Pathogen

Biology

H pylori

person to
person
gram negative, motile, transmissionincr
microaerophilic, urease ease risk for
positive,
carcinomas

E. coli

Epidemiology

Shigella

gram negative rod

gram negative rod,
nonlactose
fermentiving

Yersinia entercolitica

gram negative rod,

contaminated
non-lactose fermenter, meat, milk,
motile at 2C
water

Campylobacter

gram negative rod,

micraerophilic

fecal-oral,
animals

Clostridium difficle

gram positive rod,

anerobic, spore
forming

endogenous
and exogenous
spread

Entamoeba histolytica

Amoeba

fecal oral

gram negative rods,

motile, non-lactose,
Gram negative rod,
facultative anaerobe,
motile

fecal oral,
poultry, reptiles

Salmonella

Vibrio cholerae

Giardia lamblia

protozoa

Cryptosporidium parvum

protozoa

vary with type

usually seen in
outbreaks

shellfish, water
contamination
worldwide,
water
immunocompro
mised mostly

Rotavirus
Norwalk

Clostridium botulinum

Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis C

naked, ds rNA virus,

double-capsid structure daycare
naked, positive sense fecal oral, cruise
ssRNA
ships
found in soil,
dustimproperly
canned food,
anaerobic rod, spore
honey for
forming
infants
food poisoningGram + cocci,
mayonnaise
coagulae +, catalase + foods custards
gram positive rods,
spore forming
fried rice
picornavirus, naked
_ssRNA
fecal-oral, water
blood
Hepadnavirus,
transmission,
enveloped, DNA
sexual contact
helper virus, need
HBSAg for replication
completion
blood
Flavivirus, enveloped, transmission,
ss+RNA
sexual contact

Hepatitis E

Calcivirus, naked,
+ssRNA

Echinococcus granulosus

tapeworm

Leishmania donovani

protozoa

fecal-oral,
water, high
morbidiy in
pregnant
patients
humans ingest
eggs, parasite
moves to liver
and lung
sandfly
transmission

termatode

Latin america,
europe, asia,
spread from
watercress,
alfalfa juice

Fasciola hepatica

Clonorchis

Ascaris

fluke

Southeast Asia,
associated with
eating
undercooked
fish

round worm

endemic in
tropical
countries, fecal
oral spread

Pathogenesis

Pathology

Urease, mucinase, VacA

ulcers

Toxins, capusle, invasion, aggregation

Shiga toxin, cell to cell passage

Endotoxin

Multinucleated
giant cells and
prominent
eosinophilic
intranuclear
inclusions

toxin A and toxin B

invasive

LPS, facultative intracellular

Cholera toxin

adhesion of parasite
obligate intracellular

flask shapte
ulcers

Toxin

toxin
toxin (heat stable, heat liable)

invasion

Cysts

Diseases & Clinical Manifestations

(as related to module)

Diagnosis

Gastritis, epigastric pain after eating,

dyspepsia

biospy, urea
breath test

Bloody and watery diarrhea

MacConkey,
sorbitol
fermentation
(EHEC nonsorbitol)

Bloody diarrhea

culture

Enterocolitis, blood diarrhea, can mimic

crohn's disease
CIN Agar
inflammatory diarrhea, may mimic
chrohns disease. Complications include
reative arthritis, guillain barre
Clinical diagnosis

antibiotic-associated adiarrhea,
pseudomembranous colitis

immunoassay for
toxin

abdominal pain, cramping, colitis,

bloody diarrhea, liver involvement

cyst and
trophozoite stool

Typhoid fever, Enterocolitis

Culture

Cholera, watery diarrhea

clinical
clinical,
micrscopy,
Antigen ID

foul-smelling watery diarrhea,

steatorrhea
severe water diarrhea in
immunocompromised

acid-fast stain

watery diarrhea in children

Clinical diagnosis

watery diarrhea

flaccid paralysis, food poisoning, floppy toxin in food,

baby
clinical

food poisoning-vomiting

toxin detection

vomiting and diarrhea

hepatitis,, not chronic

serology

acute, chronic, carcinomas

serology

severe hepatitis symptoms with coinfection HBV

PCR

Hepatitis, carcinomas

serology, PCR

hepatitis

PCR

Hydatid cyst disease, if cysts rupture (as

in surgery) fluid can cause anaphylactic
shock
Visceral leishmaniasis, damage to liver

amastigoes in
macrophages

Right upper abdominal pain, nausea,

vomiting, gallstones

Eosinophila,
hepatic
abscesses, eggs
in feces

right upper quadrant pain, gallstones,

obstructuve jaundice

eggs in feces

Jaundice, upper quandrant pain, biliary

obstruction with high infection

eggs in feces

Treatment & Prevention

omeprazole, macrolide,
beta-lactam

No antibitics for EHEC

be careful with antibiotic
treatment, case by case
basis

Ciprofloxacin

discontinue antibiotics,
metronidazole,
vancomycin (2nd)

metronadazole

fluids

metronidazole

support

vaccine

IFN

Triciabendazole

Praziquantel

Praziquantel