Professional Documents
Culture Documents
June 1, 1998
GUIDE NO. 12
Guide for Illumination of Industrial Painting Projects
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides information on the quantity and
quality of lighting on industrial painting projects that is conducive to achieving quality surface preparation and coating
application, productivity, inspection/quality control, and accident prevention.
1.2 This guide is intended for use by facility owners,
specifiers, designers, and contractors.
2. Background
2.1 Lighting standards have been established for most
industrial applications by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI). One standard addresses the temporary
lighting conditions common to most industrial painting
projects. ANSI Z117.1, Safety Requirements for Working in
Tanks and Other Confined Spaces, establishes minimum
requirements for safe entry, continued work in, and exit from
tanks and other confined spaces. The ANSI standard sets
entry procedures which include the use of a permit to authorize illumination of the space. No specific criteria on illumination are stated.
2.2 Adequate illumination improves productivity and
motivation while poor illumination increases the risk of accidents and costs of operation. Additional illumination beyond
recommended levels may be beneficial but not essential to
achieving these objectives. In addition, unnecessarily high
lighting levels add to the cost of procurement, installation,
and maintenance and may have a negative impact on safety
and productivity due to increased glare. Light with substantial color bias, regardless of foot candles, can hinder the
observation of the true condition of the work surface.
2.3 While natural lighting or use of white containment
materials may provide adequate levels of illumination, once
the decision to use artificial lighting to illuminate a work area
is made, portions of the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) regulations on portable lamps and wiring installation
have direct application. However, an integrated guide specific to the coatings industry is necessary to help establish
minimum standards on quality and quantity of light, as well
as consolidate applicable electrical hazard controls.
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3. References
3.1 The standards referenced in this guide are listed in
Sections 3.4 through 3.7 and form a part of this guide.
3.2 The latest issue, revision, or amendment of the
referenced standards in effect on the date of invitation to bid
shall govern, unless otherwise specified.
3.3 If there is a conflict between the requirements of any
of the cited reference standards and this guide, the requirements of this guide shall prevail.
3.4 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
(ANSI) STANDARDS:
RP7
Z117.1
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June 1, 1998
29
29
29
29
CFR
CFR
CFR
CFR
1926.402
1926.403
1926.404
1926.405
29 CFR 1926.406
29 CFR 1926.407
29 CFR 1926.408
29 CFR 1926.449
1570
1571
1572
4. Definitions
Confined space: Per 29 CFR 1910.146, a confined
space is a space that: (1) is large enough and so configured
that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned
work; and (2) has limited or restricted means for entry or exit
(for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers,
vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of
entry); and (3) is not designed for continuous occupancy.
Foot candles: A unit of illumination; the illumination at
a point on a surface which is one foot from, and perpendicular to, a uniform point source of one candle.
General work area lighting: The level of illumination
throughout a work area, measured at various locations on
the horizontal work plane, at least six feet from the nearest
light source.
Non-permit required confined space: A confined
space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric
hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of
causing death or serious physical injury.
Permit required confined space: A confined space
that has one or more of the following characteristics: (1)
contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) contains a material that has the potential for
engulfing an entrant; (3) has an internal configuration such
that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly
converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and
tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) contains any other
recognized safety or health hazard.
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Task-specific lighting: The level of illumination required for performing specific visual tasks (e.g., inspection).
White light: Light containing all wavelengths in the
visible range at similar intensity.
5. General Conditions
5.1 MONITORING STRATEGY
5.1.1 Quantity of Existing (Natural) Light: Some
natural light will be present in most work areas during
daylight hours and the color of any containment materials
(e.g., white tarps) may improve natural light. The amount of
natural light will depend on factors such as time of year, time
of day, orientation of the work area, and prevailing weather
conditions. Although it is not likely that the quantity and
quality of natural light will be sufficient for work in most
confined spaces, the amount of additional lighting necessary to meet the recommendations of this guide will be
affected by the amount of ambient natural light available.
Measurements should be made with a light meter held at or
placed on the surface. With the sensor aligned perpendicular to the surface, make a minimum of five measurements
which are representative of the work area. Record each and
calculate the average of the measurements.
5.1.2 Effect of Airborne Dust: Airborne dust will
reduce visibility. Consideration must be given to the amount
of loose debris which may be created during paint removal
or application operations. Depending on the expected concentration of airborne dust, provisions may be required for
its removal prior to the start of work in order for adequate
illumination to be achieved.
5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF LOCATIONS: Once the
evaluation of the work area is complete the work locations
should be classified as one of the following:
5.2.1 Hazardous locations where the potential for
explosion and/or fire exists. Hazardous locations are defined as those locations where quantities of flammable
gases or vapors, explosives, combustible dusts, fibers, or
flyings are present or likely to become present. Lighting
fixtures used in hazardous locations must be explosion
proof and Underwriters Laboratory or Factory Mutual approved for use in the appropriate Class and Division atmosphere.
See Appendix A for a discussion of hazardous locations.
5.2.2 Non-Hazardous locations where the potential
for explosion and/or fire does not exist. Lighting fixtures
used in nonhazardous locations must be designed to UL
Standard 298.
5.2.3 Wet locations where installations are underground
or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact with the
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June 1, 1998
7.1 ALL LOCATIONS
7.1.1 All lighting equipment must be durable and designed for the intended work environment.
6. Illumination Requirements
6.1 A light meter with readings in foot candles should be
used to verify the adequacy of the illumination. For general
work area measurements, the meter should be placed on a
horizontal plane parallel with the work surface (e.g., walking
across staging). For task specific measurements, the meter
should be held at, or placed on, the surface, with the sensor
aligned perpendicular to the surface. Make a minimum of
five measurements representative of the work area or task.
Compare the average to the criteria in Table 1 and Table 2.
7. Recommendations
The recommendations below are applicable for any
artificial lighting required to achieve adequate illumination of
a given work area or specific task.
Table 1
WORK AREA ILLUMINATION REQUIRMENTS IN FOOT CANDLES1
Minimum
Recommended
10
20
20
50
50
200
Based upon levels of illumination recommended for sample occupational tasks in ANSI/IES RP 7.
The level of illumination throughout a work area, measured at various locations on the horizontal work-plane, at least 6 feet
(2 m) from the nearest light sources. (See Section 6.1). An illumination level of 20 foot candles is recommended for corridors,
scaffolds, and other walking surfaces.
3
The level of illumination for performing specific visual tasks (i.e., surface preparation, coating application, and inspection)
measured at the work surface in conjunction with the intended light source (See Section 6.1)
2
Table 2
MAXIMUM LUMINANCE RATIOS1
5 to 1 3
1 to 5
Maximum luminance ratios recommended are based upon areas (indoor or outdoor) where it is completely impractical to
control reflectances and difficult to alter environmental conditions.
2
The eyes function more efficientlly and comfortably when the illumination levels within the work environments are not too
different from those of the seeing task.
3
Based upon maximum luminance ratios from ANSI/IES RP 7
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SSPC-Guide 12
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7.2 NONHAZARDOUS, WET LOCATIONS: All lighting
fixtures having an electrical supply service greater than 12
volts must be properly grounded, have ground fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) protection, or have an integrated circuit
breaker wired into the specific electrical line supplying the
power to the light fixture.
10. Notes
Notes are not a requirement of this guide.
10.1 Air cooled lighting systems, which direct the flow
of compressed air across the lens or around the globe, help
to keep the lens free of contaminants, prolong bulb life, and
generally are of higher intensity required for the lighting of
areas with high concentrations of airborne dust.
10.2 OTHER PERTINENT STANDARDS: Other industry standards which may be pertinent for illumination in
industrial painting projects are listed below.
77
497A
8.3 REPAIRS
8.3.1 Disconnect power and remove any lights or
electrical apparatus needing repair outside any hazardous
atmosphere before performing repairs.
497B
497M
654
8.3.3 Parts for repair other than those specified by the
manufacturer of the lighting system should not be used.
8.3.4 Replacement bulbs other than those specified by
the manufacturer of the lighting system should not be used.
9. Disclaimer
This material has been developed under the published
procedures of SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings,
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A. 1 BACKGROUND
Achieving acceptable levels of illumination by natural
or artificial means in the industrial painting industry is complicated due to the complexity of structures, vision inhibiting
dust, and potentially hazardous concentrations of explosive
dust or solvent vapors. This appendix has been added to
provide some direction, but is not considered a requirement
of this guide.
A. 2 DEFINITIONS
Hazardous locations are classified as Class I, Class II,
or Class III depending upon the physical properties of the
substances which are present. These classes are further
subdivided as Division 1 or Division 2.
Class I locations: Class I locations are those in which
flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air
in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable
mixtures. Class I locations include the following:
Class I Division 1: A Class I Division I location is a
location (a) in which hazardous concentrations of gases
or vapors may exist under normal operating conditions
or (b) in which hazardous concentrations of such gases
or vapors may exist frequently because of repair or
maintenance operations or because of leakage or (c) in
which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or
processes might release hazardous concentrations
(e.g., greater than 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit) of
flammable gases or vapors and might also cause simultaneous failure of electric equipment.
Class I, Division 2: A Class I, Division 2 location is a
location (a) in which volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processed or used, but in
which the hazardous liquids, vapors, or gases will
normally be confined within closed containers or closed
systems from which they can escape only in case of
accidental rupture or breakdown of such containers or
systems, or in case of abnormal operations of equipment, or (b) in which hazardous concentrations of gases
or vapors are normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation, and which might become hazardous
through failure or abnormal operations of the ventilation
equipment, or (c) that is adjacent to a Class I, Division
1 locations and to which hazardous concentrations of
gases or vapors might occasionally be communicated
unless such communication is prevented by adequate
positive pressure ventilation from a source of clean air,
and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are
provided.
Class III locations: Class III locations are those that are
hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable
fibers or flyings (e.g., dust) but in which such fibers or
flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in
quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures. Class III
locations include the following:
Class III, Division 1: A Class III, Division 1 location is
a location in which easily ignitable fibers or materials
producing combustible flyings are handled, manufactured, or used.
Class III, Division 2: A Class III, Division 2 location is
a location in which easily ignitable fibers are stored or
handled, except in process of manufacture.
Note: The above definitions of hazardous (classified) locations are taken directly from 29 CFR 1926.449. Refer to the
OSHA standard for additional information and examples
for each classification.
Hazardous Atmosphere: An atmosphere that may
expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation,
impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided
from a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one or
more of the following causes: (1) flammable gas, vapor, or
mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit
(LFL); (2) airborne combustible dust at a concentration that
meets or exceeds its LFL; (3) atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%; (4) atmospheric
concentration of any substance for which a dose or a
permissible exposure limit is published in subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or in subpart Z,
Toxic and Hazardous Substances, which could result in
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SSPC-Guide 12
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employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible
exposure limit; (5) any other atmospheric condition that is
immediately dangerous to life or health. NOTE: This definition is taken directly from 29 CFR 1910.146. For the purposes of this guide, only those considerations in selecting
lighting dealing with the concentrations of flammable vapors
or combustible dusts [items (1) and (2) above] are addressed. The reader is cautioned to consider all other
aspects of a hazardous atmosphere as described above.
Lower Flammable Limit: The lower limit of flammability of a gas or vapor at ordinary ambient temperatures
expressed in percent of the gas or vapor in air by volume.
Lower Flammable Limit is synonymous with Lower Explosive Limit.
A.3 EVALUATION OF WORK SITES: Before any
aspect of an industrial painting project commences, the
location must be evaluated to determine whether a hazardous atmosphere exists. This evaluation involves a thorough
inspection of the work location and often includes both a
visual inspection and monitoring for atmospheric hazards.
OSHAs permit-required confined space standard (29
CFR 1910.146) requires that employers test and monitor
spaces with instruments which detect all aspects of hazardous atmospheres that may be encountered. OSHA has
classified atmospheric hazards into three categories: toxic;
asphyxiating; and flammable or explosive atmospheres.
Monitoring tests are typically performed using a direct reading instrument which gives an instantaneous assessment of
the degree of atmospheric hazard.
From a lighting perspective, the minimum required tests
in any suspect hazardous atmosphere include oxygen level,
the concentration of flammable gases or vapors, and the
concentration of combustible dust.
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