Theorem Pappus

9.
3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 1, page 1 of 2

1. Determine the amount of paint required to paint
the inside and outside surfaces of the cone, if one
gallon of paint covers 300 ft2.
y
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.

y
3 ft
3 ft
3 ft
= 1.5 ft
2
2 The generating curve is a

straight line through the
origin.
10 ft
10 ft
x
x
3 The distance to the centroid of the line is

rC = 1.5 ft

3 ft
4 The length of the curve can be found from the Pythagorean theorem:
L=
(10 ft)2 + (3 ft)2
= 10.4403 ft
10 ft
Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:

A = 2 rcL
= 2 (1.5 ft)(10.4403 ft)
= 98.3975 ft2
Calculate the volume of paint required:
Volume of paint = 2(98.3975 ft2)(
= 0.656 gal
1 gal
300 ft2
Ans.
Because both the inside and outside surfaces must be painted, the value of
the computed area must be doubled.

2. Determine the volume of the cone.
y
1 The y axis is the axis of rotation.
y
3 ft
rc =
3 ft
= 1 ft
3
3 ft
2 The generating area is
a triangle
10 ft
3 The centroid of a
triangle is located
one-third of the
distance from the base
to the opposite vertes.
C
10 ft
4 The area of the triangle is
x
A = (1/2)(10 ft)(3 ft)

= 15 ft2
Applying the second theorem of

Pappus-Guldinus gives the volume:
V = 2 rcA
=2
ft)( 15 ft2)
= 94.2 ft3
Ans.

3. Determine the area of the
half-torus (half of a doughnut).
1 The axis of revolution is the x axis.
y
1m
2 The generating curve

is a circle.
y
C
4 The length of
the curve is the
circumference
of the circle:
1m
4m
C
x
4m
L = 2 (1m)
x
= 6.2832 m
z
3
The distance to the centroid

is rc = 4 m.
5 Applying the first theorem of
Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:
A = rcL
= (4 m)(6.2832 m)
= 79.0 m2
Ans.
The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

the figure is a half -torus.

4. Determine the volume of the
half-torus (half of a doughnut).
1 The axis of revolution is the x axis
y
1m
2 The generating area is the

region bounded by a circle
y
C
4 The area bounded by

the circle is
1m
4m
C
x
A = (1 m)2
4m
= m2
x
z
3 The distance to the centroid is rc = 4m
5
Applying the second theorem of

Pappus-Guldinus gives the volume:
V = rcA
= (4 m)( m2)
= 39.5 m3
Ans.
The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

the figure is a half -torus.

5. Determine the area of the frustum of the cone.
1 The y axis is the axis of rotation

y
2 The generating curve is the

straight line BD. The
horizontal coordinate d of
the lower end of the line
can be found by similar
triangles:
3m
D
3m
3m
D
4m
4m
d
B
2m
O
2m
x
4m
C
d
2m
O
3m
d
=
2m
2m+4m
Solving gives
d=1m

y
3m
The distance to
the centroid is
rc = (1 m + 3 m)/2
C
B
1m
=2m
3m
O
D
4 The length of the generating curve BD is
4m
B
O
3m
L = (2 m)2 + (4 m)2
2m
= 4.4721 m
4m
1m=2m
D
x
B
5 Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:

A = 2 rcL
= 2 (2 m)(4.4721 m)
= 56.2 m2
Ans.

6. Determine the volume of the frustum of the cone.
1 The y axis is the axis of rotation
y
rC
3m
trapezoid BDEF. The
horizontal coordinate d of
D
E
the lower end of the line
C
BD can be found by similar
4m
triangles:
3m
B
F
D
d
2m
4m
x
O
d
B
2m
y
3m
4m
2m
O
O
3 The distance rc to the centroid of the
area can be calculated by dividing the
crosshatched trapezoid into composite
parts and using the formula
rc =
xelAel
Ael
3m
d
=
2m
2m+4m
Solving gives
d=1m
(1)
where xel is the centroidal coordinate

of the part with area Ael.

4
However, we can save some work by noting that the

second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus involves the
product of rc and the generating area A:
V = 2 rcA
(2)
where V is the volume of the solid of revolution.

Solving Eq. 1 for the product of rc and Ael gives
rc Ael = xelAel
A = total area = sum of individual elements of area
and substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
V=2
xelAel
(3)
Thus we do not need to calculate rc and A

independently we need only evaluate the first
moment of the area, xelAel.

5
To calculate xelAel, divide the trapezoidal region into

the sum of a rectangle and triangle, and set up a table.
y
y
3m
2m
1m
1m
Ael = (4 m)(1 m)
4m
4m
= 4 m2
1m
O
Ael = (1/2)(4 m)(2 m)
C
+
4m
xel = 0.5 m
x
4m
= 4 m2
xel = 1 m + (1/3)(2 m)
Region
Ael (m2)
xel (m)
Rectangle
Triangle
4
4
0.5
1.6667
xelAel (m3)
= 1.6667 m
2
6.6668
xelAel = 8.6668
Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid:
V=2
xelAel
(Eq. 3 repeated)
8.6668
= 54.5 m3
Ans.

7. Determine the centroidal coordinate rc of a
semicircular arc of radius R, given that the area of a
sphere of radius R is known to be 4 R2.
y
1 If the semicircle is revolved around the y axis,

a sphere of radius R is generated. The first
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus says that the
area of the sphere is given by
A = 2 rcL
rC
C
Because we already know A (= 4 R2), we can

solve this equation for rc in terms of R and L:
4 R2
rc =
A
2 L
(1)
2 The length L in Eq. 1 is the circumference of

the semicircle:
L= R
Substituting this result in Eq. 1 gives
2
rc = 4 R
2 L
(Eq. 1. repeated)
R
2R
Ans.

8. Determine the centroidal coordinate rc of a
semicircular area of radius R, given that the volume of a
sphere is known to be (4/3) R3.
y
Radius = R
1 If the semicircular area is revolved around the y axis,

a sphere of radius R is generated. The second
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus says that the volume of
the sphere is given by
V = 2 rcA
rC
C
(1)
Because we already know V (= (4/3) R3), we can

solve Eq. 1 for rc in terms of A and R:
(4/3) R3
rc =
V
2 A
(2)
2 The area A in Eq. 2 is the area bounded by the

semicircle:
R2
2
Substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
A=
rc =
(4/3) R3
2 A
(Eq. 2 repeated)
R2
2
4R
3
Ans.

9. A concrete dam is to be constructed in the shape
shown. Determine the volume of concrete that
would be required.
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution
y
3.5 m
20 m
3.5 m
x
40
20 m
3m
3m
1m 2m
1m 2m
2 The crosshatched region is the generating area.

y
rc
x
20 m
1m 2m
Generating area divided into a

rectangle and two triangles
The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the

volume as
V = 2 40/360)rcA
3.5 m
3m
(1)
where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

area, A is the magnitude of the area, and the
factor 40/360 accounts for the fact that the dam
corresponds to 40 rather than to a complete circle.
Thus we must calculate the product rcA. This product
may be found by dividing the crosshatched area into
composite parts and then using the formula
rc =
xelAel
Ael
(2)
A = sum of element areas
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with

area Ael. Solving for the product rcA gives
rcA = xelAel
Thus Eq. 1 can be written as
V = 2 40/360)(rcA)
= (2/9)
xelAel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)
and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum xelAel.

y
4 Calculate the areas and centroidal

distances, and set up a table.
xel = 23 m + (3 m)/3 = 24 m
3.5 m
Ael = (1/2)(3.0 m)
x
23 m
3m
rc
Triangle 1
+
xel = 20 m + 2 m + 0.5 m = 22.5 m
Ael = (3.5 m)
3.5 m
20 m
1m 2m
3.5 m
3m
3.5 m) = 5.25 m2
m) = 3.5 m2
O
x
Rectangle
1m 2m
20 m
O
+
xel = 20 m + (2 m)(2/3) = 21.333 m
Ael = (1/2)(3.5 m)
= 3.5 m2
3.5 m
x
m)
O
Triangle 2
2m
20 m

5 Table
Region
Ael (m2)
xel (m)
Triangle 1
Rectangle
Triangle 2
5.25
3.5
3.5
24
22.500
21.333
xelAel (m3)
126
78.750
74.665
xelAel = 279.415
6 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the

volume of the solid:
2
V= 9
xelAel
(Eq. 3 repeated)
279.415 m3
= 195.1 m3
Ans

10. The concrete steps shown are in the shape of a quarter
circle. Determine the amount of paint required to paint
the steps, if one liter of paint covers 1.5 m2.
y
260 mm
190 mm
260 mm
190 mm
x
z
y
2 The generating
curve is a series of
four straight
line-segments.
190 mm
190 mm
x
260 mm
260 mm

3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area as
A = 2 (90/360)rcL
y
= ( /2)rcL
190 mm
190 mm
x
260 mm
(1)

curve, L is the length of the area, and the factor (90/360)
accounts for the fact that the steps are in the shape of a
quarter circle. Thus we must calculate the product rcL.
This product may be found from the formula for the centroid
of a composite curve made of a of collection of line
segments:
260 mm
rc =
xelLel
Lel
(2)
L = sum of segment lengths
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the line segment

with length Lel. Solving for the product rcL gives
rcL = xelLel
A = ( /2)(rcL)
= ( /2) xelLel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)
and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate the sum xelLel.

4
Calculate the centroidal coordinates

and lengths of the line segments, and
set up a table.
Lel = 190 mm
Lel = 260 mm
y
y
xel = 260 mm
260 mm
=
190 mm
190 mm
xel = 260 mm/2

= 130 mm
380 mm
+
190 mm
x
190 mm
x
260 mm
Line 2
Line 1
260 mm
y
xel = 260 mm + 260 mm

= 520 mm
Lel = 260 mm
+
260 mm
Lel = 190 mm
260 mm
+
190 mm
x
190 mm
x
260 mm
260 mm
xel = 260 mm + (260 mm)/2 = 390 mm

Line 3
Line 4

5 Table
Region
Lel (mm)
xel (mm)
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Line 4
260
190
260
190
130
260
390
520
xelLel (mm2)
33 800
49 400
104 100
98 800
xelLel = 283 400
6 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the area of the steps
A = 2 xelLel
(Eq. 3 repeated)
2
283 400 mm
= 445 164 mm2
7
Amount of paint required = 445 164 mm2

= 0.297 liter
[1 m/(1000 mm)]2
[1 liter of paint/1.5 m2 of covered area]

Ans.

11. The concrete steps shown are in the shape of a quarter circle.
Determine the total number of cubic meters of concrete required to
construct the steps.
y
The y axis is the axis of revolution
260 mm
190 mm
190 mm
260 mm
190 mm
x
190 mm
260 mm
260 mm
x
z
2 The generating area is the crosshatched region

shown.

3 The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the
volume as
V = 2(90/360 rcA
= ( /2)rcA
190 mm
190 mm
O
260 mm
x
260 mm
Generating area divided into two

rectangles
(1)

area, A is the magnitude of the area, and the factor
(90/360) accounts for the fact that the steps form a
quarter circle. Thus we must calculate the product rcA.
This product may be found by dividing the crosshatched
area into composite parts and then using the formula
rc =
xelAel
Ael
(2)

rcA = xelAel
V = ( /2)(rcA)
= ( /2) xelAel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)

4
Calculate the centroidal distances and areas

and set up a table.
y
190 mm
260 mm
xel = 260 mm + 260 mm/2 = 390 mm
380 mm
190 mm
O
xel = 260 mm/2 = 130 mm y
O 260 mm
260 mm
Ael = (380 mm)(260 mm)
= 98 800 mm2
Region
Ael (mm2)
xel (mm)
Rectangle 1
Rectangle 2
98 800
49 400
130
390
xelAel (mm3)
12 844 000
19 266 000
xelAel = 32 110 000
Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid
V = 2 xelAel
32 110 000 mm3
= 50 438 270 mm3

= 0.0504 m3
O
260 mm
Rectangle 1
190 mm
x
Ans.
260 mm
Rectangle 2
Ael = (190 mm)(260 mm)
= 49 400 mm2

12. Determine the mass of the steel V-belt pulley
shown. The density of the steel is 7840 kg/m3.
12 mm 10 mm 12 mm
4 mm
4 mm
The x axis is the axis

of revolution:
15 mm
(20 mm)/2 = 10 mm
100 mm 70 mm
2
20 mm
15 mm
Front view
Side view
The crosshatched area is

the generating area for
the right half of the
pulley.

volume as
y
5 mm 12 mm
V = 2 rcA
(1)
4 mm
15 mm
(70 mm
10 mm
20 mm)/2 = 25 mm
x

rectangles, and a triangle

area, and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
calculate the product rcA. This product may be found
by dividing the crosshatched area into composite parts
and then using the formula
rc =
yelAel
Ael
(2)

rcA = yelAel
V = 2 (rcA)
=2
yelAel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)
and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum yelAel.

4 Calculate the centroidal distances
and areas for the rectangles and
triangle, and set up a table.
y
5 mm 12 mm
Ael = (21 mm)(25 mm)

= 525 mm2
y
4 mm
Ael = (1/2)(12 mm)(15 mm)

= 90 mm2
y 12 mm
5 mm + 12 mm + 4 mm
= 21 mm
15 mm
15 mm
+
25 mm
10 mm
=
x
Generating area divided into

two rectangles, and a triangle
25 mm
10 mm
10 mm + 5 mm = 35 mm
x
Rectangle 1
yel = 10 mm + 25/2 mm
= 22.5 mm
yel = 35 mm + 15/3 mm
= 40 mm
+
yel = 35 mm + 15/2 mm
= 42.5 mm
Ael = (4 mm)(15 mm)
= 60 mm2
Triangle
y
4 mm
15 mm
35 mm
x
Rectangle 2

5
Table
Region
Ael (mm2)
yel (mm)
Rectangle 1
Triangle
Rectangle 2
525
90
60
22.5
40.0
42.5
yelAel (mm3)
11 812.5
3 600.0
2 550.0
yelAel = 17 962.5
Substituting the value of yelAelinto Eq. 3 gives half the volume of the
V-belt pulley
V=
yelAel
17 962.5 mm3
= 112 861.7 mm3 = 0.000 112 861 7 m3

7
Total mass of the V-belt = total volume

= (2
0.000 112 861 7 m3)
= 1.770 kg
Double the half-volume.
density
7840 kg/m3
Ans.

13. Determine the area of the surface of
revolution generated by rotating the curve
y = z4, 0 z 1 m, about the z axis.
y
1 The z axis is the axis of revolution.
2 The generating curve is
y = z4, 0 z
y
1m
1m
z
z
1m

3
The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area of

the surface of revolution as
A = 2 rcL
(1)

curve, and L is the length of the curve. Thus we must
calculate the product rcL. This product may be found
by considering the equation for the centroidal
coordinate:
rc =
1m
rc
z
1m
yel dL
dL
L
y
where dL is an increment of curve length, and yel is the

coordinate of the increment. Solving for the product rcL
gives
dL
1m
rcL = yel dL
yel
z
1m
A = 2 (rcL)
=2
yel dL
(2)
and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate a single integral,

yeldL.

4
To evaluate the integral yel dL in Eq. 2, we use the

equation of the curve,
y = z4
(3)
to express dL as a function of z. Thus

dL =
=
(dy)2 + (dz)2
( dy )2 + 1 dz
dz
(4)
y
dL
and differentiating Eq. 3 gives
dz
dy = 4z3
dz
so Eq. 4 can be written as
dL =
yel = y = z4
(4z3)2 + 1 dz
(5)
1m
Substitute this expression for dL into Eq. 2

A=2
dy dL
yel dL
1
= 2 z4 (4z3)2 + 1 dz
0
(Eq. 2 repeated)
5 Evaluating the integral by use of the integral

function key on a calculator gives
A = 3.44 m2
Ans.

14. Determine the volume of the solid of
revolution generated by rotating the curve
y = z4, 0 z 1 m, about the z axis.
y
The z axis is the axis of rotation.

area under the y = z4 curve.
y
y = z4
x
1m
1m
z
1m

y
The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the

volume as
V = 2 rcA
y = z4
C
rC

by considering the equation for the centroidal distance:
rc =
y = z4
(1)
yel dA
dA
where dA is an increment of area, and yel is the

coordinate of the centroid of the incremental region.
Solving for the product rca gives
(x, y)
yel
rcA = yel dA
V = 2 (rcA)
=2
yel dA
(2)
and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate a single integral,

yel dA.

4 To evaluate the integral yel dL in Eq. 2, we use the
equation of the curve,
y = z4
to express dA as a function of z. Thus
y
dA = y dz
= z4 dz
y = z4
(y, z)
yel = y/2 = z4/2
Substitute this expression for dA into Eq. 2

A=2
yel dz
(Eq. 2 repeated)
z
dz
1m
=2
z4/2)(z4) dz
(
0
Evaluating the integral by use of the integral function key

on a calculator gives
V = 0.349 m2
Ans.

15. A pharmaceutical company plans to put a coating
0.01 mm thick on the outside of the pill shown.
Determine the amount of coating material required.
Radius = 20 mm
1 The x axis is the axis of revolution.

y
(1.5 mm)/2 = 0.75 mm
3.5 mm
x
7 mm
1.5 mm
2 The generating curve for half of the
pill surface is a composite curve
consisting of one straight line and a
circular arc. By symmetry, the total
surface area of the pill will be two
times the area generated by the curve
above.

3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area as
A = 2 rcL
y
0.75 mm

curve and L is the length of the curve. Thus we must
calculate the product rcL. This product may be found
by dividing the curve into composite parts and then
using the formula
3.5 mm
rc =
x
Generating curve divided into a
straight line segment and an arc
(1)
yelLel
Lel
(2)
L

length Lel. Solving for the product rcL gives
rcL = yelLel
A = 2 (rcL)
=2
yelLel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)
and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate the sum yelLel.

4 Calculate the centroidal distances and
the lengths, and set up a table.
y
y
0.75 mm
0.75 mm
yel = 3.5 mm
3.5 mm
=
x
Radius = 20 mm
3.5 mm
x
20 mm
Straight line
Arc
y
5 For the straight line, the length and
coordinate of the centroid are easily
calculated..
Lel = 0.75 mm
0.75 mm
yel = 3.5 mm
x
Straight line

6 To calculate xelLel for the arc,
use the information shown below,
which has been taken from a table
of properties of common
geometric shapes.
A
20 mm
3.5 mm
7 For our particular arc, r = 20 mm and

= (1/2) sin-1(3.5/20)
2
B
= 0.08795 rad
Thus
Centroid Location
Length = 2 r
y
r
Length = 2 r
C
= 2(0.08795)
20 mm
= 3.5180 mm
rarc = (r sin
= (20 mm)(sin 0.08795)/(0.08795)
r sin
= 19.9742 mm
Circular arc segment

y
yel = rarc sin

A
19.9742 mm (sin 0.08795)
rarc
= 1.7545 mm
3.5 mm
yel
B
20 mm
Arc

8 Table
yelLel (m2)
Region
Lel (m)
yel (m)
Line
Arc
0.75
3.5180
3.5
2.6250
1.7545
6.1723
yelLel = 8.7973
Substituting the value of yelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the area of the solid
A=2
yelLel
8.7973 mm2
= 110.5501 mm2
where a factor of 2 has been inserted to account for the fact that we took advantage
of symmetry to calculate the area of only half of the body.
Amount of coating material required = 110.5501 mm2
= 1.106 mm3
0.01 mm
Ans.

16. Determine the volume of the funnel.
1
The y axis is the axis of revolution
10 mm
y
10 mm
60 mm
5 mm
60 mm
5 mm
70 mm
5 mm
70 mm
2.5 mm

crosshatched area shown.

volume as
y
10 mm
V = 2 rcA
5 mm

area and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
by dividing the cross-hatched area into composite parts
60 mm
rc =
70 mm
2.5 mm
(1)

rectangles and two triangles
xelAel
Ael
(2)
A

rcA = xelAel
V = 2 (rcA)
=2
xelAel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)

4
To calculate xelAel, divide the area

into the sum of two rectangles and
two triangles, and set up a table.
y
10 mm
5 mm
xel = 2.5 mm
y 10 mm
xel = 5 mm + (5 mm)/3
= 6.6667 mm
5 mm
60 mm
60 mm
5 mm
Ael = (5 mm)(60 mm)

= 300 mm2
60 mm
Ael = (1/2)(5 mm)(60 mm)
= 150 mm2
O
=
70 mm
2.5 mm
Rectangle 1
x
Triangle 1
y
y
2.5 mm
2.5 mm
xel =1.25 mm
xel = 2.5 mm + (2.5 mm)/3
= 3.3333 mm
+
+
70 mm
Ael = (2.5 mm)(70 mm)
= 175 mm2
x
Rectangle 1
70 mm
Ael = (1/2)(2.5 mm)(70 mm)
= 87.5 mm2
x
2.5 mm
Triangle 2

5 Table
Region
Ael (mm2)
xel (mm)
Rectangle 1
Rectangle 1
Triangle 1
Triangle 2
300
175
150
87.5
2.5
750
1.25
218.75
6.6667
1000.0050
3.3333
291.6637
xelAel = 2260.4187
xelAel (mm3)
Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the funnel
V=
xelAel
(Eq. 3 repeated)
2260.4187 mm3
= 14 200 mm3
Ans.

17. A satellite dish is shaped in the form of a paraboloid of
revolution to take advantage of the geometrical fact that all
signals traveling parallel to the axis of the paraboloid are
reflected through the focus. Determine the amount, in m2,
of reflecting material required to cover the inside surface of
the dish.
The x axis is the axis of revolution

y
(0, 0.3)
0.3 m
( 0.2, 0)
Signals parallel
to axis of dish
2 The generating
curve is a parabola.
3 The general form for a parabola with vertex on the x

axis is
x = ay2 + b
0.3 m
Evaluating this equation at the points ( 0.2, 0) and

(0, 0.3) gives the equations
0.2 = a(0)2 + b
0.2 m
and
(1)
0 = a(0.3)2 + b
Solving for a and b and substituting back in Eq. 1

gives
x = 0.2222y2
0.2
(2)

4 Apply the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to calculate the surface area of the dish:
A = 2 rcL
y
dL
yel
rc
x
( 0.2, 0)
5
yel dL
dL
(0, 0.3)
dx
(3)
Thus we must calculate the product of the

length of the parabolic curve and its
centroidal coordinate. The product may be
found by considering the equation for the
centroidal coordinate:
rc =
dL
dy
To evaluate the integral yel dL in Eq. 4, we have to use

the equation of the parabola,
x = 0.2222y2
0.2
(Eq. 2 repeated)
Solving for the product rcL gives

to express dL as a function of y. Thus
rcL = yel dL
dL =

=
A = 2 (rcL)
(dx)2 + (dy)2
dx
dy
+ 1 dy
(5)
Differentiating Eq. 2 gives

=2
yel dL
(4)
dx = 0.4444y,
dy
so Eq. 5 can be written as
dL =
(0.4444y)2 + 1 dy
(6)

6
Noting that y = yel and also using Eq. 6 to replace dL in

Eq. 4 gives
A=2
=2
y
yel dL
y
(0, 0.3)
(Eq. 4 repeated)
(x, y)
0.3
y (0.4444y)2 + 1 dy
0
Using the integral function on a calculator gives

A = 0.284 m2
Ans
yel
rc
( 0.2, 0)

18. Determine the amount of coffee that
the coffee mug holds when full to the
brim. The radius of the rounded corners
and the rim is 15 mm.
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution, and the

generating area is the cross-hatched area shown.
y
80 mm
Radius = 15 mm
90 mm
x
Radius = 15 mm
2 The distance rc to the centroid of the area can

be calculated by dividing the crosshatched
area into composite parts and using the
formula
rc =
xelAel
Ael
(1)
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the

part with area Ael.

3
However, we can save some work by noting that the second

theorem of Pappus-Guldinus involves the product of rc and the
generating area A:
V = 2 rcA
(2)
where V is the volume of solid of revolution.

Solving Eq. 1 for the product gives
rc Ael = xelAel
A
and substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
V=2
xelAel
(3)
Thus we do not need to calculate rc and A independently

need only evaluate the first moment of the area, xelAel.
we

4
To calculate xelAel, divide the area into the algebraic

sum of a rectangle, two squares, and two quarter circles,
and set up a table.
y
y
40 mm
For clarity, the areas near the rim and

rounded corner have been drawn
disproportionately large.
y
Radius = 15 mm
90 mm
Radius = 15 mm
5 Subtract quartercircular area
from square to
form area near
rim.
Square 1
6 Subtract square
from quartercircular area to
form rounded
corner.
x
Quarter circle 1
Rectangle
Square 2
x
Quarter circle 2

7
Calculate the areas and centroidal coordinates of the

rectangle and the squares.
y
y
40 mm
40 mm
Radius = 15 mm
90 mm
40 mm
15 mm
Ael = (40 mm)(90 mm)

= 3600 mm2
15 mm
90 mm
xel = 40 mm + (15 mm)/2

= 47.5 mm
x
x
xel = 20 mm
Radius = 15 mm
Original area
Square 1
Rectangle
y
40 mm
Ael = (15 mm)2 = 225 mm2
15 mm
xel = 40 mm (15 mm)/2

= 32.5 mm
15 mm
x
Square 2

8
Calculate the area and centroidal coordinates

of the quarter-circular regions..
9 A table of properties of planar regions

gives the information shown below.
y
Centroid location
y
40 mm
15 mm
xel = 40 mm + 15 mm
= 48.6338 mm
x
Quarter circle 1
A=
r2
4
6.3662 mm
C
4r
3
r
x
Quarter circular region
y
40 mm
15 mm
xel = 40 mm 15 mm
+ 6.3662 mm
= 31.3662 mm
x
Quarter circle 2
10 In our particular problem, r = 15 mm, so the

distance to the centroid is
4r = 4(15 mm) = 6.3662 mm4
3
3
Also, the area is
(15 mm)2
Ael =
= 176.7146 mm2
4

11 Table
Region
Ael (mm2)
xel (mm)
xelAel (mm3)
Rectangle
Square 1
Quarter circle 1
Square 2
Quarter circle 2
3600
225
176.7146
225
176.7146
20
72 000
47.5
10 687.5
48.6338
8 594.3025
32.5
7 312.5
31.3662
5 542.8655
xelAel = 72 323.5630
12 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid
V=
xelAel
72 323.563 0 mm3
= 454 000 mm3
Ans.

19. Determine the capacity of the small bottle of lotion if the
bottle is filled half way up the neck.
5 mm
Half of the
neck is filled:
(5 mm)/2
2.5 mm
17.5 mm
17.5 mm
Radius = 20 mm
Radius = 20 mm
15 mm
15 mm

crosshatched area shown.

y

volume as
2.5 mm
V = 2 rcA
17.5 mm
Radius = 20 mm
(1)

by dividing the cross-hatched area into composite parts
15 mm
x
Generating area divided into a rectangle,
two triangles and a circular sector
rc =
xelAel
Ael
(2)
A

rcA = xelAel
V = 2 (rcA)
=2
xelAel
(Eq. 1 repeated)
(3)

4
Before the areas and centroidal coordinates can be

found, we first must find the distances and angles
shown below.
C
D
17.5 mm
2.5 mm
C
D
20 mm
17.5 mm
O
Radius = 20 mm
2
DC = (20 mm)
(17.5 mm)
15 mm
= 9.6825 mm
DOC = cos-1
17.5
20
= 28.9550
O
(4)
15 mm
20 mm
EB = (20 mm)2
= 13.2288 mm
(15 mm)2
EOB = cos-1
15
20
= 41.4096
(5)

5 The areas and centroidal coordinates of
the rectangle and triangles can now be
calculated.
9.6825 mm
C
D
17.5 mm
2.5 mm
17.5 mm
Ael = (1/2)(17.5 mm)(9.6825 mm)

= 84.7219 mm2
C
D
Ael = (1/2)(15 mm)(13.2288 mm)

= 99.2160 mm2
xel = 9.6825 mm/3

= 3.2275 mm
xel = (13.2288 mm)/3

= 4.4096 mm
15 mm
B
13.2288 mm
x
15 mm
E
Triangle 2
Triangle 1
Radius = 20 mm
9.6825 mm
2.5 mm
C
D
C
xel = 9.6825 mm/2
= 4.8412 mm
Ael = (2.5 mm)(9.6825 mm)

= 24.2062 mm2
x
Rectangle
+
O
B
Circular sector

6 To calculate the area and centroidal
coordinate of the circular sector, we can use
the information shown below, which has been
taken from a table of properties of planar
regions. Note that in the formula equals
half the angle of the arc.
y
= (180
DOC
EOB)/2
by Eq. 4
by Eq. 5
DOC = 28.9550
= (180
rc
y
D C
Centroid Location
28.9550
41.4096)/2
= 54.8177
r = 20 mm
A= r
r
EOB
90
= 54.8177 + 41.4096
C
= 6.2273
rc =
2r sin
B
xel
Circular sector region
90
x
=
2r sin
3
2(20 mm) sin 54.8177
3(54.8177
/180)
EOB = 41.4096
= 11.3903 mm
xel = rc cos
8 Ael = r2
=(
54.8177/180)
= 382.6997 mm2
20 mm)2
= (11.3903 mm) cos 6.2273

= 11.3231 mm

9
Table
Region
Ael (mm2)
xel (mm)
xelAel (mm3)
Triangle 1
Triangle 2
Rectangle
Circular sector
84.7219
99.2160
24.2062
382.6997
3.2275
273.4399
4.4096
437.5029
4.8412
117.1871
11.3231
4333.3470
xelAel = 5161.4768
10 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the capacity of the bottle:
V=
xelAel
5161.4768 mm3
= 32 400 mm3
Ans.

Theorem Pappus

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9.

3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 1, page 1 of 2

1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.

2 The generating curve is a

3 The distance to the centroid of the line is

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 1, page 2 of 2

(10 ft)2 + (3 ft)2

Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 2, page 1 of 1

A = (1/2)(10 ft)(3 ft)

Applying the second theorem of

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 3, page 1 of 1

1 The axis of revolution is the x axis.

2 The generating curve

The distance to the centroid

The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 4, page 1 of 1

1 The axis of revolution is the x axis

2 The generating area is the

4 The area bounded by

Applying the second theorem of

The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 5, page 1 of 2

1 The y axis is the axis of rotation

2 The generating curve is the

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 5, page 2 of 2

5 Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 6, page 1 of 3

where xel is the centroidal coordinate

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 6, page 2 of 3

However, we can save some work by noting that the

where V is the volume of the solid of revolution.

Thus we do not need to calculate rc and A

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 6, page 3 of 3

To calculate xelAel, divide the trapezoidal region into

Ael = (1/2)(4 m)(2 m)

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 7, page 1 of 1

1 If the semicircle is revolved around the y axis,

Because we already know A (= 4 R2), we can

2 The length L in Eq. 1 is the circumference of

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 8, page 1 of 1

1 If the semicircular area is revolved around the y axis,

Because we already know V (= (4/3) R3), we can

2 The area A in Eq. 2 is the area bounded by the

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 9, page 1 of 4

2 The crosshatched region is the generating area.

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 9, page 2 of 4

Generating area divided into a

The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the

where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with

and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum xelAel.

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 9, page 3 of 4

4 Calculate the areas and centroidal

xel = 20 m + (2 m)(2/3) = 21.333 m

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 9, page 4 of 4

6 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 10, page 1 of 4

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 10, page 2 of 4

where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the line segment

and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate the sum xelLel.

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 10, page 3 of 4