high usage of WiFi hotspots at airports and hotels suggests the demand for broadband connectivity in
even larger areas with a high density of Internet users.

Deployment of WiMAX in these areas, whether they are dense urban areas, campuses, or travel corridors,
extends broadband connectivity beyond hotspots to deliver the utility and value of mobile Internet services to

subscriber s. 20 CHAPTER 5 BROADBAND SCENARIOS 5.1 LAST - MILE BROADBAND SERVICE WiMAX
offers traditional wire line service providers cost - effective ways to expand their broadband service offerings to
underserved areas. Using WiMAX, wire line operators can cover rural and less dense environments where the
cost of expanding DSL and cable wiring .

The high usage of WiFi hotspots at airports and hotels suggests the demand for broadband connectivity in
even larger areas with a high density of Internet users. Dep loyment of WiMAX in these areas, whether they
are dense urban areas, campuses, or travel corridors, extends broadband connectivity beyond hotspots to
deliver the utility and value of mobile Internet services to subscribers Last - Mile Broadband WiMAX offers
traditional wire line service providers cost effective ways to expand their broadband service offerings to
underserved areas.

Using WiMAX, wire line operators can cover rural and less dense environments where the cost of expanding
DSL and cable wiring is p rohibitive, as well as urban areas where it can be difficult to add wired connections
to existing Multiple Dwelling Units (MDUs), such as apartment high rises or office buildings. WiMAX is also
appealing to new entrants or mobile service providers that wan t to include services to the home as one of
their offerings. Service providers have already expanded their CPE offerings to include the functionality of a
WiFi access point.

This provides consumers with the advantage of sharing the broadband connection and the convenience of
anywhere connectivity within the home. Now, vendors are integrating WiMAX and WiFi in a single CPE, where
WiMAX provides the backhaul and WiFi provides the in - building coverage. CPEs with integrated WiMAX and
WiFi 21 provide an alternative solution for rapid deployment of broadband connectivity to homes and public
hotspots. By deploying networks based on IEEE 802.16e - 2005, operators can ultimately offer fixed, portable,
and mobile WiMAX services.

Hence, even if an operator uses WiMAX prima rily in a fixed model to reach homes now, it can opt to offer
portable and mobile applications to its customers at a later date. This may be of particular interest to service
providers that have spectrum licenses which restrict usage models to fixed and portable only. These service
providers can deploy a WiMAX network that conforms to the IEEE 802.16e - 2005 radio specifications but
exclude the higher layer mobility/handover capabilities. In this way, their subscribers can still take advantage
of integrated WiMAX and WiFi devices for stationary and portable use.

If at a future date regulations change, these service providers can upgrade to a full mobility service without
requiring an overhaul of their radio access network. 5.2 BROADBAND CAMPUS COV ERAGE Many
enterprise, government, and educational organizations have deployed WiFi in buildings for their work force
and students. WiMAX allows a service provider to offer broadband connectivity beyond individual buildings to
provide blanket coverage of an enti re campus. The integration of WiMAX and WiFi onto a common device
platform enables users to connect to either in - building WiFi or campus - wide WiMAX networks, allowing
them to stay connected as they move.

Using this dual - mode model, network administrators c an also reduce the number of WiFi access points
needed to attain full campus coverage, thereby reducing maintenance costs. New business models are
starting to emerge to facilitate the connectivity 22 between privately owned WiFi in - building networks and
servi ce provider - owned WiMAX networks. For example, a service provider that owns the spectrum license
may allow an enterprise to deploy WiMAX cells on campus as part of a sub - licensing agreement.

For example, the service provider could sub - lease the spectrum to the enterprise and allows it to deploy a
WiMAX base station for employee or student usage; or, the campus could enter into an agreement where its
users could automatically access the service providers WiMAX network where campus WiFi doesnt
reach. 5.3 CI TYWIDE BROADBAND Municipalities are deploying IEEE 802.11 mesh networks to offer low cost broadband connectivity across the city, but these networks can be costly.

For standalone WiFi hotspots and interconnected WiFi mesh networks, provisioning power and wired

connections to each of the many access points required to cover a wide area can be expensive, both in terms
of capital expenditures and operational costs. These costs include the installation of a physical wired high speed connection to each WiFi acc ess point and the monthly service fee for the connection. A cost - effective
alternative is to use WiMAX to backhaul the WiFi mesh portals to the Internet wirelessly.

In addition to using WiMAX to interconnect WiFi mesh portals, the same WiMAX network can provide an
overlay solution enabling the service provider to offer a two - tier service to subscribers, where subscribers
connect based on their mobility, bandwidth, and QoS requirements. For example, when in close proximity to a
WiFi mesh access point, use rs connect via WiFi for high - bandwidth streaming; when users are in an area
not covered by the mesh network or need higher QoS for a video session, they connect via WiMAX.

Because WiFi operates in the license - exempt band, it is not possible to control 23 or l imit interference from
other sources. As a result, services that require QoS, such as VoIP, can be problematic outdoors. On the other
hand, because Mobile WiMAX operates in licensed spectrum, an overlay WiMAX solution can provide
complementary QoS for sens itive applications, such as real - time voice and video.

WiMAX QoS facilities can also provide higher priority to certain types of users, such as public safety
personnel, first responders, and police. (It should be noted that in this scenario, the service pr ovider
managing the municipal mesh network would need to enter into a spectrum sub - licensing agreement with
local license holders or acquire a regional spectrum license.) 5.4 MOBILE BROADBAND INT ERNET USER
SCENARIOS The Internet continues to grow not onl y in number of subscribers and amount of traffic, but also
in the types of traffic and the quantity of new applications. Fueled by growing broadband connectivity, the
Internet is becoming richer in terms of multimedia applications and services.

For example , in the past two years, there has been unprecedented growth in social networking applications,
such as YouTube where users view over 100M video clips per day and MySpace which has over 100M users.
Beyond complementing WiFi by extending affordable broadband connectivity outside of workplace, home, and
public hotspots, WiMAX promises to deliver new usage models for subscribers.

Connectivity from WiMAX and WiFi networks delivers exciting possibilities from real - time location awareness
for s ocial networks to real - time information sharing for mobile business productivity to extended education
beyond the classroom. These new mobile Internet possibilities combined with existing user comfort levels with
broadband and wireless networks are expecte d to reduce the barriers to user adoption for mobile broadband
Internet. 24 CHA P TER 6 INTERWORKING OF NETWORKS 6 .1

WiMAX/WiFi INTER - WORKING The inter - working capabilities between WiMAX and WiFi enable service
providers to deliver consistent, transparent, and user - friendly broadband services to their subscribers. (See
Figure 2) Achieving this transparency requires two key elements: Multi - mode subscriber devices that can
communicate on both WiMAX and WiFi networks. The ability to provide service across WiMAX an d WiFi
networks when users move between them.

This is generally implemented through a controlling Access Service Network Gateway (ASN GW) and
common Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) service functionality located in the service
provider n etwork. 6 .2 MULTI - MODE DEVICES The most widespread WiFi technology being shipped today
is IEEE 802.11g, which is based on OFDM. Over the next 18 months, it is anticipated that users and hotspot
administrators will start to transition to the higher throughput of IEEE 802.11n, based on MIMO antenna
advancements. IEEE 802.16e - 2005 is based on OFDMA and supports MIMO and beamforming antenna
techniques as well for higher throughput and better reception. Commonalities between 802.11n WiFi and
802.16e - 2005 Mobile WiMAX facilitate a high level of silicon and platform integration not possible between
dissimilar radio technologies.

For example, notebooks with integrated Intel WiMAX and WiFi technology will benefit from these synergies: 25
WiMAX and WiFi technologies are both based on an OFDM air interface, enabling the sharing of silicon
blocks at the baseband level to reduce die size and cost. Both IEEE 802.11n and WiMAX (Release 1, Wave

2) employ MIMO antenna mechanisms and can share the same antennas.1 2 Sharing antennas saves
component cost and device real estate, a critical aspect for smaller form factors.

Integration of WiMAX and WiFi onto the same Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) mini - card module
frees up valuable notebook real estate leaving a PC card slot open for other uses. A common platform level
approach for interfacing the operating systems power management utilities optimizes power consumption
and maximizes battery life. At the user interface level, a common connection manager coordina tes and
displays available WiMAX and WiFi networks, and compatibility - tested software drivers work harmoniously
together . The availability of appealing consumer devices will have a major influence on subscriber service
adoption.

Today, WiMAX PC data cards and CPE are available for operation in the 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz bands. Soon a
range of integrated WiMAX and WiFi devices, including CE and mobile Internet devices, will become
available. 6 .3 SESSION CONTINUITY The Network Working Group (NWG) within i nter - working between
WiMAX and WiFi is significantly simplified as both networks are deployed using Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) protocols and comply with IETF IP policy definition and policy enforcement rules.

Common IETF protocols include: 26 Tran sport protocols: iPv4, IPv6, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Mobility protocols: Mobile IP (MIP) v4, MIPv6 Security protocols: IP
Security (IPsec), AAA RADIUS, and DIAMETER QoS protocols: Resource Reservation Protocol (RSV P),
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) Connectivity protocols: Domain Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP),
Domain Name Server (DNS), Virtual Private Network (VPN) Manageability protocol: Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) The NWG has defined an Access Service Network Gateway (ASN - GW) to
manage access to services, such as AAA and DHCP, in addition to session and mobility management.
Leveraging the IETF MIP protocols, the NWG Release 1 specification supports intra - ASN session
continuity.14

Subseque nt releases will support inter - ASN session continuity to enable more seamless movement between
WiMAX and WiFi networks. 6 .4 WIFI AND WIMAX IN FU TURE: WiMAX extends the benefits of WiFi
networks to deliver the next - generation mobile Internet. Integrating WiMAX and WiFi promises convenient
and affordable broadband connectivity that brings new deployment models for service providers, as well as
new usage models for subscribers.

The ability to be connected to the Internet and to have access to real - time infor mation in more places is of
high value to business professionals and consumers alike, whereas the advantages of coupling WiMAX and
WiFi together enable service providers to: Provide bundled fixed, portable, and mobile broadband Internet
services based on W iMAX and WiFi. 27 Provide a common user experience in either access network.
Leverage both licensed and license - exempt frequency bands. Optimize the network by routing traffic
based on the subscribers need for mobility, QoS, and bandwidth.

Offer appealing an d compelling devices with both WiMAX and WiFi capabilities and take advantage of
device cost savings enabled by the synergies between the two technologies. WiMAX silicon, end user devices
and network infrastructure equipment to drive the mobile broadband I nternet revolution forward. It will
continue to collaborate in the WiMAX Forum, and to work with service providers to realize new models for
mobile broadband Internet. 28 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION WiMAX/Wi - Fi model with scalability, mixed
services support and mobility is proposed in this paper.

The suggested new deployment model proves that Wi - Fi/WiMAX technology should coexist to offer the best
service available to the end user anywhere and on move. The WiMAX physical layer is based on OFDM,
which is an elegant and effective technique for overcoming multipath distortion. The physical layer supports
several advanced techniques for increasing the reliability of the link layer. WiMAX supports a number of
advanced signal - processing techniques to improve overall system capacity.

It has a very flexible MAC layer that can accommodate a variety of traffic types, including voice, video, and

multimedia, and provide strong QoS. In this they have also emphasized the fact th at WiFi was created for
LAN applications based on the CSMA/CA and that WiMAX was designed for fixed broadband MAN wireless
access. WiMAX may become a very suitable solution for rural areas, especially in developing countries where
there are no DSL and Cabl e Modem infrastructure due to the high costs involved in their installation A
suggested combination of WiMax and Wi - Fi scenario provides the best solution, which takes advantage of
both technologies to achieve better QoS for the whole network.

People love WiFi because a single base station a box with a wired connection to the Int ernet, such as a DSL
or cable can broadcast to multiple users across distances as great as 100 meters indoors and 400 meters
outdoors, but WiMAX provides wireless broadband I nternet connections at speeds similar to WiFi's, but over
distances of up to 50 kilometers from a central tower. The advantages of coupling WiMAX and WiFi together
enable service providers to increase the quality of sevice . WiMAX will have its competition with IEEE 802.20
standard. 29 CHAPTER 8 REFERENCE S 1.

Maria Gracias Veljko Knezevic 2011 Interoperabili ty between WiMAX and Wi - Fi IEEE Jo urnal on
computer networks Vol.No - 978 - 1 - 4244 - 9789. 2. Aymen I. Zreikat 2013 A New WiMAX/Wi - Fi
Interoperability Model and Its Performance Wireless Pers Communication Springer Science Business M
edia New York Vol.No - 10.1007/11277 - 013 - 1075 . 3. Juwita Mohd Sultan, Garik Markarian, 2015
Network Optimization for Integration of W iFi and WiMAX IEEE journal on Future Generation Communi
cation Technologies Vol.No 978 - 1 - 4799 - 8267 . 4. Nitul Dutta, Sangappa Ramachandra B iradar 2012
Interoperability of WiFi and WiMAX IEEE jo urnal on wireless communication Vol.No

- 978 - 1 - 4673 - 2925.