FISIOLOGI SISTEM EKSKRESI

Fisiologi hewan 2

Proses Pengeluaran
Berdasarkan zat yang dibuang, proses
pengeluaran pada manusia dibedakan
menjadi:
Defekasi: pengeluaran zat sisa hasil
pencernaan (feses)
Ekskresi: pengeluaran zat sisa hasil
metabolisme (CO2, keringat dan urine)
Sekresi: pengeluaran getah yang masih
berguna bagi tubuh (enzim dan hormon)
2

Sistem Ekskresi
Adalah sistem pengeluaran zat-zat sisa
metabolisme yang tidak berguna bagi tubuh
dari dalam tubuh, seperti:
Menghembuskan gas CO2 ketika kita
bernafas pulmo
Berkeringat
Buang air kecil (urine)

Alat Ekskresi manusia

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ginjal
Kulit
Hati
Paru-paru

ALAT-ALAT EKSKRESI

GINJAL

A. Struktur Ginjal

Functions of the Urinary System

The urinary system produces urine and conducts

it to outside the body. As the kidneys produce
urine, they carry out four functions:
1. excretion of metabolic wastes,
2. maintenance of water-salt balance,
3. maintenance of acid-base balance,
4. and secretion of hormones.

Excretion of Metabolic Wastes

The kidneys excrete metabolic wastes, notably nitrogenous wastes.
Urea is the primary nitrogenous end product of metabolism in human
beings, but humans also excrete some ammonium, creatinine, and
uric acid. Urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism. The
breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases ammonia, which the
liver combines with carbon dioxide to produce urea. Ammonia is very
toxic to cells, but urea is much less toxic. Because it is less toxic, less
water is required to excrete urea.
Creatine phosphate is a high-energy phosphate reserve molecule in
muscles. The metabolic breakdown of creatine phosphate results in
creatinine. The breakdown of nucleotides, such as those containing
adenine and thymine, produces uric acid. Uric acid is rather
insoluble. If too much uric acid is present in blood, crystals form and
precipitate out. Crystals of uric acid sometimes collect in the joints,
producing a painful ailment called gout.
8

Maintenance of Water-Salt Balance

A principal function of the kidneys maintain the
appropriate water-salt balance of the blood. As we
shall see, blood volume is intimately associated with the
salt balance of the body.
Salts, such as NaCl, have the ability to
cause osmosis, the diffusion of waterin this case, into
the blood. The more salts there are in the blood, the
greater the blood volume and the greater the blood
pressure. In this way, the kidneys are involved in
regulating blood pressure. The kidneys also maintain the
appropriate level of other ions (electrolytes), such as
potassium ions (K), bicarbonate ions (HCO3), and calcium
ions (Ca2), in the blood.
9

Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance

The kidneys regulate the acid-base balance of

the blood. In order for a person to remain
healthy, the blood pH should be just about 7.4.
The kidneys monitor and control blood pH,
mainly by excreting hydrogen ions (H) and
reabsorbing the bicarbonate ions (HCO3) as
needed to keep blood pH at about 7.4. Urine
usually has a pH of 6 or lower because our
diet often contains acidic foods.
10

Secretion of Hormones
The kidneys assist the endocrine system in hormone
secretion. The kidneys release renin, a substance that
leads to the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from
the adrenal cortex, the outer portion of the adrenal glands,
which lie atop the kidneys.
Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions
(Na) by the kidneys. Whenever the oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood is reduced, the kidneys secrete the
hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell
production. The kidneys also help activate vitamin D from
the skin. Vitamin D is the precursor of the hormone
calcitriol, which promotes calcium (Ca2) absorption from
11
the digestive tract.

Aldosterone Hormones control the reabsorption

of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone,
a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, promotes
the excretion of potassium ions (K) and the reabsorption
of sodium ions (Na).
The release of aldosterone is set in motion by the
kidneys themselves. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is
a region of contact between the afferent arteriole and
the distal convoluted tubule. When blood volume, and
therefore blood pressure, is not sufficient to promote
glomerular filtration, the juxtaglomerular apparatus
secretes renin.
12

Renin is an enzyme that changes

angiotensinogen (a large plasma protein produced
by the liver) into angiotensin I. Later, angiotensin I
is converted to angiotensin II, a powerful
vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the adrenal
cortex to release aldosterone. The reabsorption of
sodium ions is followed by the reabsorption of
water. Therefore, blood volume and blood
pressure increase.
13

Juxtaglomerular apparatus. This drawing shows that the afferent arteriole and the distal
convoluted tubule usually lie next to each other. The juxtaglomerular apparatus occurs where
they touch. The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin, a substance that leads to the
release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Reabsorption of sodium ions followed by
water then occurs. Therefore, blood volume and blood pressure increase.
14

STRUKTUR GINJAL

15

Anatomy of kidney

16

17

18

1. Glomerular Filtration

Glomerular filtration whole blood enters the

afferent arteriole and the glomerulus. Due to
glomerular blood pressure, water and small
molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of
the glomerular capsule. This is a filtration large
molecules and formed elements are unable to pass
through the capillary wall.
Blood in the glomerulus the filterable components
and the nonfilterable components:
19

Filterable
Blood Components
Water
Nitrogenous wastes
Nutrients
Salts (ions)

Nonfilterable
Blood Components
Formed elements (blood
cells and platelets)
Plasma proteins

20

Nephrons in the kidneys filter 180 liters of water per

day, along with a considerable amount of small
molecules (such as glucose) and ions (such as
sodium). If the composition of urine were the same
as that of the glomerular filtrate, the body would
continually lose water, salts, and nutrients.
Therefore composition of the filtrate must be
altered as this fluid passes through the remainder of
the tubule.
21

2. Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption molecules and ions are both
passively and actively reabsorbed from the nephron into the
blood of the peritubular capillary network.
Na (sodium) actively reabsorbed, Cl (Chloride) follow
passively.
The reabsorption of salt (NaCl) increases the osmolarity of
the blood compared to the filtrate, and therefore water moves
passively from the tubule into the blood. About 67% of Na is
reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids also return to
the blood at the proximal convoluted tubule. This is a
selective process because only molecules recognized by
carrier molecules are actively reabsorbed.
22

Glucose is an example of a molecule that ordinarily is

completely reabsorbed because there is a plentiful supply
of carrier molecules for it. However, every substance has a
maximum rate of transport, and after all its carriers are in
use, any excess in the filtrate will appear in the urine. For
example, as reabsorbed levels of glucose approach 1.82
mg/ml plasma, the rest appears in the urine.
In diabetes mellitus, excess glucose occurs in the blood,
and then in the filtrate, and then in the urine, because the
liver and muscles have failed to store glucose as glycogen,
and the kidneys cannot reabsorb all of it.
The presence of glucose in the filtrate increases its
osmolarity compared to that of the blood, and therefore less
water is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary network.
The frequent urination and increased thirst experienced
by untreated diabetics are due to the fact that water is not
being reabsorbed.
23

Filtrate that enters the proximal convoluted tubule two

portions: components that are reabsorbed from the tubule into
the blood, and components that are not reabsorbed and
continue to pass through the nephron further processed into
urine:
Reabsorbed Filtrate
Components
Most water
Nutrients
Required salts (ions)

Nonreabsorbed Filtrate
Components
Some water
Much nitrogenous waste
Excess salts (ions)

The substances that are not reabsorbed become the

tubular fluid, which enters the loop of the nephron.
24

3. Tubular Secretion

Tubular secretion a second way by which

substances are removed from blood and added to
the tubular fluid.
Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatinine, and
drugs such as penicillin are some of the substances
that are moved by active transport from the blood
into the distal convoluted tubule.
In the end urine contains (1) substances that
have undergone glomerular filtration but have
not been reabsorbed, and (2) substances that
have undergone tubular secretion.
25

ADH MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI URIN

HORMON ANTI DIURETIK (ADH) YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH
KELENJAR HIPOFISIS POSTERIOR AKAN MEMPENGARUHI
PENYERAPAN AIR PADA BAGIAN TUBULUS DISTAL KARENA
MENINGKATKAN PERMEABILITIAS SEL TERHADAP AIR.
JIKA HORMON ADH RENDAH MAKA PENYERAPAN AIR
BERKURANG SEHINGGA URIN MENJADI BANYAK DAN
ENCER.
SEBALIKNYA, JIKA HORMON ADH BANYAK, PENYERAPAN
AIR BANYAK SEHINGGA URIN SEDIKIT DAN PEKAT.
KEHILANGAN KEMAMPUAN MENSEKRESI ADH
MENYEBABKAN PENYAKTI DIABETES INSIPIDUS.
PENDERITANYA AKAN MENGHASILKAN URIN YANG SANGAT
ENCER.
26

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary plays
a role in water reabsorption at the collecting duct. In
order to understand the action of this hormone, consider
its name. Diuresis means flow of urine, and antidiuresis
means against a flow of urine.
When ADH is present, more water is reabsorbed
(blood volume and pressure rise), and a decreased
amount of urine results. In practical terms, if an
individual does not drink much water on a certain day,
the posterior lobe of the pituitary releases ADH, causing
more water to be reabsorbed and less urine to form.
On the other hand, if an individual drinks a large amount
of water and does not perspire much, ADH is not
released. In that case, more water is excreted, and
27
more urine forms.

THATS ALL FOR NOW.

THANKS !!

28