J. Bio. & Env. Sci.

2015
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 200-210, 2015
http://www.innspub.net
RESEARCH PAPER

OPEN ACCESS

Species diversity of adult odonata in selected areas of Lanao

Del Sur, Philippines
Fathma Aliah Dimapinto1, Olga M. Nueza1*, Reagan Joseph T. Villanueva2
1

Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology,

Iligan City, 9200, Philippines

2

Forestal Healing Homes and Therapeutic Milieu, Forestal Road, Cabantian, Davao City, 8000

Philippines
Article published on May 18, 2015
Key words: Damselfly, Dragonfly, Ecological factors, Endemic, Indicator.

Abstract
Odonata (dragonfly and damselfly) plays an important role in the ecosystem. It is considered an indicator group
in determining fluvial habitat status. Field work in selected areas in Lanao del Sur was conducted to determine
the Odonato fauna present in the area. Adult Odonata samples were collected using sweep netting and handpicking methods from four sampling sites. Biodiversity indices, similarity index, and canonical correspondence
analysis were determined using Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 2.17c. Twenty-one
species (10 damselflies and 11 dragonflies) were documented with relatively low endemism of 42.86%. High
relative abundance of 37.28% was observed in site 4. Sites 1 and 3 were observed to have high species diversity
while sites 2 and 4 had moderate species diversity. There was a more or less even species distribution in the areas
sampled. Dominance of Pseudagrion pilidorsum pilidorsum was recorded in Marawi City. Canonical
correspondence analysis showed that environmental factors such as elevation, air temperature and relative
humidity affect the abundance of species. It appears that human-induced activities limit the occurrence and
abundance of the Odonata, especially the endemic species.
*Corresponding

Author: Olga M. Nueza olgamnuneza@yahoo.com

200 | Dimapinto et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

Introduction

2011; Villanueva and Gil, 2011; Villanueva et al.,

Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) is

2012). According to Jumawan et al. (2012), records of

considered as one of the most successful and beautiful

new species are usually from poorly explored regions

insects that ever roamed in the Earth (Sharma et al.,

in Mindanao. Recent surveys include the area of

2007).

freshwater-associated

Davao Oriental (Villanueva and Mohagan, 2010) and

organisms (Suhling et al., 2003) are dominant

Iligan City and Lanao del Norte where 26 species with

invertebrate predators in any ecosystem (Sharma et

35% endemism were documented by Aspacio et al.

al., 2007). According to Reece and McIntyre (2009),

(2013). Quisil et al. (2014), Jomoc et al. (2013), and

because of the amphibious life history, relatively short

Mapi-ot et al. (2013) also recorded relatively low

generation time, high trophic position, and diversity

endemism in Surigao del Sur; Cagayan and Bukidnon

of Odonata, it is considered as a flagship indicator

and Misamis Occidental, Philippines, respectively.

group (Sharma et al., 2007). It has become one of the

Nevertheless, Quisil et al. (2013) noted a higher

most used aquatic insect groups in ecological quality

number of species (49) in Lanuza and Agustin,

assessment (Gmez-Anaya and Novelo-Gutirrez,

Surigao del Sur, Philippines of which two species are

2010). Golfieri et al. (2012) believe that Odonata

new records for the island. Despite many studies that

offers more complete evaluation of ecological quality

had been conducted, some areas are still poorly

of destruction of fluvial and terrestrial conditions due

surveyed and this includes the province of Lanao del

to its sensitivity to changes in the environment,

Sur.

These

common

atmospheric temperature, and the weather conditions

(Quisil et al., 2013), a true guardian of the

Lanao del Sur, houses Lake Lanao, the second largest

watershed as Clausnitzer and Jdicke (2004) tagged.

lake in the Philippines, located in high altitude in

Because of this, several studies were published on

Mindanao and an ideal area for several fauna to breed

their diversity (Cleary et al., 2004; Sharma et al.,

and prosper especially Odonata. However, due to the

2007; Fulan et al., 2008; Das et al., 2012),

peace and order situation, surveys for Odonata and

distribution (Gmez-Anaya et al., 2011; Dalzochio et

other fauna are rarely conducted and at times, poorly

al., 2011; Mamat et al., 2012; Willigalla and

established. The first Odonato fauna record of Lanao

Fartmann, 2012), and dispersal (McCauley, 2006).

del Sur was documented by Malawani et al. (2014)

which are limited to two municipalities. Results

Das et al. (2012) reported that there is a total of 5,

displayed more or less relatively low endemism (50%)

740 Odonata species known globally. Majority of

with 46 species. The present paper is designed to

these species occur in the tropics, of which, 12 of the

provide additional record of Odonata in Lanao del

31 families are known to inhabit mainly in this region.

Sur. This study would provide initial records of

Highest diversities in the Neotropical and Oriental

selected areas in the province. The present study

regions were recorded, with about 1,650 species each

aimed

(Kalkman et al., 2008).

endemism, abundance and diversity of Odonata in

to

determine

the

species

composition,

selected areas in Lanao del Sur, as well as to

Vedra et al. (2013) reported that the Philippines

determine the effect of selected physical parameters

inland waters like lakes and rivers have relatively high

on the abundance of the species.

biodiversity. A high number of Odonata endemic

species has been accounted (Hmlinen, 2004).

Materials and methods

Kalkman et al. (2008) also stated that there are more

Study area

than 60% named endemic species in the country.

The province of Lanao del Sur (Fig. 1) has an

Series of fieldworks were conducted and most of the

elevation of 702 meters above sea level (masl) and

time, new species are being recorded (Villanueva,

bounded on the east by Bukidnon, on the south by

201 | Dimapinto et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

Maguindanao and North Cotabato, on the west by

Balindong, Lanao del Sur; (2) upstream of Calanogas

Illana Bay and on the northwest, by the Province of

waterfall, Calanogas, Lanao del Sur; (3) Mataling

Lanao

Spring, Malabang, Lanao del Sur; and (4) Upstream

del

Norte.

Four

sampling

sites

were

established. Sites visited were: (1) Barit Stream,

of Bliss River, Marawi City, Lanao del Sur.

Fig. 1. Map of the Philippines showing the province of Lanao del Sur [Highlighted in red]
(https://www.google.com.ph/maps, 2015).
Sampling sites

source that each household uses. The stream is a

Sampling site 1 is a stream located in Barangay Barit,

permanent water system which originates from the

Balindong, Lanao del Sur (7907885 N and

upper part of the mountain and situated 40-60

124197137 E) with an undulating slope and

meters away from the farm lands.

disturbed

vegetation.

Narra

(Pterocarpus

sp.),

(Bambusa

Sampling site 2 is the upstream of Calanogas waterfall

spinosa), banana (Musa sp.), ferns, and sun flowers

(77258 N and 1240766 E). This site has an

were observed in this site. Gabi-gabi (Colocasia

undulating slope with secondary vegetation type.

esculenta)

Bamboo (Bambusa spinosa) and grasses were

coconut

(Cocos

was

nucifera),

moderately

bamboo

present.

Soil

was

moderately covered with leaf litter and carabao grass

observed

(Paspalum conjugatum) was abundant in the area.

approximately 2-3 m wide and has 1-1.5 m depth. It

The water is clear and it serves as the only water

has a moderate current flow. Exposed big-sized rocks

202 | Dimapinto et al.

to

be

abundant.

The

stream

is

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

were moderately present. The stream is 6-10 m from

from the specimens (Mapi-ot et al., 2013). Preserved

the road and 30 m away from the agricultural lands of

specimens were placed in another triangle paper and

the residents.

put in a plastic container with naphthalene balls to

prevent the entry of other insects (Quisil et al., 2014).

Sampling site 3 is a spring located at Spencer Tree

Identification of species was done by the third author.

Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in Barangay Mataling,

Malabang, Lanao del Sur (76380 N and 1240418

Biodiversity

E). It is a secondary forest with flat slope. Gabi-gabi

canonical

(Colocasia esculenta), ferns, and wild berries were

obtained using Paleontological Statistics Software

found

Package

moderately

covering

the

land.

Bamboo

(Bambusa spinosa) and fallen logs were moderately

indices,

cluster

correspondence
(PAST)

version

analysis,

analysis
2.17c

and

(CCA)
while

the
were

relative

abundance was calculated manually.

present. Soil was covered with 2 cm depth of humus

and 10 cm depth of leaf litter. Water flowing in the

Cluster Analysis based on Wards Method was

spring naturally rises from the ground. The spring is

performed to compare the faunal similarities (Gmez-

20-30 meters away from a factory and is a laundry

Anaya et al., 2011) among the sites. This approach

site for the nearby residents.

does not combine the two most similar objects

successively. Instead, those objects whose merger

Sampling site 4 is a part of Agus River and serves as a

increases the overall within-cluster variance to the

boundary of two barangays, Barangay Lilod and

smallest possible degree are combined (Mooi and

Barangay Bliss in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur

Sarstedt, 2011). Canonical correspondence analysis

(0801509 N and 12429718 E). The site is a

(CCA) was used to relate transformed species

secondary forest with mountainous slope. Mango

abundance to environmental variables (Gmez-Anaya

(Mangifera indica), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and

et al., 2011). Environmental variables used were

banana (Musa sp.) as well as bamboo (Bambusa

elevation, temperature, and relative humidity.

spinosa) were observed at the sides of the river. Bigsized rocks were observed exposed in this 8-15 wide

Results and discussion

river. The river serves as the laundry and swimming

Species Composition, Endemism, Abundance

site for the residents. Water buffaloes were observed

Twenty-one species of Odonata belonging to six

wallowing in the shallow portion of the river.

families with a total of 218 individuals were recorded

of which 11 species were under sub-order Anisoptera

Collection, processing of samples, and data analysis

(Dragonfly) and 10 species were under sub-order

Adult Odonata were collected using sweep netting

Zygoptera (Damselfly) (Table 1). The six families

and hand-picking methods. Samples were stored in a

identified were Families Libellulidae, Calopterygidae,

white triangle paper with its wings folded over the

Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae, Platycnemididae,

back (Mapi-ot et al., 2013) and placed in a closed

Protoneuridae

plastic container. Photo-documentation was also

done in the field as well as habitat assessment. Air

Family

Libellulidae

and

family

Coenagrionidae

temperature and relative humidity were recorded.

appeared to have the most number of species

identified. Studies by Jomoc et al. (2013), Mapi-ot et

Odonata samples were suffocated using ethyl acetate

al. (2013) and Quisil et al. (2013) also found similar

immersed in cotton for five minutes. Specimens were

results. Kalkman et al. (2008) reported that both

submerged in acetone for preservation, 12 hours for

families Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae belong to

damselflies and 24 hours for dragonflies (Quisil et al.,

the four largest families of Order Odonata. According

2014).

to Mamat et al. (2012), these two families are

Acetone was used to extract fat and water

203 | Dimapinto et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

dominants of unshaded habitats in stagnant waters.

Sur done by Malawani et al. (2014). Overall

Of the 1084 species of family Coenagrionidae and

endemism (42.86%) is relatively lower compared to

1012

identified

the first record of Lanao del Sur. The sites explored in

worldwide, 185 species of family Coenagrionidae and

this study are no longer pristine, which explains the

190 of family Libellulidae are oriental species.

lower endemism. However, the endemism is relatively

According to Mapi-ot et al. (2013), oriental species

higher than that of Aspacio et al. (2013) in Iligan City

are most likely found in disturbed areas. Site 1

and Lanao del Norte which are more disturbed areas.

species

of

family

Libellulidae

(Balindong) had the highest recorded species richness

of 14 of which 10 are oriental species. High number of

The highest endemism (55.55%) was recorded in Site 2.

oriental species can be attributed to the presence of

Despite their wide range, the endemic species,

agro-ecosystem in the area. Villanueva and Mohagan

Vestalis melania, Rhinocypha turconii, Risiocnemis

(2010) reported that agro-system has the highest

tendipes, and Diplacina bolivari were only recorded

disturbance of 83% and that utilization of water

in this site. Highest percentage of endemism may be

resources for agricultural production implies that this

due to shading, vegetation-type, and natural spring

habitat is disturbed or modified for human use. The

waters (Schridde and Suhling, 1994) of the site.

higher species richness in the dipterocarp forest than

Moreover, anthropogenic activities were less observed

in modified habitats and agro-ecosystem indicates

due to the undulating slope.

that the Odonata prefers forested and undisturbed

areas (Malawani et al., 2014). Despite being relatively

Lowest relative abundance (11.84%) and species

disturbed, site 1 still hosts 44.44% of the endemic

richness were observed in site 3 even if the site is

species recorded.

situated in a shaded secondary forest, a good habitat

for Odonata. The presence of a factory in the area and

The present study serves as the first record of

the water system which is used as bathing and

Odonatofauna for Calanogas (Site 2), Malabang (Site

laundry site may be responsible for this low record.

3) and Marawi City (Site 4), but second in the

Siregar et al. (2006) stated that the richness of the

province of Lanao del Sur. All 21 species identified are

community is generally limited to those groups of

present in the previous Odonata record of Lanao del

species which could adapt to the habitat.

Table 1. Species richness, relative abundance, and distribution of Odonata in four sampling sites.
DistribSpecies Name

Distribution in Selected Areas in Lanao del Sur

ution

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Total

Status

(Balindong)

(Calanogas)

(Malabang)

(Marawi)

Crocothemis servilia servilia

OS

1 (1.43)

Diplacina bolivari

PES

5 (10.87)

Diplacina braueri

PES

1 (1.43)

4 (14.81)

5 (5.88)

10

Diplacodes trivialis

OS

21 (30)

21

Neurothemis r.ramburii

OS

17 (24.29)

1 (2.17)

2 (7.41)

9 (10.59)

29

Orthetrum pruinosum clelia

OS

5 (7.14)

1 (2.17)

4 (14.81)

2 (2.35)

12

Orthetrum sabina sabina

OS

11 (15.71)

2 (2.35)

13

Orthetrum t. testaceum

OS

3 (4.29)

Pantala flavescens

1 (1.43)

Tholymis tillarga

OS

1 (1.43)

SUB-ORDER ANISOPTERA
Family Libellulidae

204 | Dimapinto et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

DistribSpecies Name

Distribution in Selected Areas in Lanao del Sur

ution

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Status

(Balindong)

(Calanogas)

(Malabang)

(Marawi)

OS

1 (2.17)

4 (14.81)

1 (1.18)

PES

10 (21.73)

10

Rhinocypha colorata

PES

1 (1.43)

7 (15.21)

5 (18.52)

7 (8.24)

20

Rhinocypha turconii

PES

4 (8.69)

Agriocnemis femina femina

OS

9 (10.59)

Agriocnemis rubescens

OS

1 (1.43)

3 (11.11)

Ceriagrion lieftincki

PES

4 (5.71)

Pseudagrion p. pilidorsum

OS

2 (2.86)

16 (34.78)

4 (14.81)

50 (58.82)

72

Teinobasis annamaijie

PES

1 (1.43)

PES

1 (2.17)

PES

1 (3.70)

70 (30.70)

46 (20.18)

27 (11.84)

85 (37.28)

228

Total number of species

14

21

Total number of endemic species

Trithemis aurora

Total

SUB-ORDER ZYGOPTERA
Family Calopterygidae
Vestalis melania
Family Chlorocyphidae

Family Coenagrionidae

Family Platycnemididae
Risiocnemis tendipes
Famiy Protoneuridae
Prodasineura integra

Total number of individual species

Legend: ( ) Relative Abundance in percentage, CS -Circumtropical Species, PESPhilippine Endemic Species,

and OSOriental Species.
Despite low species richness and endemism, site 4

water. Thus, this characteristic significantly benefits

had the highest relative abundance (37.28%) with 85

the richness and survival of this species.

individuals of which only two species, Diplacina

braueri and Rhinocypha colorata, are endemic

Biodiversity indices

(25%). Relatively low endemism could be associated

The Shannons Diversity index classifies the area to have

with the warm air temperature (average: 28C) and

low diversity if the index value is below 1, moderate if

high humidity (average: 93%) since insects are very

between 1 and 2, and high diversity if the value is greater

sensitive to the variation of these two abiotic factors.

than 2. High species diversity (Table 2) was observed in

Fazal et al. (2012) stated that temperature and

sampling sites 1 and 3 while moderate species diversity

humidity, limit the reproduction and development of

was recorded in sites 2 and 4.

insects. Pseudagrion pilidorsum pilidorsum was

observed abundant in this site with 50 individuals.

Highest species diversity (H = 2.009) was recorded

Villanueva (2009) also found this species abundant in

in Site 1. High number of Oriental species was present

eight sites in Babuyan and Batanes group of Islands.

in this site. This suggests that the area is relatively

The species unique breeding characteristic was

disturbed. Malawani et al. (2014) stated that species

observed by Drozd et al. (2011) and reported to breed

diversity is affected by the type of environment and

in strong acidic water rather than in more neutral

the

characteristics

organism inhabits.

205 | Dimapinto et al.

of

freshwater

systems

the

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

Site 3 had the most even distribution. Evenness value

less compared to other sites. Low evenness value (E =

is influenced mainly by the competition of species for

0.5012) and high dominance value (D = 0.3799) in

food and territory within an area (Malawani et al.,

Site 4 are due to the high abundance of Pseudagrion

2014). Hence, competition of species in this site is

p. pilidorsum.

Table 2. Biodiversity indices in four sampling sites.

Sampling sites in Lanao del Sur
Biodiversity Indices

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

(Balindong)

(Calanogas)

(Malabang)

(Marawi)

Species Richness

14

Shannons Diversity (H)

2.009

1.889

2.003

1.389

Dominance (D)

0.1861

0.1775

0.1413

0.3799

Evenness (E)

0.5327

0.735

0.9263

0.5012

Similarity index
Fig. 2 shows the dendrogram of cluster analysis using
Wards Method in PAST: Paleontological Statistics
Software Package bootstrapped 1000 times for
robustness (Jomoc et al., 2013). The results revealed
that the Odonatofauna of Malabang was similar to
that of Calanogas while Marawi City appears to have
distant community structure. Geographical distance
could be responsible for shaping the community
structure of Odonata. Malabang and Calanogas are
situated close to each other while Marawi City is
situated farther away. According to Harabi and
Doln (2010), the habitat specificity of each species is
classified according to its niche breadth.

sites based on Wards Method (Bootsrap N = 1000).

The low site similarity of Marawi City (site 4) from
other sites could be due to disturbance present in the
area. Marawi City is the capital and the only city

Calanogas and Malabang, Lanao del Sur had the most

similarities (75%). This means that these areas share
almost the same species. These species appear to
prefer shaded secondary forest. Hence, the nature of
the microhabitat is a possible reason for this
assemblage. According to Schwger and Galle (2014),
shading is important because it affects microclimatic
conditions of the forest floor. Villanueva and
Mohagan (2010) reported that abundance of Odonata
is affected by dense forest, undisturbed vegetation,
optimum temperature, and presence of aquatic
habitat.

Fig. 2. Cluster analysis showing the similarity of four

found in Lanao del Sur. It serves as the center of trade

in the province. Thus, it is highly urbanized.
According to

Willigalla

and Fartmann (2012),

urbanization has a harmful effect on the species

diversity

of

Odonata.

In

consequence,

species

richness from the center of a city is significantly low

compared to rural areas.
Canonical correspondence analysis
Table 3 shows the altitude, air temperature, and
relative humidity values recorded from the four
sampling sites. The sites are all located at low
elevation with the lowest elevation of 74.786 masl
(site 3). Lowest air temperature recorded was 25C in
site 2 and the highest air temperature was 28.83C in

206 | Dimapinto et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

site 3. High relative humidity was observed in all sites

correlated to the abundance of Odonata species. It

but highest relative humidity was recorded in sites 4

can be seen that the abundance of five species, P.

and 2 (93%). Khaliq et al. (2014) reported that the

integra, A. rubescens, T. aurora, D. braueri and O. p.

insects life cycle greatly depends on temperature as it

clelia in site 3 are positively affected by air

can affect the insects internal metabolic activities.

temperature but negatively affected by elevation and

humidity. Highest air temperature (28.83) was

Table 3. Altitude, mean air temperature, and relative

recorded in site 3. This means that these species have

humidity in four sampling sites in Lanao del Sur.

high tolerance to high temperature. However, species

Sampling Altitude
Sites

(masl)

Air

richness of these species is limited by elevation and

Relative

humidity as it showed negative relationship. Harabi

Temperature Humidity
(C)

(%)

600

26

83

684.139

25

93

74.786

28.83

59

800

28

93

and Doln (2010) reported that Odonata species that

occur in a wide range of habitats prefer low altitudes

Site 1
(Balindong)

suitable freshwater habitats which are according to

Site 2
(Calanogas)
(Malabang)
(Marawi)

their

habitat

specificity.

In

contrast

to

this,

abundance of species in site 2 is positively affected by

Site 3
Site 4

and therefore never occupy all of the potentially

humidity and elevation. Species positively affected by

these factors include: C. s. servilia, D. bolivari, D.
trivialis, N. r. ramburii, O. s. Sabina, O. t. tescaceum,
P. flavescens, T. tillarga, V. melania, R. colorata, R.
turconii, T. annamaijie and R. tendipes but,

Fig. 3 shows the effect of air temperature, relative

negatively affected by air temperature. Average

humidity and elevation on the abundance of species

temperatures close to or below the developmental

in different sampling sites. Gmez-Anaya et al. (2011)

threshold retard development and in many cases

proved through CCA that environmental factors are

increase mortality (Savopoulou-Soultani et al., 2012).

4.8

4.0

Prodasineura integra

3.2

Tholymis tillarga
Agriocnemis rubescens

Axis 2

2.4

1.6
Malabang, LDS
Orthetrum pruinosum cleila
Diplacina braueri

0.8

Temperature

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

Balindong,
LDS flavescens
Ceriagrion
Crocothemis
Diplacodes
Orthetrum
Pantala
Teinobasis
lieftincki
testaceum
annamaijie
trivialis
servilia servilia
testaceum
Neurothemis
Orthetrum
ramburii
sabina
ramburii
sabina
0.5
1.0

Diplacinamelania
Rhinocypha
Risiocnemis
Vestalis
bolivari
turconii
tendipes
Calanogas, LDS
1.5
2.0

2.5

Rhinocypha colorata
Marawi,-0.8
LDS
Pseudagrion_pilidorsum pilidorsum
Agriocnemis
Trithemis
aurora
femina femina
-1.6
AltitudeHumidity
Axis 1

Fig. 3. Ordination diagram showing three environmental factors: temperature, relative humidity and elevation
(Eigen values of axis 1 = 0.50809; axis 2 = 0.2876; axis 3 = 1.0888E- 06).

207 | Dimapinto et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015

Furthermore, it can be seen in the fig.

that two

Dalzochio MS, Costa JM, Uch MA. 2011.

oriental species, A. f. femina and P. p. pilidorsum, are

Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in lotic systems from

not directly affected by these environmental factors.

Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.

These two species are known to be one of those highly

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55(1), 8894.

adapted species in any environmental changes. High

relative abundance of this species was observed in

Das SKr, Ahmed RA, Sajan SK, Dash N, Sahoo

Marawi City (site 4) which is an urbanized area.

P, Mohanta P, Sahu HK, Rout SD, Dutta SK.

2012. Diversity, Distribution and Species Composition of

Conclusion

Odonates in Buffer Areas of Similipal Tiger Reserve,

Low species richness (21 species) and low endemism

Eastern Ghat, India. Academic Journal of Entom-

(42.86%) in the selected areas in Lanao del Sur

ology 5(1), 54-61.

indicate that the sampling sites are already disturbed

areas. Sites 1 and 3 have high species diversity while

Drozd P, Dolny A, Barta D, Lhota S. 2011.

sites 2 and 4 have moderate species diversity. All sites

Dragonflies (Odonata) in the Bornean rain forest as

have a more or less even distribution of species.

indicators of changes in biodiversity resulting from

Malabang (site 3) and Calanogas (site 2) appear to

forest modification and destruction. Tropical Zoology

have similar community structure. Environmental

24, 63-86.

factors such as air temperature, relative humidity and

altitude ranges more or less affect the distribution

Fazal S, Manzoor F, Abdul-Sattar A. 2012.

and abundance of Odonata.

Impact of Abiotic Factors on Insect Diversity of at

Lawrence Garden, Lahore. Pakistan Journal of

Acknowledgment

Science 64(2), 127-135.

We acknowledge Dr. Mark Torres for his help in

statistical analysis.

Fulan JA, Raimundo R, Figueiredo D. 2008.

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