ON

Roll No. 1798

M.Sc. Statistics
Session 2000-2002

Department Of Statistics
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan

1
 RESEARCH TEAM

COURSE INSTRUCTOR:

PROF. DR. G R PASHA

Dean Faculty Of Science & Agriculture

Chairman Department of statistics

B.Z. UNIVERSITY MULTAN

RESEARCH ADVISOR:

PROF. DR. ZAFAR MAHMUD

SUBBIMMTTED: BY

SHAMS ULLAH (BAIG)

ROLL#1798

DAPARTEMENT OF STATISTICS

B.Z. UNIVERSITY MULTAN

2
 DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS

AND TEACHERS

WHO

ARE PRAYING FOR OUR SUCCESS

3
We are thankful to God, who has given us a chance to complete our gigantic

task. We do not say that it is perfect but we tried our best to complete this

work. We cannot forget our holy prophet (PBUH)

We are very thankful to our respected course instructor PROF. DR. G.R

PASHA & Supervisor PROF. DR. ZAFAR MAHMUD who furnished us

with such an excellent opportunity to have practical insight in this valuable

course of survey and research methods

Pioneer Researcher

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 Practical learning is an essential part of our education and

it is the specialty that distinct the Department of

statistics from others. To have depth understanding of

the concepts, only theoretical knowledge does not

provide a concrete base. Survey and Research Methods

is an optional course of MSc statistics and through this

research report we have learned a lot practically.

The knowledge I acquire through this experience will be

long lasting. Since we ourselves explored the field of work

and analyzed different factors and variables.

We hope that our report is up to the standard.

Pioneer researcher

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TABLE OF CONTENT:
CONTENTS:

PREFACE

MAJOR AREA OF STUDY

CHAPTER#1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

MAJOUR AREA OF STUDY

CHAPTER#2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PROBLEM STATEMENT

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

RESEARCH DESIGN

DATA COLLECTION

PROBLEMS IN DATA COLLECTION

QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

SAMPLING

SAMPLE METHODOLOGY

SAMPLING FRAME

TYPES OF PROBABLITY SAMPLING

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 SAMPLE DESIGN

PRE TESTING

FIELD WORK

DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER#2 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

LIMITATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATION

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CHAPTER#1

8
 INTRODUCTION

Semester system education is a pattern of change in education system. It assesses

student’s ability many times and keep students mind strictly into study.

In this education system syllabus is diveded in to relatively short parts and each

part is compulsory to pass. There is no concept of selective studies among the students

for examination. This system runs under strict rules and regulations in this way there is

very less chance of wastage of students time.

Students get more knowledge because these courses consist of enough credit hours.

Usually it has been seen that under this system students are habitually hard working.

Each semester consists of three examinations preliminary examination; mid term

examination and final term with all these examinations there is also separate marks for

presentation in classroom and behavior of student

Under this system it is also practiced that this system improves students analytical

approach and this way they can be useful member of society, students have given many

opportunities to presentations in front of teachers and class fellows so in this way

students confidence, personality and communication skills are also developed.

In our country this system grows rapidly particularly in graduate and master level

Education and it is expect that near future it implement in primary, middle and

Secondary level

Multan has always remained a center of educational excellent. Hazrat Bahauddin

Zakariya(1172 AD-1262AD), a Muslim religious scholar and saint, established a school

9
of higher learning in theology in Multan; where scholars from all over the world came for

studies and research. Thus the university of Multan was established in 1975by an act of

punjab legislative assembly. To pay homage to the Great saint, the name was changed

from Multan University to Bahauddin Zakariya University in 1979.The Baha ud din

Zakariya University is a general university, providing instructions in both arts and

science subjects.

Baha ud dine zakariya university, changed its rules and regulations with the

changing trends in educational system. It Implements the semester system first time in

management sciences and computer sciences departments The result was astonishing the

university continues this tradition and implement Semester system in M.com department.

Then further step has been taken and implement this system in English and Education

department. Now the university is going to implement the semester system in remaining

departments.

STUDENTS

We will investigate the following among the students.

• FINANCIAL POSITION

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We will check the acceptability of semester system from the financial point

of view. We will ask from the students about the affordability of semester

system whether it is expensive or not.

• HARD WORKING

We will investigate whether semester system develops the habit of hard

working among the students. Because semester system require daily and

consistent study.

• PUNCTUALITY

Punctuality is the key factor in every field of five. We will investigate that at

what extend semester develops this habit in students.

CONDIFIDENCE

Confidence develops the personality of a person. This confidence is required

everywhere, we will ask from the students about the developments of

confidence.

• COMMUNICATION SKILL

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This modern age where the distance has smart and people have get together.

Communication skills is required this communication skill is being

developed in semester systemic not

• REGULARITY

For a student regularity is very important. In time presence in the classroom,

a handing the lecture regularity, are all ingredients of all successful students,

so we will ask about this.

• DISCIPLINE

A disciplined man can develop the society, we will investigate that whether

semester system make the students habit as in following the rules and

regulations.

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Chapter - 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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IS SEMESTER SYSTEM

ACCEPTABLE

IN THE STUDENTS OF

BAHAUDDIN

ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY

MULTAN?

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• To check the acceptability of semester system among

the students.

• To suggest the straegies for the implementatio on semester

system in Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.

• To check the main advantages and disadvantages of semester

system.

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• To check the main advantages and disadvantages of annual

system.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is the arrangement of conditions of collection and analysis

of data that aims to combine their relevance to the research purpose with economy

in procedure.

The research design constitutes the blue print for the collections,

measurements and analysis of data. It aids the researcher in the collection of data,

using his limited resources by posing crucial choices.

Research design is a plan, structure and strategies of investigation concerned so

as to obtain answer to research questions and control the variance, the plan is the

overall scheme of programme of research. The research design includes the

methods to be used to gather and analyze the data. In other words, strategy implies

how the research objectives will be achieved and how the researcher encountered

in the research will be looked.

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DATA COLLECTION

This report based on primary data i.e. information are directly taken from

students of B.Z. University Multan. For this purpose I developed questionnaire.

I had conducted personal interviews; the advantages of these personal

interviews are as follows.

It leads towards high participation. Moreover in personal interview the

interviewee can carry with additional questions. The props and visual aids can also

enhance the vision of knowledge of interview. The interview has more control

over the personal interview than other interrogation that can be secured it for

exceeds in volume and quality of the information received than with other

methods. Respondents motivation is heavily in the hands of the interview studies

of reaction to a number of surveys indicate that respondent can be motivated to

participate in personal interviews.

Problems In Data Collection:

During the course of survey we faced a lot of problems. We live in a male

oriented society that is why we had several social problems in conducting the

survey. Most of female are non-cooperative. Due to lack of time it was hard to

extract correct information out of them. That is why it took much longer than it

should have.

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS:

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 The instruments that are employed to collect new facts or to explore new

fields are called tolls. So in our survey to achieve our objectives we have used

some research tools. The use of particular research tool depends upon the type of

research proposal.

Questionnaire
First of all we formed our questionnaire. The word questionnaire refers to a

device for getting answers to questions by using a form. To get information to

achieve our objectives we met the people personally and collect the required

information by using open ended and closed ended form.

Measurement
Measurement is used to know the attitude of people towards specific
problems. Attitude of people can be measured through following ways
Surveys Interviews Questionnaire
I have used questionnaire technique in my report to obtain data. These are
two types of questions.
1.Open End Questions:
The question that possess some problem and asks the respondent to answer
in her own words.
2.Fixed Alternative Questions:
The questions in which the respondent is given specific limited alternative

responses and asked to choose the closest to her own viewpoint.

Designing the Questionnaire

The questionnaire may be described as the keystone of any survey. The

basic problem is not so much what questions to ask, but what is the best way to

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ask them. The problem is to design questions that mean the same thing, a single

thing, a defined thing and the intended thing, to everyone. As a general rule,

questions should be short and precise; lengthy questions tend merely to confuse

the respondent. The interviewers should be instructed as to whether they may

depart from the form of the question as written on the schedule or not. Usually, the

question has been carefully considered and the final form is probably the best

possible whereas the interviewer's alternative may lead to erroneous interpretation

of its meaning so should be discouraged. Only questions, which the respondent

can answer from knowledge or experience, should be asked.

All the questions asked must be so phrased that the respondent can answer

them intelligently. This implies that the respondent must understand what is being

asked. Every question, which relates to the respondent's actions in the past, must

be most carefully considered, because the average person's memory is so

unreliable.

Sample Methodology:

A sample was selected on a Performa, which contain seventeen questions

about the topic “implementation of semester system in B.Z. University Multan”.

Given to hundred different students out of which “60” are master level students,

“30” are graduate level and “10” are M. Phil level.

SAMPLING:

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 Sampling is a statistical technique, which is defined as a procedure of

selecting a part from the aggregated of material in the belief that the selected part

will represent the characteristics of the totality of the individuals.

The information obtained from such a part is used to make some inferences about

the totality of material.

There are two main techniques of sampling.

 Non-probability sampling

 Probability sampling

1. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A sampling technique in which units of the sample are selected on the basis

of personal judgment or convenience.

2. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A sampling technique in which every member of the population will have a

known non-zero probability of selection. There are further types of probability

sampling.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

 Simple random sampling

 Systematic sampling

 Stratified sampling

 Multistage Sampling

 Cluster sampling

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Simple Random Sampling

Emphasis has been given to the need of ensuring that all samples should be

random. To ensure random selection, various methods of selection of units from

the population have been devised. The simplest is to number all the population

units and then to draw, in lottery fashion, counters bearing the corresponding

numbers of the selected numbers determining the choice of sampling units. This

method is known as simple random sampling, in which every unit in the

population has an equal chance of selection and each possible sample of the same

size has an equal probability of being selected. This method is suitable where the

population is relatively small and where the sampling frame is complete.

A simple random sample is defined as a sample taken in such a way that every

member of population have an equal chance of being selected to achieve this every

item in the population must be numbered in ordered.

For our purpose we take a sample of size n = 100. The sampling units were

selected in the sample from each department using simple random sampling

technique.

The other techniques can be used in different types of studies according to the

different conditions of these studies.

The Sampling Frame

Before the sample can be drawn, the units of the population under

consideration must be defined. A sampling frame is a complete list or a map that

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contains all the sampling units in the population. The requirements of a reasonably

good frame are that the frame should:

1. Not contain inaccurate sampling units,

2. Be complete and exhaustive, i.e. should contain all units and should

cover whole of the population,

3. Be free from errors of omission and duplication of sampling units.

4. Be as up-to-date as possible at the time of use.

For one reason or other, most of the frames used for sample surveys do not meet

these entire requirements.

Sampling frame for this study is a compete list of the students of all the

departments of B.Z.U. Multan on December 2002 was taken.

SAMPLE DESIGN

In statistical work the purpose of sampling is to obtain information about the

nature and characteristics of the population from which the sample is drawn. A

sample statistic is no more than an estimate of the corresponding population

parameter. The extent to which the sample statistic may differ from the parameter

based on a complete count or census is measured by the sampling error. The

statisticians are concerned with the precision of the sample statistic and modern

sampling theory enables them to measure the precision or reliability of the

statistic. While the relative size of the sample as compared with the population

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from which it is drawn is quite irrelevant, sampling theory shows that by

increasing the sample size it is possible to increase the precision of the result.

The majority of sample surveys are, however, quite expensive

undertakings. To increase the sample size to the extent required to achieve any

substantial gain in precision would entail heavy additional expenditure.

Furthermore, it would mean more interviews, more schedules to edit, more data to

process and more resources to put in. Thus, the interval of time between the survey

and the production of its results would be increased. Since one of the objects of

sampling is to save time and money, merely increasing the sample size to improve

the accuracy would be a self-defeating policy. For such reasons statisticians in

recent times have devoted much effort to devising methods whereby the precision

of sample results may be improved. Using specially constructed samples can do

this, but underlying all these sample designs, as they are known, is the basic

principle of random sampling. However complex the sample design may be, the

selection of the sample units must ultimately be made in accordance with some

random process. The designing of samples is a specialized branch of statistics; the

design appropriate to one survey may be quite unsuited to another.

PRE TESTING:

The next step after the development of the questionnaire was to make a pre-test

with my questionnaire to check whether there were any problems with the questionnaire.

Pre-test is mainly done:

 To check the validity of research.

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  To check the validity of sample size.

 To check the validity of questionnaire.

 To determine any further problem.

After my pre-test with the students of Bahaud-din Zakriya University

Multan, no major problems were identified except that my respondents felt a bit

hesitation in answering a few questions which were later refined for the

convenience of the respondents such that they still provided me with the

information I required.

FIELD WORK:
In my next step, I did my fieldwork to get my questionnaire’s filled from

my respondents. For this purpose, I visited different departments of Bahaud-din

Zakriya University Multan. For saving a lot of my time, I requested my

respondents to give me time in the hostel after their study time. In this way, I got

my questionnaires filled.

DATA ANALYSIS:
After getting my questionnaires filled the next step was of data analysis.

For this purpose, I calculated percentages, used Microsoft Excel to draw graphs.

The graphical representation of the questions is given on next pages.

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25
Chapter – 4

CONCLUSIONS

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

26
LIMITATIONS:

The following are the limitations; I faced during my research study.

 TIME:

As you know that in M.Sc Statistics part II, the time is very limited,

students also have burdens of other subjects, so the same time limitation was there

with me due to which I had to ignore a lot of things.

 COST:

Being students though I contributed as much as I could, but with more

financial resources I could expand the scope of my research.

 SAMPLE SIZE:

My sample size was only of 100 students, this was not quite enough for a University, this

could be increased but due to above limitations it was a bit difficult for me.

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 Semester

system is best way to educate the students after conducting the research we

concluded that semester has some drawbacks. One of them is that it is very

expensive, as we know majority of the students of this region belong to middle

class families. So they cannot pay heavy dues of semester system. Secondly,

students should not be drop in third and fourth semesters.

Semester system is recommended highly in physics and chemistry

departments. But it is necessary that the credit hours should be increased.

Over all this system is highly recommended by student’s weather by any

level (graduates, masters, M Phil). Student’s wants to get knowledge, in annual

system due to limited courses are being studied so students pass their time in

wandering here and there. So to utilize the time effectively Semester System is

excellent.

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 According to our survey, it is highly recommended that semester system

should be implemented gradually in B.Z.U. Multan. It will be difficult for the

university to implement the semester system at once. University should firstly

check the results and views of the students of the departments in which the

semester system was implemented last year. According to the survey, as 82% of

the students have the opinion that the semester system is not acceptable due to

expenses so to reduce the elements of expenses the university should take such

actions.

Examination should be conducted by the outsiders and also marked by

them so that teacher’s monopoly reduced.

The course outline should be designed in such a way that the cramming

habit of the students can be eliminated.

Teachers should behave in a proper manner with the students in the

semester system.

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 Respondents describe
the suitablity about
semester system

10%

34%

56%

splits sourse of study in to two or more parts per year.

asses students ability more times.
any other

According to the survey 34% students describe the suitability about semester system is
Splits course of study in to two or more parts per year, 55% students describe the
suitability about semester system is asses students ability more times while 10% students
use the any other option.

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Students interste in semester system

Table:4.2
Graduate Master M Phil Total Graduate Master M Phil
level level level level% level% level%
Interested 17 42 6 65 56.67 70 60
Not
9 15 2 26 30 25 20
interested
No opinion 4 3 2 9 13.33 5 20

Percentage of opinions with respect to educational level

GRAPH

70

60

50

40 Interested
Not interested
30 No opinion

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

it is found that 65% students are interested, 26% are not interested and
9% have no opinion about semester system.

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 General opinions of students about semester system

TABLE:4.5

Graduate Master M Phil Graduate Master M Phil

Total
level level level level% level% level%
Easy 8 36 8 52 26.67 60 80
Difficult 16 15 2 33 53.33 25 20
Very
6 9 0 15 20 15 0
difficult

Percentage opinions of students about semester system

GRAPH

80

70

60

50
easy
40 difficult
very difficult
30

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

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Aboue graph show that 52% student say that semester system is
easy33% say it is difficult,15% say very difficult.

General opinions of students that semester system improve Student personality

TABLE: 4.6
Graduate Master M Phil Graduate level Master M Phil
Total
level level level % level% level%
Agree 18 36 4 58 60 60 40
Disagree 8 14 4 26 26.67 23.33 40
No opinion 4 10 2 16 13.33 16.67 20

percentage of students that semester system improve

Student personality
GRAPH

60

50

40

Agree
30 Disagree
No opinion
20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

33
aboue graph show that58% student say that semester system imrove
students personality, 26% are disagree and 16% have no opinion.

Semester system education helps to improve level of

knowledge Of student
TABLE:4.7

Graduate Master M Phil Graduate Master M Phil

Total
level level level level% level% level%
Agree 22 39 7 68 73.33 65 70
Disagree 6 16 2 24 20 26.67 20
No opinion 2 5 1 8 6.67 8.33 10

Percentage opinions of respondents about semester system

education helps to improve level of knowledge
Of student

GRAPH

34
 80

70

60

50
Agree
40 Disagree
No opinion
30

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

aboue graph show that 68% student say that semester system imrove
level of knowldge of students , 24% are disagree and 8% have no
opinion.

Semester system education makes student punctual

TABLE: 4.8
Graduat Master M Phil Graduate Master level M Phil
Total
e level level level level% % level%
Agree 20 39 7 66 66.67 65 70
Disagree 6 16 2 24 20 26.67 20
No
4 5 1 10 13.33 8.33 10
opinion

Percentage opinions of respondents about semester system

education makes student punctual
GRAPH

35
 70

60

50

40 Agree
Disagree
30 No opinion

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

aboue graph show that 79% student say that semester system makes
student punctual , 11% are disagree and 10% have no opinion.

Character of student is also improved by semester

system education.
TABLE: 4.9
Graduate Master M Phil Graduate Master M Phil
Total
level level level level% level% level%
Agree 14 26 3 43 46.67 43.33 30
Disagree 10 18 5 33 33.33 30 50
No opinion 6 16 2 24 20 26.67 20

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Percentage opinions of respondents about Semester system
improve character of student.
GRAPH

50
45
40
35
30
Agree
25 Disagree
20 No opinion

15
10
5
0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

aboue graph show that 43% student say that semester system improve
students character , 33% are disagree and 24% have no opinion.

Semester system education develops confidence among

the students.

37
TABLE:4.10

Percentage opinions of respondents about Semester system

Graduate Master M Phil Total Graduate Master M Phil

level level level level% level% level%
Agree 17 41 4 62 56.666666 68.333333 40
67 33
Disagree 18 13 1 22 60 21.666666 10
67
No 5 6 5 16 16.666666 10 50
opinion 67
education develops confidence among the students.

GRAPH

70

60

50

40 Agree
Disagree
30 No opinion

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

aboue graph show that 62% student say that semester system develops
confedence , 22% are disagree and 16% have no opinion.
Semester system develops communication skills.

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TABLE:4.11

Graduate Master M Phil Total Graduate Master level M Phil

level level level level% % level%
Easy 20 39 3 62 66.67 65 30
Difficult 7 13 2 22 23.33 21.67 20
Very difficult 3 8 5 10 13.33 50
16

A percentage opinion of respondents about Semester

system develops communication skills.
GRAPH

70

60

50

40 Agree
Disagree
30 No opinion

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

aboue graph show that 62% student say that semester system develops
confedence , 22% are disagree and 16% have no opinion.

Semester system makes a student very careful in his attendance in the class.

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TABLE: 4.12

Graduate Master M Phil Total Graduate Master M Phil

level level level level% level% level%
Easy 18 53 7 78 60 88.33 70
Difficult 10 5 2 17 33.33 8.33 20
Very difficult 2 2 1 5 6.67 3.33 10
Semester system makes a student very careful in his attendance in the class.

GRAPH

90

80

70

60

50 Agree
Disagree
40
No opinion
30

20

10

0
Graduate level% Master level% M Phil level%

aboue graph show that 78% student say that semester system makes a
studentvery careful in his attendance in the class , 12% are disagree and
5% have no opinion.

40
 EDUCATION LEVEL WHERE
SEMESTER SYSTEM IS MOST
SUITABLE

80
69
70
60 55
50 45 Series1

40
30
20
10
0
Graduation Masters M Phil

The above-mentioned bar graph shows that 44 respondents say that semester
system is
Most suitable at graduate level, 69 respondents have opinion that semester
system is most suitable at master level while, 45 say it is most suitable at M
Phil.

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 SEMESTER SYSTEM IS GOOD
STEP TOWARDS QUALITY
EDUCATION

YES NO

NO
29%

YES
71%

It is found that that 71% respondents have opinion that semester system is good

step towards quality education while 29% say no.

42
 SEMESTER SYSTEM EXAMINATION
IS BETTER THAN ANNUAL SYSTEM
EXAMINATION TO OBTAIN GOOD
MARKS

YES NO

NO
31%

YES
69%

It is found that that 71% respondents have opinion that semester system is better

than annual system examination to obtain good marks. While 31% say no.

43
 SEMESTER SYSTEM EXAMINATION
IS BETTER THAN ANNUAL SYSTEM
EXAMINATION TO GET QUICK
RESULTS

YES NO

NO
8%

YES
92%

It is found that that 71% respondents have opinion that semester system is better

than annual system examination to obtain good marks. While 31% say no.

44
45