ICO

A GRAMMAR
OF THE

ARABIC LANGUAGE

GRAMMAR
OF THE

ARABIC LANGUAGE

BY

The Rev. R. STERLING

M.A., M.B., B.S.

Missionary of the Church Missionary Society,

Gaza, Palestine.

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TliUBNER &

Dryden House, Gerrard

1904

St.

\V.

Co. LIMITED

Printed by E.

J.

BRILL.

LEIDEN

(Holland).

CONTENTS
PART

ORTHOGRAPHY
Page
1

The Alphabet
The Vowels

6
'

Other Orthographical Signs

The Pause
The Accent

10
11
11

Anomalies in Writing

ETYMOLOGY
Parts of Speech
Servile Letters

13

Measures of Words

14

The Verb
The Annexed Pronouns

16

Simple Form

20

13

19

of the Triliteral

The Six Measures

21

of the Triliteral

22

Observations on the Derived Forms

Rules for the Formation

The Quadriliteral Verb
Table of Derived Forms

Changes

of the

Weak

of the

23

Verb

26
27

28

Letters

30

Assimilation

Forms

of the

Verb in respect

to its

32

Root Letter

Changes peculiar to each Form

\The

Corroborative

33
38

.^j

DJ

The

..y

40

of Precaution

Tables of Triliteral Verbs

41

Meanings of the Derived Forms

The Derivative Nouns
The Primitive Noun
The Gender of Nouns
Feminine Nouns
Number.

47
61

85

....

85
86
91

CONTENTS
Page

The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The

Dual

91

Plural

92

Regular Masculine Plural

92

Regular Feminine Plural

Irregular or broken Plural

94
96

Noun

98

of Relation

102

Diminutive
Numerals

107

Pronouns

112

Article

119
122

Collective

Nouns
Nouns

Classification of

...

PART

123

II

SYNTAX
Declension

125

Indeclension

125

Regents

126

Cases

127
128

Division of the Signs of Declension

Implied Signs of Declension

131

The Nunation
States of the

132

Noun

in Declension

Imperfectly Declined
Indeclinable Nouns
Definite

The
The
The
The
The

133

and Indeclension

Nouns

134
137

Nouns

138

140
140

Sentence

Nominative Case

141

Verbal Sentence
Subject of a Passive

144
146
158
180

Verb

Nominal Sentence
Words which affect the Subject and Predicate
The Accusative Case
The Genitive Case

197

THE PREPOSITION
NOUNS IN CONSTRUCTION
The Appositives

214

Moods

226

of the Verbs

The Subjunctive Mood. Accusative Particles

The Conditional and Imperative Moods. Apocopative
The Conditional

Particles

Tenses of the Verb

&

1,

jji,

Sy, LJ, LJ

226
Particles

^2'J

233
235

XI

CONTENTS
The Negative

Particles

..... ............

..............
...................
The
o
Wonder ...................
Verbs
and
.............
Verbs
Verbs
...........
Nouns which govern
......................
Appendix
forms
Verb ............
The

Particles

^ o^
,

Letter

Otf

lj

of

of Praise

Blame.

Derived

as

Tables of Derived

of the

Verbs arranged according to their medial radical

Derived Verbs

Triliteral

Nouns

of Excess
of

....

...................
................
......................
...................
..................
...................
....................
...................
...................

of Action Triliteral

Adjectives

Nouns
Nouns

Instrument

Irregular Plurals

Page

238
238
239
240
241

243
245
247
247

258
281
298

306
309

314

(4).

Paucity
Multitude

315
320

(a),

of Plurals

337

(a).

PART

FIRST.

ORTHOGRAPHY.
THE ALPHABET.
The alphabet
letters

iUjLsxgJI

which are

all

o^lsJ? contains twenty-eight

consonants.

They are written and read from

right to

left.

Their forms are modified in accordance with their

position in a word,

whether at the beginning, middle,

or end, and whether single or joined to others.

Their names, forms, numerical value and approximate

pronunciation are given in the following table.

Value.

Numerical

Value.

Numerical

preceded by J has the form y and

alphabet by the native grammarians being

letter of the

called
I

Lam-Aleph.

from

(a)

These

It serves to distinguish the

and follows the

letter

or terminating a

the following letter this stroke

The

is

when

joined to

replaced by a small

curve.

letters

<i

are not joined to the

mnemonic words ouoS

-k^

word

The Numerical Order of the letters

the

long vowel

end in a bold stroke

letters except Aleph, all

when detached

upward

reckoned a

is

tXsa.j.

is

left.

represented by

yoiiui. Jj

Their employment as numerals

confined

is

mathematical works, and the record of historical

to

events.

For ordinary use the decimal system of numeration

is

employed JjjJL^JI p-spf

Indo-Aryan languages,
.

t"

the

i 11

same way

as in all

viz.
1

I.

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,

II

11,

If

I1P.

12,1902.

PRONUNCIATION.
I

is

(I)

a weak aspirate depending for

its

sound on

the accompanying vowel, as for instance almanack,

illusion, ulterior, (II)

a sound resembling the glottal

catch, (III) a sign lengthening of the vowel.

vj

is

It.

4
t>

O
_

is

soft dental, softer

a,

than our

t.

as

i/i

as

.9

is

a strong and smooth pectoral sound produced

in theory, thin. (Classical pronunciation).

in measure. (In

by the

Egypt

</

in good).

forcible expulsion of the breath

through an

almost closed glottis as in a deep sigh.

.

is

a vibratory guttural sound produced on expirat-

by the

ion

oscillation

of the

throat as in the Scotch word

appendages of the

loch,

and the German

ch as in ich.

a soft dental.

is

is like

tli

in that, than, these. (Classical pronunciation).

is

as r (English) distinctly articulated in all positions.

is

as z distinctly articulated.

is

as

ji

is

as sh in

is

is

extremely

,jo

us

A-

sh<>i'l't.

'lisping' s

tongue
ated

but with more of a hissing sound as in //..

(>

is

pronounced somewhat as in

difficult

to

pronounce correctly, the

an aspir-

rolled against the cheek; it is

strongly pronounced.

Js

has a broader and more open sound than

Jb

has the same affinity to

as

ii>

has to

a broad and open sound something like

c

is

sod.

t.

<>

th

having
in

this.

a strong guttural produced by quick and forcible

closure

breath.

of the wind-pipe with the emission of the

5
c

a strong guttural produced as in the

is

effort of

gargling and sounds similar to "ghr" in English.

as/.
a strong guttural k produced as in the cawing

is

^j

of a crow.

?J

ij

I*

&

*5

as our & ^

h-

w.

as y-

of these letters as a whole, can

The pronunciation

only be adequately acquired from

the lips of Arabic

speaking people.
Special attention however should be given to the letters
Jis

ij

ia (jo

^0)

^>LLy which have a broad

xia.j^J!

f.

j,*

sound when vowelled by

when preceded

\>y

or

'_

It

may

name

of

God

xJUf

'_.
9

The other

the

-, also

letters are called

,-

-C

xiii'lt!

*
^
> J
o.~sxJ!.

be observed that the only letter having a

*

nasal sound

is

the

^ when

preceding

(5,

it

This sound

The
I.

II.

letters

is

>

called iUi (having the nasal sound).

are further regarded as:

Strong iivlsxo (Sound).

Weak

The
ciation

(xJjJiJ).

latter are

and

^^

and resemble vowels in pronun-

use, the rest are all strong.

The Aleph (Hemzeh) resembles the weak

>

admitting of change,

letters in

6
9

The Weak Letters when unvowelled are

called

f-

0^.1

but should they be preceded in this state by

(soft)

a homogeneous vowel they are called

ousl

<jx

'

o/ prolongation.

The

of utterance
I.

are sub-divided according to their place

letters

Gutturals

II.

^ f^j

Linguals

III.

iiaje) into

(_

ss>

e e

jr r,

^^o^^-^.

Dentals ,jJJa.L5iio_yvi>.

IV. Labials

oo

The Linguals and Dentals except

Solar letters (xl*l,Lf! OjLsJl)

number

>

begins the

because

are also called

one

of

their

word y^-iJI The Sun.

6

When
ters its
is

the article

is

(Jl)

precedes any of the Solar let-

elided in pronunciation,

and the symbol

placed over the initial letter of the word to indicate

that

it is

doubled.

The remaining
similar reason

letters are called

liill

The Moon.

Lunar

letters for

(j

THE VOWELS, c
The vowels are three in number and are only diacritical
signs

and written above or below the consonants to which

they belong, I

They are
in

iC^Jt

&ssJ&H

*^Ll\

also used as terminations of inflection

nouns and the moods of verbs.

4>ly^'

With an
-

Noun

Indefinite

the case endings are doubled

and form the Nunation ^^IxJI which has

the force of the Indefinite Article.

represents the Nominative Case

2.

Accusative Case

Genitive Case

The Nunation
except

in the Accusative Case requires

when the noun ends

in

or

OTHER ORTHOGRAPHICAL
(1)

(2)

r
-

"I

six:*.

an Aleph

SIGNS,

gjLi.

(3)
(4)

The symbol

letter as

The
place

jjyCJJI

is

placed over an unvo welled

or jJ, the ^j or o

or S

..

>

>

is

vowelled iilaxJcJi.

called silent &Is'Li<.

It is

not usual to

over a letter of prolongation.

(2)

sign

is

It is also

O*.

5^1.
*

Hemzeh
The

is

followed by Aleph
called

I!

is

written as
I

-~=
jjJc!

used in

sSjtXlUJI

Aleph of prolongation

is

iU^-SlI to indicate

followed by a

Hemzeh

that an

as "

(3)

The symbol
is

The

letter

first

vowel upon the

is

The sign

silent,

*)>$**

two kinds

(5)

and the second has the

Jk-J-l!

&Jo~y)\
is

(Compression).

'i^ffi

SiZffi

and

*iiSJI S

(Conjunction).

placed over the initial

when not

directly beginning a sentence, to indicate that the

is

it

(4)

It is of

the letter over which

doubled in pronunciation.

is

placed

signifies that

Aleph

and the preceding vowel joined to the follow-

elided,

ing consonant.
This Elision occurs in:
-

I.

The

* II.

Article, as

dAjl"^* "The

brother of the king".

In the Imperative of the Triliteral Verb

jpTj

III.

Nouns

The

j-ll

Preterite (both voices), Imperative, and the

of Action of the Derived Forms, from the sixth

onwards.
IV. In the Nouns:

Two

Man

Woman
Oath

Anus

^u&i

9
Its

vowel at

the Article

in

the
*

beginning

of a sentence

is

except

Jf;

the Imperative of the Trilateral, the middle letter

ii

of which in the Imperfect tense has L

To

L<al>

help

^JiSl.

wai
<-o

When

the letter which precedes the

Exceptions are

is

silent it takes ~.

^, & ^j, and the Imperative of Doubled

f

verbs which take ^

1

o'

>

Joo,

'is

take

^tj!

L.

omitted in the following instances:

The introductory formula

I.

name

xJlJf

^JL?

(|V-ll^).

(In the

of God).

In

II.

when used

the word ^^4],

in a genealogical

between two proper nouns, the

series

name

the

J!.

'"*

p$, ft,

The 7

when preceding

of the son,

first

of which

and the second the name

is

ot

the father.
t

of.

In the Jf

III.

when preceded by J and

Particle of Interrogation
Is

thy son .....

Is

the water .....

J4^J

(J4^J)I).

which
it

it

is

the

To the man.

the hiatus

introduces

occurs as

THE POINT OF DISJUNCTION.

kill swtf

after

is

which

(1)

is felt

_
before the vowel

uttered, and unlike J

iyi

'iy+

a root letter not only in the beginning

but in the middle and end of a word.

10
It

takes

In

the

(^)
/

beginning of a

is

word

always

it is

middle of a word

when

silent it takes the chair

6

^1.

followed by an

In

its

end of a word

the

*-*?

u*'J-

the hemzeh takes

own vowel, as JL*

i-

J,

'^

preceded by a vowel,

if

or

to the vowel

the chair homogeneous to

vowelled and not followed by

If

J^f.

homogeneous

of the preceding letter, as J\y.~.

as

pronounced,

written with the chair

#!.

(Aleph).

/i<5

when

any vowel and

it

takes the chair homogeneous to the preceding vowel as

I

&&

Is.

is

jv*

but when not preceded by a vowel

written without a chair, *y&.

Many words

i^.

it

*^*--

are not written according to these rules,

r*

as ULuui.

The expression
contains

all

~^

0-c

^Ls\.^..'l

k^.1 "I write out the alphabet"

the vowels and orthographical signs.

THE PAUSE. JKjff

In reading, the following changes are to be observed

when a pause
I.

The

occurs.

final short

vowels and the Nunation are dropped

c

except in the case of

and
II.

is
s

the final

'

<jji

only

is

dropped

replaced in pronunciation by the Aleph.

with or without the Nunation

is

pronounced

11

THE ACCENT,
In

all

written

The

other respects Arabic

is

pronounced as

it is

long vowels as such, and short vowels as such.

first

sounds are

all

accentuated in words whose vowel

is

syllable

long or

succeeds a short one,

When

if""*

a letter

is

it

all short;

where a long vowel

receives the accent.

doubled by r both letters must be

distinctly pronounced.
c

ANOMALIES IN WRITING. s(^\

J^lif

Lc "What" when used interrogatively and preceded

by certain prepositions drops

With what

shall I

come

its

as:

before the Lord

IjL&l

*j

"**

What

How

do you desire?

C*ip '^.

long will you pursue your evil course?

ILx-a.

For what do you weep?

The

is

represented by 1 in the following instances

and pronounced.

But
But
This

These two

jjX'
ij-^-J

tjjc

ufo*

Ishmael

o
i

Aaron
Isaac

Abraham

12

These
This

(fern.)

That

The God

d&

Here

'<,*

*iUJ

Most merciful

Three

Jjf

sj^>

Those

God

sili

Angel

^yUi

Thirty

In the masc. plural of the Preterite and Imperative

and the apocopated form of the Aorist

not pronounced
All nouns

as, IjJjL^-

having

by

is

written but

V^ P

'j*^*j.

} j side

side

drop one in

may

'

writing but not in pronunciation

when

followed by

Lx

do.

do.

Lx

'

u*j-5

Lx (relative)

do.

'

becomes

ae

^i
Note.

letter of a
^,"yL

a as a rule does not occur as the final

The

noun except

whale,

yj|i'

it is

mulberry, ^^X_L quietness. Exceptions

oi-

O^AJ daughter, ova.! sister.

The

a root letter as oJu house,

a verb.

'iSolj^

tLxJt

The y

is

called

never occurs as the

'

** '^5*

final letter of

13

PARTS OF SPEECH,

piuui ^

There are three parts of Speech in Arabic

I.

The Verb
The Noun

II.

III.

The

Particle
y

The

|Jl|

includes:

(a).

The Noun.

(b).

The Pronoun,

(c).

The Adjective.

(d).

The Adverb.

(e).

The

(/).

Some

The

ijCi. includes:

(a).

Participles.

Interjections.

The Preposition

Li

'*

(b).

The Conjunction

(c).

Some

(<7).

Some Interrogates

(f).

Other Particles

fa^ ^-Jy^-

Interjections

SERVILE LETTERS,
These

letters are used to inflect the

noun and con-

jugate the verb.

They are ten

.

in

number and together form the word

"You have asked me about them",

i.

e.

the

14

nouns

Servile letters. All increase in verbs or

by these

effected

is

the only exception being the doubling

letters,

of the middle or last radical of the root as Iis.1

ptViu'

-U*>-

Jl^.a..

Words

are modified in meaning by prefixes, suffixes

and by the insertion of

thus

may

language

be

referred

to

or four letters.

consisting of three

in

the

roots,

significant

The various modi-

form are spoken of as the "measures of

in

fications

most words

letters;

words". The typical root employed to represent such

is

changes

These

Jjis.

measures,

which are peculiar to verbs and

nouns, are the following:

Verbs.
Triliteral verbs

(I).

have

six

measures:

J4

(8)

juub jil

(2)

j^IS

<&

(1)

JkaL j*3

(6)

jj^j JJJ

(5)

juub JuJ

(4)

JJuu

Derived verbs from the triliteral have ten measures:

(II).

J3&

(5)

'

(4)

lO) JJuttLj (9)

JJ^T

(3)

J^L3

(2)

jii

(1)

JJiif (8)

Jii!

(7)

jjj&i

(6)

(III).

The

(IV).

Derived verbs from the quadriliteral have three

measures

quadriliteral verb has the measure:

JIii!

(3)

jjub

iill (2)

jJUii

JijUi- (1)

15

Nouns.
(V).

The measures

The

(VI).

JuJ

(4)

JUL* (3)

(10)

Jil

(9)

JuU

JJ^

The

measures

quadriliteral

(8)

primitive

(2)

JJt^ (1)

(7)

Job

(6)

nouns have

five

(5)

(VIII).

jJUi

JJJU

(4)

(3)

JO^

(2)

JJLJJ (1)

The quinqueliteral nouns have four measures:

JdLb'
(IX).

primitive nouns have ten measures:

(5)

(VII).

jjjb

triliteral

of the derived nouns.

(4)

JuUb

The measures

(3)

jlii

(2)

of the plurals.

Jdii

(1)

THE VERB.
The verb in
I.

Triliteral

II.

simplest form

its

^e^o i^su>

as JJii

of two kinds.

is

To

do.

Quadriliteral Jlf^j t^?u> as ^-^>-<5

To

roll.

(The latter are comparatively few in number).

Both

root

these

or three letters

The

and

letters

Strong or

either

or

root

Weak

be

forms may

increased by one, two,

thus produce Derived Form*.

^jr^ an d may be
verb being named Strong

are called X-ljJof

Weak

(the

according to the absence or presence of these

letters).
G ,

The

letters

Verbs

may

may

be

made

(a)

the use of a preposition;

(b)

the prefixing of

(c)

doubling the medial radical;

raise

to sleep

Transitive by:

Hemzeh;

v^

To bring

To

be either Transitive JJLli or Intransitive

Intransitive Verbs

To cause

of increase are called gjok

1^>

iM

as,

come

To

sleep

To

rise

*^

17

Some
To

verbs are both Transitive arid Intransitive as:

lt

build, to live long

To do good

To come
To

^Tj^a-t

fear

To make or be distant Juul

To snatch

To

To separate

raise, to stay

^li'l
05

*,

JU

To be poor

"JJu

To,.learn

*Li

To possess, to reign
The ordinary paradigm verb

and JkLb
J*i

is

Juii for

is

the Triliteral

for the Quadriliteral.

the third person sing. masc. of the Preterite.

the root form of the verb,

is

it

As

the simplest and

is

consequently used as the standard of comparison or

"measure"

It is usually

The

first letter

the second

rendered into English by the Infinitive.

of

its

Triliteral verb is called its ^L/,

any

and the third

^jJLc,

Quadriliteral the second -^

Inflection.

Tense,

and Derivative Nouns.

for all verbs

(^)

The verb

its

and

called JUjUM

is

inflected to express Voice,

is

in the

Mood,

Number, Person and Gender.

Voice.

Passive.

There are two Voices, the Active and the

The Active

is

called

ppJiijT

because the agent of the verb

Zaid beat the

man

The Passive Voice

is

Ja>l)T &j\
is

called

known" because the agent

is

xilo "the known"

known

as,

4v*-

Jj^suJf xlLo "The un-

unknown;

as,

18
'

>

The man was beaten

The Active Verb

*

The Passive

is

jo

called
"

J^j^iJI

JJuJI.

Moods. The moods of the verb are three

viz:

- -

the

Imperative and the Subjunctive. The

Indicative,

the

Imperative

is

Indicative.

The Subjunctive may be used

derived from the Imperfect Tense of the

in

various

senses i.e. Jussive, Hortative, Conditional etc.

Tenses.

The Indicative Mood has both Perfect and

Imperfect Tenses. The Subjunctive has only the ImperTense. The verb strictly speaking has not Tenses

fect

but forms which express states.

Action not time

is

indicated; one a finished act, the

Perfect; and the other an unfinished act, the Imperfect

whose completion may be

in

in the

immediate present or

the near or far distant future. The Perfect Action

includes all past tenses of other languages, the Imperfect includes all imperfect tenses.

By

prefixing

cation

is

prefixing

J to the Imperfect a present

signifi-

imparted to the action of the verb, and by

or

o^_

a near or far distant future

is

respectively indicated.

Note.

It is

more accurate

to speak of the Preterite

and Aorist Tenses. The former to express a known

finished act; the latter to express
finished one.

an

indefinite

and un-

19

Numbers.
oll^Jt,

There are

the dual

numbers: the singular

three

and the plural

^*sJI.

15_LLI_JI,

There are three persons: the

Persons.

>

"the speaker", the second

and the third

dressed",

llXxJjf

^JoL^>^J\ "the person

^UJI

ad-

"the absent."

There are two genders: the masc.

Genders.

and the

first

fern.

oo

The numbers, persons, and genders are expressed by

means

of Personal

Pronouns joined to the

different

forms

of the verb.

THE ANNEXED PRONOUNS.

The Pronouns which are united

Nom. Case
.

^,

1 st

_,,

in the process of its inflexion are six,

b',

,j

I.

person sing. masc. or

2nd

fern. Preterite

and Tenses

masc.

Fern, plural for all Persons

Masc. plural
1 st

to the verb in the

all

forms

person plural Preterite

2 nd person fern. sing. Aorist

For the dual

Of these

y,

\J>

and Imperative

^
!

,j,

are strong pronouns and the rest

weak.

When

the strong pronouns are joined to a verb

its

20

*S

made

is

silent

oo^2>,

and when the weak pronouns

are joined to a verb the final letter of the verb takes

a vowel homogeneous to the annexed weak pronoun

!jjl*2>,

^i^A>,

letter the

^if&l',

but in the verbs ending in a weak

homogeneous vowel

final letter as

llLfe

for IjXe

is

implied on the dropped

Note. The First Personal Pronoun in the Aorist Sing.

and

Plural, the second person sing, of the Aorist,

Imperative, and the third person sing. masc. and

and

fern, of

the Aorist and Preterite are regarded as "hidden" Six*.!*

in

but when the noun follows the verb of

the verb,

the third person the latter

a pronoun as

Simple

is

regarded as not containing

J4-1)! ju\ 4>li.

Form

of the Triliteral Verb Sound.

Active Voice.

THE PRETERITE.
Dual.

Plural.
Fern.

Masc.

Fern.

jULJ
>

.XJL*J

Masc.

UJULi }Li_i
_'

,'

UxJUi

Singular.
Fern.

Masc.

v^I-i-i

JJLJ

?-''V-"irj
oJL*J oJju 2nd
^JjJ

LiJUj

3<'d

Per.

);

1 st

THE AORIST.
JkJLlJ

JJilj 3 i-d

Per

21

THE IMPERATIVE.
Dual.

Plural.
Fern.

j^3W

Masc.

Fern.

Singular.

Masc.

Masc.

Fern.

JULil& w
JJLJ!s

tS>

2^ Per.

Passive Voice.

THE PRETERITE.
Plural.
Fern.

Dual.

Masc.

Fern.

Singular.

Masc.

Masc.

Fern.

Per.
Q

1 st

THE AORIST.
..ji^oLij

Joi-i_Ji

JiiJ

3''d

Per.

1st

})

^0

JJb!

There are

six

measures of the Triliteral Verb depend-

ing for their arrangement upon the vowels with which

the Medial Radical

is

I)*

<0

pointed in the Preterite and Aorist.

'-'

-_o_j
III.

-/

._J

.x-/i

IV.

22

The
tive

and second measures are generally

first

transi-

and of most frequent occurrence therefore are

called

*3lc5 "principal forms".

i>ljj^t

In the

first

Preterite

three measures the vowel of the c of the

differs

three the vowel

from that of the Aorist,

in the last

the same.

is

In the fourth measure the c or J must be of the

O

-o

t^JlsJI Ojj=>. but not every verb possessing these gut-

tural letters

is

found in the measure.

The fourth measure

The

measure

fifth

is

generally transitive.

always intransitive and implies

is

inherent qualities.

The

sixth

measure

rarely found, there being only

is

8 -

about ten verbs and most of them begin with

J-jt^ Jl*x>

DERIVED FORMATIONS OF THE VERB.

The increase of

letters

is

invariably accompanied by

an increase or modification of the meaning of the root

form.

There are twelve Derived Forms but eight only

are of frequent occurrence.

as the root form. It

is

They are

inflected precisely

of the utmost importance that

the student should acquire a perfect familiarity with

the Derived Forms.

There

extreme

is

no branch of Arabic study which

importance,

as

the

verb

in

is

Arabic

of such
is

not

23

simply the "Key-stone" of the "Arch of Speech" but

the Arch

itself.

The student should be able

to recognize at a glance

any verb of any formation and

in whatever

Mood

its

it

may

with

be, together

In order to accomplish this,

a thorough knowledge of
of the verb

JotaJ!
*

letters

Derived Nouns.
necessary to have

it is

the Rules for the formation

(a)

*^

Tense and

the changes which the

illj, (b)
- Q

weak

&

undergo J5LeiM, and

(c)

the subject of Insertion

or Assimilation ll_l5iM which are accordingly treated

of before the

Weak

Verbs.

RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE VERB.

The Preterite Active. The vowels of the Preterite in the Ac-o

tive Voice

((.^JUJI

^UJt)

are fethahs J
g

medial radical of the

triliteral,

JA and

Hemzeh

the Servile

verbs which

is

__

"

f-

(*

-which
!

_"

o except in the

may take any vowel

in the five

cUjiij. JL*3^ JJilAlJ

and

Jii

J^ci] tU^j,^

(In certain verbs the

vowels are implied

for

77/''

the

Pdxxive

I'ruterite

Preterite Active

consonant and

JsCJI

by giving

U- '
1

is

six lettered

ILi'

&

J*.._x>

*yS 5<Xo

^XK)
-xu

formed from

to the penultimate

to every vowelled letter preceding

it.

24
V.

I.

VI.

II.

VII.

III.

J3

IX.

99
TYne

Preterite
^j,

(j,

ever

it

--"

^dom? 4etfve (p**-

f-

is

'

g;l*i,Jt

formed from the

Active by prefixing one of the four letters

y,

Servile

(otAjl).

Hemzeh

is

suppressed wher-

occurs.

The vowel of the

prefix is

verbs JJL*i, Jiil, J^clj,

'_

except in the four lettered

where

JJLi

The penultimate consonant has

literal

,-

IV.

where

in the fourth

it

JJLG-;

tUu^

vii.

except in the

Derived Forms where

fifth

VI.

I.
tri-

be any of the three vowels, and

may

and

it is

takes ^

it

IV.

v.

VIII.

j^UJ
*

TV
1A.

LT *-^
1

II.

TTT

All.

X.
J

Aorist Passive

'^"

Jy_g.:swJ!

form as the Aorist Active.

prefix

and

^J*

c>L^uJt has the same

Its

vowels are

for the penultimate consonant.

JoUj

III.

JJLftXJ

IV.

AfiUx> V.

AiUb

II.

1 for the

25
ij

VIII.

IX.

VI.

ill
J^iiftJ

Imperative Active (jJ3 I)

is

VII.

formed from the 2nd per.

Aorist Active by suppressing the characteristic letter

of the Aorist s, and if the following radical be silent

Hemzeh

is

in the triliteral

which has

where

takes

it

retains

'_

Hem zeh is

The vowel of the

prefixed.

on the

except

(of the Aorist)

and in the measure JJLsl where

it

VI.

J^f
c

VII.

III.

from

J^AJ

-*~

j.*jii'

vin.

IV.

from

Joiftj'

J*'Uf v.

Jii

,uiJ

IX.

The

final

vowel

is

II.

apocopated.

This form of Imperative

of the Active Voice.

i.

commands the

To command the

sons in the Active or Passive Voices J

Aorist and the final vowel

is

2"d person only

1 st

is

and 3 rd per-

prefixed to the

apocopated.

JJLftJ

In verbs whose final radical

letter

is

is

weak

(oaSlS), the

weak

dropped in place of the vowel bJ-', ^4, and

in the following five

measures the

is

dropped.

26

To express command

in the

Apocopated form of the Aorist

Negative

*$

with the

used.

is

THE QUADRILITERAL VERB,

The

Quadriliteral

The

first

Verb has three derived formations.

derived form expresses the consequence of

the quadriliteral and corresponds with the fourth derived

form of the

triliteral.

The second derived form implies great intensity and

f j\

corresponds with the eighth of the

triliteral,

and the third

derived form corresponds with the sixth of the

Active.

Passive.

Noun
Aorist.

triliteral.

of
Aorist.

Preterite.

Action.

Imperative.

JjJl.0

JJJLSJ

;|i*Ab'

JJJUAJ

jll*ii

joliii

jUIil;

Preterite.

JLUil

in.

There are some other quadriliterals which were

ginally triliterals, but a letter has been added to
in

an irregular way

(i. e.

ori-

them

not in accordance with the

recognized Derived Forms), and therefore they cannot

be called j&Slb

cjttXjwc,

nor are they pure quadriliterals

because the letters are not

all radicals.

They are

called

Supplements of the Quadriliteral.

ni^^

27

Examples

To give

wear

to

To

stuff the crop

To

practise veterinary surgery

To overthrow
To wear a cap
To make one cleave

to dust

TABLE OF DERIVED FORMS.

Noun

of

Noun

Preof

Noun

of Action.

Agent.

Object.

Impera-

Aorist

Aorist

tive.

Passive.

Active.

terite

Passive.

Preterite

Active.

5 XJLcLi

CD

C3

JJU
o

&
i-j

Jli.il
CD

28

PERMUTATION OR CHANGES OF THE WEAK

LETTERS.
The Weak

Letters are

JWT

ol-Ll.

one Another.

for

(1)

Changed

(2)

Made

(3)

Dropped.

Silent.

The Hemzeh

Weak

fo:

7%ey may

the

15. 3

gy.t

may

j.H

be represented by any of

Letters.

'

CHANGES OF THE HEMZEH.

.
1

I.

Hemzeh

changed into

II.

preceded by

silent,

Hemzeh

the

Hemzeh vowelled

is

homogeneous to the vowel,

letter

silent,

&

preceded by any other letter

may

be changed into the letter homogeneous to the vowel

which precedes the Hemzeh,

III.
is

Hemzeh

^K

^^4 ^^j, Jo

jJJ,

preceded by either ^ or

final,

sometimes changed into the preceding

corporated with
Other

it,

common and

-sx

,!*>>.*

lJ>i

letter

.Jo.

silent

and

in-

*y&\

recognized changes in the

Hemzeh

are

The Aorist of

,^

is

The Third Derivative

The Imperatives

of
of

instead of

,<

of

Js"!,

^K!

is

^J!

,Sj.
instead of

J^.!,lxl are <X-^ jJ*, 1* (Ixjl)

f is

or

^f.

29
,

o^, -o

os

f-

the sound letter only

,.

-.,-..-.

as

The Imperatives of oj^oJI V*4**"

^j

retain

J.

(j,

be treated as the oy=Lf.

may

JL*.

CHANGES OF THE WEAK LETTERS.

~
I. .

^ silent, preceded by I
preceded by

changed into ^5,

is

preceded by

silent,

is

or

i>Uxxi

changed into y

changed into

is

or

respectively,
-

becomes

in the Passive

Plural

^.Ux

A weak

II.

'

Jjti.

letter

when

silent,

preceded by a homo-

geneous vowel and followed by a silent letter

&>
III.

and

changed into
(a) If

in a

(/>)

word

r^-

^o(,

p(3 ^y>.

uaib occur

after the third letter

always changed into <,

be preceded by

^y ^iy,
and

dropped

vowelled by n and preceded by z are

of the

it is

If the

into V5
IV.

the

I,

r*

is

it is

c*l^;t

always changed

^;'^5-

when vowelled and preceded by a

silent

J?j-

5<

30

vowel to that

letter, transfer their

the

S->;

weak

letter

thereupon made homo-

letter is

geneous with the vowel

But

nouns the change

in certain

When

V.

order

Js

ated
VI.

is
5

.-

of

changed into

and incorpor-

are dropped after

i:

transferring their vowel to the preceding letter

When

VII.
:

it is

vowelled by

is

always dropped

,2^^?^ but

JjJ^oLc
is

the

changed into

before

J^Lcyi

Nouns

if

::

is

'^4-f;-

^fr 3 cH^r^

lj+?.j*->>

the preceding vowel

or the

^vii'

\^

and preceded by

is

the

transferred to the letter

,o^>

in

^j***'-

when vowelled by

yg

first

tXA**

i^jJs.

and

the

silent

is
2 f

not made

together and the

^ come

and

is

AJ

e^j

is

not permissable in Verbs of

^j.

Wonder

or in

Comparison as their measure must be always

of

ASSIMILATION.
Assimilation
to

the process

by which one

sound of another. The letter which has been

the

milated

which

is

is

assi-

in certain cases incorporated into the other

in consequence doubled.

The followiiig conditions must

The two
II.

letter is attracti'd

letters

Side by side

beginning.

must be
in

hold.

either I Identical or Similar.

the same word but not in the

31
Identical Letters: Assimilation occurs in

when the

(a)

from

first

is

originally

unvowelled as

e,

t>Juc;

or

(6)

is

made

by omitting the vowel

silent

from 5<X, or by transferring the vowel tWj from

t>JUj.

In Similar Letters:

n.

This happens most frequently in verbs on the measure

If the first radical

y of the measure

olLl 53s,
/
--

If

the

the measure

-.

or

the

y of

-,

Sis,

is

yo,

then be

^ or & the
left

or changed

Isx-k^l
^"^

the

JLi_

changed into

When
in

i or

or

In the measure Jjijl,

is

is

changed into

,^*i

is

verb

may

it

Ja,

again into ye,

<e

verb

changed into
o

it,

liol Lt<5,

If the first radical of the

letter preceding

changed into 6 or o or

is

is

or o the characteristic

i>

of the

radical

first

or

changed into the

is

.eii'St-

J&

is

*,

J^Jl

if

the

(j.s\ii[

the annexed pronoun

first

(3^*^
is

radical

is

..

^^i ^^-^i

y preceded by

<S

as

^,-

yjuu> the

Assimilation

i>

is

omitted in pronunciation.

in two

words occurs when the

first

ends

with a silent letter and the second begins with the

32

same

as

letter

Js but

xJ

if

the second letter

similar, assimilation is optional

or
JuJLo
"
-

JuJ
"

^
** *

FORMS OF THE VERB IN RESPECT TO

ROOT LETTERS.

The verb

we have

as

with the nature of

A:

its

seen

is

named

dis-

is

ITS

in accordance

root letters as Strong or

Weak:

Strong.

When

it

void

is

Weak

of

Letters,

Hemzeh and

Letters

and contains

Doubling.

(Whole)

(Jllff.

B: Weak.
I.

When

Hemzeh

it

is

void of

or Doubling.
JsAjsuoJI.

(Sound)
II.

When

it

contains

When two weak

the verb

called

but

oj/*^

When
as

is

called
if

Weak

Letters.

JoUl

(Weak)

joined)

Weak

letters

come together

^^Mi oUJ

in the root

(JO" to fold)

QjJ

to be

a strong letter intervenes, the verb

-**fJ

(<jy

to be separate).

the verb begins with

or

&

it is

called

JUL

i_j^,^lj.

When

the medial radical

(Hollow) as JU.

is

is

weak

it is

called

33

When

the final

(Defective) as

radical

is

weak

in its root

is

called

The verb beginning with Hemzeh

The verb whose medial
>

>

is

called

uo_Li

^.

The verb with

c -

it

radical

is
is

)>I4* (Hemzated).
called eUJ!

U*^-

Hemzeh

called

is

The verb which ends with Hemzeh

is

called

(a)

JLw

(JUj)

.LA

jli
XJUO

(C)

,5*3

Verbs beginning with

Aorist drop the

~
.

having

on the c of the

in the Aorist, Imperative

and Masdar.

M
'

StVe

In the Masdar a
the

final is

added to compensate for

which has been dropped.

Some
P,l
01 t-u6

verbs drop the

)-,,,-

AOriSt

***-->

<**,

*'*^J

PtX-:?

^ ^

>

"''-"P^5*

*^wi
V-

The Masdars

although they have - on the c

^,

'

' '"

*^1 -??

/*^5
^_

^-Oy

^,

of these exceptions also take the final

g.

THE HOLLOW VERB.

When

or

ii

LS (Strong Pronouns in the Norn.

j,

are annexed to the

Case)

vJyLf verb

of the verb has to be silent) the

The same change occurs

weak

"

'

'

'

f~

when

letter is dropped.

-CJ.O

" ~

which
If

is

final g in

iLcUI.

dropping the weak letter takes

iLi'

must have
In

of the

the c in the Aorist of the Triliteral has L the

in the Preterite after

the Masdar for the weak letter

kiLSx^t,

dropped

'ti

^
-

e'

The third and ninth Derivative Formations

o^-aJ add a

the J

in the third, sixth, seventh

and ninth Derivative Formations.

"O ^
" '" o
^ ^
"O'o.-^o,
7

(i. e.

o**j

XAJ

if

cL,

the c have

'_

or

the

oJa. oL^.j oU>.

the Derivative Formations the vowel of the

remains unchanged

35
In the Preterite Passive of the Triliteral

I.

when

"

**

*\

AJ<AJ

L into -,

The vowel

changed into

is

present

and the preceding

of the

in the Triliteral of tne Passive

when the

Io

ijrth
>

t;

In the sixth and seventh Derived

and the

the Active Voice

in

-,

(Passive ou*4)

-;

when present

cLJ (Active)
,^

Forms the Hemzeh

changed into

is

"

'

.*

'-

'

?U>

THE DEFECTIVE VERB,

When

the

plural pron. and the

sing. fern. pron.

second pers. are annexed to a Defective verb in the Aorist

weak

its

letter is dropped.

'

If the c

have

agree with the

'_

it

or

remains and

if i

or

it

has to

respectively:

3 rd person plur. masc.

sing. fern.

2n-i

Yy^fl masc.

^iito.

The J
its

to

of the Defective Triliteral ((jaj'U) reverts to

original

form when an annexed pronoun

-^cu,

it,
siA.A-cj

/\

^U,

has L then the former takes

takes

the

Voice should be i but

II.

o>f

j;v-e

'j-e

is

joined

but in verbs of more than

-^

36
three letters

it

changed into

is

irrespective of its

original form.

the c have

If

dropped in the third person

The weak
ceded by

letter

*y&.

weak

in the Preterite the

'_

is

ola.

letter is

and dual,

fern. sing,

dropped in the Aorist when pre-

(particle of Apocopation),

and

it is

dropped in the Imperative which retains the vowel of

also

the c,
|Jjt_,

jw> (J.

VERBS WITH TWO

I.

IT.

The

first letter

The third

WEAK

of the

i>U*

oils} behaves as the

letter of the oil&J verbs

The Imperative of OjU*

onl y>

LETTERS. oUaiJf

v? ,s*f

^-A**'

behave as the

verbs retain one letter

THE NOUN OF ACTION.

Verbs beginning with
Aorist drop the

and

affix

having

instead

on the e of the
jij^e

tXcj.

In the third and ninth Derivative Formations of the

Hollow Verb o^JLt the weak

affixed, &

letter is

dropped and

37

The Defective Verbs

before

weak

letter into

Hemzeh,

In the fourth and fifth Derived

Forms the

i of the

the last radical, change the

measure
,j,

which insert

((jo_sLi)

is

changed into ; and the

then the

(^ and

is

when present

dropped because of two

into

silent letters i.e.

coming together,

(jjjIxJI jj^j)
,

j2

These rules also apply to

many nouns, as

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE OR

NOUN OF AGENT.
f

The Noun

of

Agent of the

changes the weak letter into

Triliteral

Hollow Verb

(Hemzeh)

Jk-2Ls J^lJ,

SU *jlj.
C- C'

'

The Noun of Agent

weak

letter in the

retains ;,

li

of the Triliteral yoi'G drops the

Nominative and Genitive Cases, and

Li,

c!.

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE OR

NOUN OF

OBJECT.

r\\

The Noun
I.

II.

of Object of the Triliteral

drops the

Hollow Verb:

of the measure;

makes the weak

letter silent

by transferring

vowel to the preceding vowelless consonant;

its

38

and the preceding vowel homogeneous;

111.
C

>

AAVO

}***

~>,

>.-

>

MSJ"

(1

as,

(Jit*** (J

Exceptions to this rule are the uncontracted forms

The Noun

of Object of the Defective Verbs

which have not

.

of the
~

made

on the e

measure into

then the two

The Derived Forms

final letter in

,5

of the Aorist,

change the

and the preceding vowel

is

are incorporated;

of the ya-s'Lj verbs drop their

pronunciation

when accompanied by

the

tan ween

^ik^c.
The same rule applies to nouns ending with

originally

THE CORROBORATIVE ^.
The Energetic Mood
to

the Aorist

is

formed by annexing

and Imperative

after

oaths,

requests,

prohibitions, questions.

The

When

final

vowel of the verb

is

changed into

a weak letter has been dropped because of

the concurrence of two silent letters

it is

restored on

39
the

letter

final

The

either by

sign of fern, or ^,

J)**;'

(;'

>

\j*

pS-

are sometimes separated from the verb

Jj

Jj

vowelled

being

weak pronouns

in

Nominative Case.
In the

and

instance

first

of assurance

is

placed between the

^Uby*5f

In the second instance the

except the

(^^iJaZ)

The

,j

fern.

,TJ>~^>t.

weak pronoun

is

dropped

and the J of the verb retain their vowel

.!o._4i'.

The Defective verbs having

letters

?)Li-L I

'.^^ 1

on the c retain these

1 ,

does not occur after the

I.

THE AORTST WITH

IMPERATIVE.

WITH
^

IMPERATIVE.

40

OF PRECAUTION.
To prevent the
-

when

comes
It

is

last letter of the

followed by

of the

tirst

verb from taking

person the

be-

&

.i.

also

used with the "Particles that Resemble

Verbs" (Jlk&L?

and with the

Near, With

'&J\

Jj^sJt) JiJ,

^i,

^i From

*,

^1,

particles:

^oJ

From,

of.

$,

41

J j
"^
:

-9

^->V

>

^
*

r-

,1,

N^J

,*.

*)
-5i

-o

a,

.A

>'..!

Ik
at
'

'if
1

WJ~

-3

&

so

>

:<

^ -^^

>

T:

ov;|

2
;

CO

*>

'

*j.

'i

'

3-

oT

^r

>j ";,
ta

>

w
H

a
~J

1
7.

g
M
Cu

04 "*5 vJ

3 >1
^

N "*>

"Ta

ii

T -T

^3

;|

-^

TJ

-IN*!

TJ

-4

-|

^;%Vi^-l |'lt-|
JJ

.4
M

H
3

^
Lt

*%
-J

,f

d
o

'I

>a

-3

.%

-,1

l'l

w
"

*>

'.I,

c
'A

9
i:

<>.*)

;?, -;%

^ *c; \j % ;r
n
^
^ H9 ti >3
*O.S*u"
-o
"R

x.

t)

V?, .T>

i_

=i

^T
:
"

ii4
D

'

*f

;^
v

*> -,-3

-^
5
5

<J
J

f
"9

j
-O

"3
-D
.

'~5

a
-J

.^
*

_-

,4*

^J

v:^
i/)

CO

^^

i|

H
o
EH
02

:*%

:n

:*i

:o

:*i

:n

=}>

:*i

rf

>

\-3

:t ^

^J

"u>^,|

"K 3

IMPERATIVE ACTIVE.
Dual.

Plural.

Singular.

,JL1

Jill

Jill
*,<

MyJl
X &

s
-5

!j^
i

^-**-

ULi.

vJy^i

jolu

^
s^
o

^
o

^l

-I
ON
;

**)

'a

o
"S*

* 1*4
\

^J

^ 3 3

a
CO

CO

CO

>

"3'

-g

*'l

^" J

'

a
PH

- I

7)

:-!:l'-3

=
=

_s
7.

tt

BS

Ed
PH

CO

<j

H
i

EH
OH

a
h

-3

>

J
\

_jj

"=
5'
7.

fc

T3

CO

O
cc

a
o

&
s
CO

:*i

o*_l

M
K

**:

IMPERATIVE ACTIVE.
Dwot

Plural.

Singular.

lof
^

~
ol
<**-

'

>

'

Cr

>*'

MEANINGS OF THE DERIVED FORMS.

Tim

I.

Transitive

To

measure wakes Intransitive Verbs Transitive and

Verbs Causative. (xjjuic).

so

deliver

To make secure
To multiply
To put
II.

To be secure
Ci

to flight

To escape

6^>

To abound

To

flee

Expresses Intensity

cut the rope in pieces

shattered the glass

He wounded

Many camels
Many

himself severely
died

sheep lambed

jJivJf

48

trees

Many

camels kneeled down

shut

-K I

"We
forth
7

blossomed

Many

many

have made the earth bring

many

III.

doors

fountains"

Makes a Verb of a Noun

To pitch a tent

*.a-

tent)

To paint

picture)

To

petrify

To

collect troops

army)

To

cast a horoscope

star)

To

gild

gold)

To make dusty
To

stone)

(*

dust)

lime)

plaster

cement)

To

kind)

specify
>

To

assimilate

To

soil

This measure

genus)
dust)

is

invariably

Transitive

and conveys

the idea of:

I.

Reciprocal Action

between the Agent and

the Verb.
;)f

To fight with

v^-^

To accompany

0/iji'ct

49

To converse

To smite

To address

To quarrel with

To

To summon

fight

with

^>a(^.

pS{=*

To share

To live peaceably with

To

To correspond

fight

jJLl

To accompany

Competition &*)(*).

II.

To compete with

in

To compete with

in (knowledge)

To compete with

in wrestling

To compete with

in writing

I tried to

running

overcome him

&jUc-XJf

in

argument

To emulate (honour)

J>^&

To circumvent

IfU

To induce

To deceive

^^

^o ensnare

III.
nrt/f>ii.

To

De<i,lin<j.
i

if

tin'

Sonic

stall'

rcrlis

iinf>//.<>d

on

this

in the

to err

measure express

Triliteral

To be kind

deal kindly

To deal gently

To be gentle

To

deal roughly

To be rough

To

deal pleasantly

To be

IV. Snn/i/i' Action of Jow

To

bless

t^xlj

affable

('

To continue

50

To be
T
.

To

^ib

hypocritical in religion

travel

Repetition &jL>tlJf.

To try to do a thing repeatedly

jjL*.

To return frequently

<5^l&

To demand repeatedly

L,
To put

off

repeatedly

To review

VI. The meaning of

<,*

of

JJtif (Juu!

To resemble

~0

, U,

May God

give

you health

xJUl

'O*

JLa^t

)X^5
= xxJl

To lend or borrow
Some

VII.

/-

preposition

He

make them

to

^".;**^' p*

To address
VIII. J._tL
to

illi

He

attacked him

JJ^Li

To

fall

?w/ie

-^j

Night

JlJ

Tear

Hour

the

formed from

transact business in that

Day

Month

^*

him

to

To converse

means

"

To

hire

tii/n-.

by the day
night

month

^4-i

,.U
Still

Noun of

year

,,

hour

IjCj
Joil

^/
a

Transitive are expressed on this

the preposition.

sat with the prince

He wrote

= .joli

Trilateral Intransitive verbs which require

measure without

/o'Sl

51

Summer

To

IX. Jk_fcL*

of

w.
the.

summer
\

!&

Winter

ini'inbers

hire for the

winter

sometimes formed

from

the

names of

the

body.

Fore-arm

to help

Upper-arm
Back

to aid

Waist

to strengthen

Shoulder

to

walk by the

side

Waist
e

stand

Side

Neck

,,

embrace

Face

meet

Lip

speak with

I.

TriKteral

////;'

face to face

xilj

xsLi

Verb* generally become either

or Causative on this

To cause to come down

To cause

to enter

To bring

in

To cause
To

fulfil

Jjj!

to be distant

To come down

Jp>

To enter

Ji-o

To be present

'La^>

To be

distant

To be

fulfilled

52
II.

If

they are originally

Objects instead

of one and

Transitive they
three if they

put a ring upon him

shewed him Zaid standing

had

Ui'Lia.

>

Us'j

, ot

XA*-.xJI

Ijov

lli'lj

Zaid standing

x>jl

!<XJ'

Amr was

informed Zaid that

,*

,o--

standing
III.

take two

two.
*'

He saw

may

Ui'lj

L.e

v-

(Jo^

Finding (jlj^jjU.
I

found him or

found him praiseworthy

it

good

He found

the matter great

He found

the matter important

IV. Change

I*xXJ.

The land became

sterile

The land became desolate

The water became putrid
The man became humpbacked

The dog

suffered

V. Motion

To approach

J^-tJI

from the mange

1JLC"

<_

<.

to

(face)

juS*

To go

to

Nejd

To go

to

Yemen

<Xs>Jbl

To

retreat (turn back)

ISd!

^,0^0

VI. Abundance SJiXJj.

,

He

inflicted severe

He gave him much

wounds
to do

^-l^=

^y-^j'f

,,, .*
Jjui!

53
"

VII.

To

The crops became

child attained the age for

The

foal

became

To be

in spring

To be

in

both

To

ripe for harvesting

The

VIII.

'

be in season, the proper time Xj

fit

summer

weaning

l&j

for riding

'/

autumn

>Jf

To be

in

oUo!

To be

in winter

The following Verbs have the same meaning

forma

JJL

and JJLsT.
~ -*
*l.o!

light

tLa

To commit crime
r;^'
- -

To shed blood

To ripen

OT*' Or*

11

in

**

string

(fruit)

Consequence of the Jirst Derwatiri-

I.

He

He

taught

He

sent forward

He advanced
*

He

cut in pieces

He

scattered

He

justified

He made
II.

innocent

learned

,.

Iaj>

'^j

IJ

It

was cut

It

was scattered

He was

justified

He was counted innocent

Appropriation o

To take a wife
To take a son

To take a stone
pillow

as a

'y^^

To take a garment

To take a body

To take dinner

To take possession

of

Cj"

54
o

To take nourishment

^tXAi'

To take a name

15

+**J'

gird on a sword

To take arms

To

To take under the

arm

To

'

(Ljl)

i4 Li

enslave, serve

To entrust

To serve
o &

III.

Gradation

x>^JUdU.

To proceed by degrees

He

learned

after

He had

science,

branch

branch

Icli l*l

a military training

To advance

step by step

(p<Xi) ^

To walk gradually
\

The well was

(To be

filled

by degrees

filled)

To be elevated

^jO

To watch continuously

To be trained

vSj>J'

we

said)

a .-'

To pursue

He attended to the matter continually

(As though

jrr^

(>_*e heel) >_^KJU

IJc^l

"JoW LJ>.J
.-

To

fall

behind gradually

To be strengthened by degrees
To act with deliberation

To continue expecting
To improve

To follow

persistently

*lxj'

55

IV. Change
J^suJJ.

The matter was changed

'-.*

The question was transferred

xJLLiJI

The clay became stone

The water became muddy

To become hard
The water

*UJI

froze
"

The

affairs

i.

^?j

Jf^3"

improved

"

o/..usxj

' Z

V. Affectation oiJUCJU.

The coward
The

sick

affected courage

one simulated patience

and endurance

The sorrowful one affected patience

To be manly

Many verbs on
ing when used in
The boy

this

measure may have

mean-

certain senses, as

affected politeness before

*<"<:

the prince

Expresses the consequence of

//

oi///v//x

of

///c

the

/aid and

,,*J~'"

r**^' |l*l (^*JI

I.

this

<V/rt<

(*/'

Jib

partners

*'

(J.iLi x

Reciprocal Action

Vni'lt.

Amr became

, c

between

the

56

To help one another

To love one another
To

greet one anottier (reconciliation)

To be neighbours

To covenant together
To accompany one another
To exchange greetings
To consult together
II.

To

Feigning ^LkxJU.

feign death

To

cjjLis

feign blindness

sickness

J^lUb'

occupation
ignorance
III.

Increase .3

The

evil increased

*
..

The clouds became dense

Afflictions pressed

Many

upon

me

people kept coming

The enemy increased

To be

closely

packed

IV. Repetition of

To

fall

the act jJLuf

To

one by one

(leaves)

To sway
To waddle

iai'LIo

J^C^
^5^*4*

scoff

To divert oneself

To be

affectionate

To return by degrees

ia

57

To follow a pro-

To hold aloof

fession

the

Consequence of Jii and

w always

Passive.

The ship was wrecked

The house

fell

down

The rope was cut

The writing was

effaced

The water was poured out

The prophet was troubled

"^jjj\

The army was defeated

u^?

He was

&3CT

gathered to his fathers

The cloth was folded

The
The

light

was extinguished

disciples

went

to the house

^MJJ!

This form
I.

is

To mix

V//-

generally Passive or Reflexive.

It expresses the consequence

To gather

^l

i^i.
'

C*

To spread

L&3

To spread

jJi

of

J.is (Jii X

To be gathered
To be mixed

To be spread (news)
do.

Iccoj

58

To be burnt

To burn
To

restore

To be restored

oj

re-

Reflexive olssjSU.

II.

To take an apprentice

To gather wood
To engage a cook

To take hold

of

Jlx.lt

To milk
To take a servant

To follow a

To gain

craft

To bake bread

To buy

(for

oneself)
III.

Meaning of

To

fight together

To

strive together

To divide between

^o

I^OAA.!

To meet together

fe

Fixed Colours and Defects (ox*JI

To be red

C-i-=>.l

To be black

To be brown

i>Lll
' &

To be blue

''&

To be green

Loi^l

To be one-eyed

To be white

u^P'
"

To be crooked

77
I.

Request

To ask

v_JLtaJU.

forgiveness

.55!

To seek

to copy

59

To ask permission

&

To borrow something

To borrow

II.

To seek

ments

^Ijul,!

his

answer good

*j'*

He

found the house large

He

believed the oath to be lawful

..^lssul.1
&

'!jJI

He found

the matter important

He found

the boy lovable

He found

the

He found

his intellect small

.UJiJI

Li

army great

found thy disposition sweet

found his speech

vile

He

believed in his generosity

He

despised

reinforce-

Finding and Believing

He found

To seek protection

'jLilll
<?

^eyU^

To borrow money

To seek help

^\.x.L\

him

found study wearisome

III.

Submission

To surrender

^JLxlt

To take or become a

To take

as captive

slave

To take or become a slave

iJJuLl

IV.

The crooked became

straight

^ii)f

lUx*

1U

60

The clay became hard

To be transformed
6

-,

Jtel

^
^

This

To be

intensifies the

form

intensely red

Intensity

nn<l

meaning of

'
;L^.I

Beginning

J,*il.

To be white

e!jajillj

&AJLA

To be humpbacked
To become rough
It

was about

The

fruit

to rain

became

ripe

The man stooped

The earth became covered with verdure

Expresses great Intensity.

To be heavy

i^Ijcl

To be long

or last long

61

rt

"

CO
c3

1
02

S3

^
3
:

oa

3
-n

I
s

'

.2

arious

f'

fr

Jb

X
.

&<

r^

.\3
-

E"

>
Ed

O3
Ed

a
a*

W 3
p

5C

o
3
g

SB

c
o

Ed

EH

-^

4^

id

oo

62

THE NOUN OF ACTION, j

The word

Noun

tjuoi* is the

of Place from CtX-o to

arise.

It

called because

so

is

it

is

regai'ded as the source

mere

of the verb and the derivative nouns. It expresses

action, state, or being of the verb,

and

unlimited by

is

subject, object, or time; as

5

beating

The Noun
it

j>

o r-e

sleeping

v^-"

of Action

should express

ease

xJj^*

never made feminine; but

is

number

or kind,

it is

if

rendered into

dual or plural; as

')
I

struck

him

I
>'o- '
&AJ T ^J

twice

o',o '
..WAAJ.-O
"
V
y?

It is often

used with

meaning of the verb

I

I fled

ljL*>

IjyS

him
^Ja

outright

XAJ^O

xxlxji

oJyo

sometimes used as an adjective, and as a

common

as

a righteous

man

letter
It is

verb to strengthen the

I killed

outright

It is

noun

own

---

&AJ T .O
uyljf-o
>
# v

as

beat him
severely

.^

blows

its

struck him

JiXe

J^T

T^r^-*

a holy

u"^

spirit

?^j9J

"Go

building

formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs.

From

triliteral

verbs it

is

irregular in its formation.

twenty-three measures are in

common

use.

have several Nouns of Action especially

verb

if it

Some

may

lias dif-

of meaning which

ferent shades

may

be indicated by

the different vowels employed on the c of the preterite.

The following measures are the most common:

is

JJii

formed from transitive verbs on the measures

intransitive

Sy*

JL'Lii

jiii,

,,

are

-Jo >

SJlii

expresses trades and

Ju*j,

JLjLs expresses flight and

offices.

JUU express sounds.

expresses ailments.

refusal.

expresses colour in

expresses violent or

continuous motion.

the abstract.

expresses change of

place.

In the derived forms of the verb and the quadrili-

measures are employed

teral special

(See glossary).
juts

takes

* -

-Jo to

or

jJjLOj*

JLJUai"

^-L^

JUiXAJ

A-^"*

o^

offer *JtXAJ

to

make

safe *.lJLLs or x

_
'

)>

arm, equip

Verbs weak on the medial radical (o^SlI) take the

measure J4** i only:

Pfj

ualj

o^,

to
,,

,,

make

to sleep

whiten
blacken

2
ply*
o^s*4j'
iX-irls

PJ*

to straighten

agitate

^4*
^>^"

>

fence

64
i to establish
'

*'

tV^yi^'

change into Jo

to

bind

tXAJ'

<3^>

"'

<^**AJ'

Defective Verbs and those whose final radical

*-

is

hemzeh

'

take the measure kJLij only; as

}

,,

to equalize

to justify

,,

divert (mind)

prepare

name

strengthen

iCi

congratulate

apportion

,,

takes the measure jL*i or iiiLLe; as

JoLi'

to fight

JLxi'

or kii'Ux> warfare.
or SjCLsvx warfare.

(blows) LJ!-O or k

oppose oiU=. or

contradict (^oUj) or

i'G

make peace with

,,

dispute Jlj^. or

opposition.

infidels t>L4=
xJi>Lsa.xi

Verbs which begin with servile

or

disputation.

(Not every verb has both forms

2.

conti'adiction.

&^ai'ljJi

(-^L-) or JLjLLo.

wage war against

.,

slJlss./!

in use).

(J^cUs. JJLb)

on the penultimate consonant; as

S ^-

pOJij

to advance

wonder
iiLaj

aJJ

,,

fight together

pretend

--

-tXJu progress.

v^-*5 wonder.
JjLfiS
.jcLIij

pretence.

have

65
to imagine

S^AJ imagination.

be humble

>

interfere

interference.

jJjtU

roll

humility.

>

<*-"''>

rolling.

r'^"^

Derived forms of the verb beginning with

the quadriliteral, insert an

I,

|,

and

before the final radical and

give 3 to every vowelled letter preceding the

The penultimate consonant takes

^J-*\ to do good

!.

as

yjLla-l charity.

-**

honour

P./I

oil!

-LSI honour.

squander

^'r*i prodigality.
,0

^,0*
xSt

,,

^5

convince

*-o

be led

'

convincing.

jLxAi!
"'

being

led.

&.

be defeated, broken

UJol
'

defeat.

&

be united

*>Lsul unity.
*
%.

^ w
,,

S*L\
' ^

take possession

6LsO'l assumption.

be black

obJt^

'&

blackness.

v-

^-

,,

make oneselfready

o'jJixLl preparation.
'
5,

be upright

seek to understand
fulfil

reveal
**

xiUxll uprightness.

pL^L^I
r

t^l fulfilment.

^^Le

revelation.

_*'

inspire

r^i

believe

uA+d'& faith.

inspiration.

v,

66
to depart

be overthrown

v^*^

be diligent

^'-fc^i diligence.

be red

,,

fa^l

Noun

re dness.

use

JUxl!

profit

soLa^l! profit.

be worthy
It will

overthrow

commencement.

ttx4l

begin

,,

departure.

(jj^iai

use.

(jjUssuult merit.

be seen from the foregoing examples that the

of Action

is

very frequently used as a noun.

NOUN OF UNITY.
The Noun of Unity expresses the doing of an action
once

(iyc).

If is

JLjLxJ

formed from
i.

e.

by

verbs

triliteral

affixing the

of unity to the

Action on the measure jJU; as

I struck

The act
helping

him one blow

of

on the measure

Sblo &AJ!^.

Noun

ot

67
T

honoured him once

When

xitls't

y*&'J$\.

'

the ordinary Masdar ends with

derived forms of the tJy>l a word to limit

is

placed after

him once only

iitXa.1^

1 pitied

him once

JL*

invited

him once only

The dual and

plural

laii

'i

him blows

way

as

K*J^
/

wyl?C^>

him two blows

NOUN OF
The Noun

SPECIES.

of Species expresses the

the action which

Triliteral verbs

is

took a quick walk

died miserably

5*"^-"

righteously

He shouted

like a lion

The mode or

of doing

have the measure &Lti; as

rode like the prince

He walked

manner

indicated by the verb.

He

meaning

I struck

its

are formed in the usual

after suppressing the final

I struck

as in the

as

it;

I raised

JUJ!
Ju*^H

****

iCL,

JLS.1*9

style of

sitting

jLjLa.

sitting

s<Xx9'

laughing
,

running

'isz.s&

standing

throwing

te'i-e

68
Derived forms of the verb have the same measure as
1)

the

Noun

of Unity or 2) the

Noun

of Action fol-

lowed by some qualifying expression.

1)1 departed

like the fearing

one

looked about like a fawn

praised

2) I loved
I

v_fl3liaJ! &>'-

ioUxJf

SiJufo

God piously

him

like a brother

fought with him courageously

He trembled

Riili-

as with fear

JuLi'J

/&

*"''

"-

NOUN OF ACTION WITH r

The Noun

of Action with

..

has the same meaning

as the ordinary Masdar.

Triliteral

Verbs have the measure

JJilx; as
*0

Selling

cLLc

Growth

Speaking

i^uJn Seeing

^\y/>

Taste

Hearing

.****

Clothing

Beating

O^X

Falling-

Return

Result

Jli

Verbs beginning with

and having

--

on the c of

the Aorist take the measure JuJx; as

^

to promise <k*j

to inherit

stand

join

inheriting.

J^aS J^sj-i joining.

The following words are exceptions to the preceding rule:

C Walking
Ending

i~

Coming
Returning

Old age

69
In

more than three

verbs of

all

Action with

letters

takes the measure of the

Noun

the

Noun

of

of Ob-

ject; as

^*x

Rending

Trusting

Praying

Deducing

Is

Recalling

Proceeding

Overthrow

v_JLalo

Equalization JjuLo

Spacious

-""

'

Stooping

Opening

Taking

Wavering

^****>
tz

Summary

_ .

Neglect

sometimes added; as

is

_.

Exhortation&kcy*
Consent

Fear

Hunger
Humiliation

&J<Xi

Excuse

Pardon

THE NOUN OF AGENT OR ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.

The Noun
only,

and

is

of

Agent expresses intermittent action

formed from both transitive and intransi-

tive verbs.

For

JoU

triliterals its

one

who

O>L
.,

(.K
11

measure

is

as

one

kills.

who

says.

strikes.

eats.

throws.

stretches.

SltS.

JoL

asks.

70

one

who

s.\)

sells.

\li
^

promises.

Jl:*

Verbs of more than three

the Aorist into
jl

letters

who

one

raids.

rules.

change the letter

of

and vowel the penultimate consonant

with offerer.

benefactor.

jJyc/>

jU*i'

quaking.

w>

peaceful.

pll |JLlx
-

learner.

|*Jj^

mutual

CijLivj' i_j)Liuxi

[warfare.

broken.
'

^L5 rT^ 4^*

endurer.

jjc^l& ^IsaJ)

roller.

r^^l

rf ^*u
k

P ressin S

[(crowds).
liJcJo

red.

<>.six

hump-

approver.

j^JsoJiJ ,j.*iu*l<

ixij'!

shudder-

ZiuiJL*

jacked,

[ing

with hon-or.

THE ADJECTIVE RESEMBLING THE AGENT.

The Adjective resembling the Agent

of quality,

and

on the measures

is

is

an Adjective

generally formed from neuter verbs

J^JLftj

Joij, J._*JLj JoLs. These verbs

express inherent and permanent qualities in persons or

things,

them

and therefore the adjectives where derived from

possess

triliteral verbs

similar qualities.

They are formed from

on various measures as follows:

l

71

Measures.

sweet.
easy.

72

Measures.

i'

Old.

good.

new.
JLii

brave,
incurable.

73
Derived Forms.
1.

olix

II.

!le

III.

^Jsx*

|J!ax>

singing bird.
hypocrite.
benefactor.

lae

injurious.

sincere.

Jui

shining.

dark.

old (age).

penniless.

shining.

neglectful.

possible,

believer.

just.

a,

right.

IV.

,ISXA/>

tyrant.

fickle.

wrinkled,

moderate.

proud,

polite.

civilized.

irresolute.

barbarian.

frozen,
religious.
lx/>

pretender.

lazy.

neglectful.

VI.

Vll.

o-ssux

deviating.

(jd&iajJc

lowered.

wZiiaJe

.^a^xjuo

limited.

precautious.

different.

content,

vexatious.

straight.

-do

obliterated.

humble.

J<Xx*

temperate.

74
VIII.

o^Lo

black.

lisajo

red.

IX. JJUoJLLc

jU*

tX*lxi

arbitrary.
scornful.

JLjiuLo

upright.

oo^tXsjJ

round.

JjiX^lxi

impossible.

ready.

X.

opaque.

hump-backed.

Note: Very few of these adjectives are formed from

the

and second derived forms, because most of

first

the latter are transitive.

Measures

,jl
i

suggesting

stammering.

****-

fluttering.
evil.

UAx philosophizing,

self-admirer.

shining.

lxJi intensely dark.

The Comparison of

IsxixU

very high.

Adjectives.

THE NOUN OF SUPERIORITY.

Both the Comparative and Superlative degrees are
>

formed from

triliteral

^ef

verbs on the measure JJur.

The Comparative degree

is

expressed by

the measure; as
J

More accomplished than

Of

J>jo

following

75

The Superlative degree

expressed by prefixing the ar-

the measure, as JkiiBu, or by putting the measure

ticle to

in construction with the

He

is

noun

man

a most accomplished

is

When

the article

qualified; as

jj^ J^bf yo

prefixed to the measure

is

it

agrees

with the noun in gender and number; as

9

The most excellent men

The most handsome women
The two
The

ylAJuLs\J! tLlIJf

men

richest

largest tree

When

^0

157?*"

in construction

r=

with a definite noun,

number

agree with the noun in gender and

it

may

or remain

masculine singular.

Hind

is

the most accomplished of

LwjJt ,eJ-di

These are the two

tallest

or

LwJu( JkAoil

tXXff

men

tXxff

women

-I

JLi.Jl y^sl ,jljj8 or

These are the worst

men

DUjT
(The

feni.

of

JJii!

is

_jol

^ji or

<&*)

Comparatives formed from transitive verbs and verbs

of loving,

hating,

etc. prefix

object; as

He

seeks knowledge

than you

more

the preposition J to the

When

formed from verbs of knowing

the preposition

i_

they take

etc.

with the object; as

He knows the truth

better
f

than you

I*XAX

- -

'.- "

1,

f -

(3s3Jb o^cf yo

Comparatives formed from intransitive verbs retain

their preposition; as

He

is

more abstemious

to good, further

from

sin,

in worldly things,

prompter

nearer the truth, and more

patient in afflictions.

Some

adjectives

from the very nature of the ideas

they express do not admit of comparison, as those derived

from the verbs.

To

die

wlx

Adjectives

to pass

away

which express

to live

'^

colour,

defect,

^Js.

and points

of beauty do not admit of comparison on this measure

i

because they have already the form

>,r

JJLs!

without reference

to degree.

Defective Verbs iuaSljjT Jliiif! as

li, Jjol,

verbs which do not admit of conjugation as JL

(J"

and

ll, !<X*a.

do not form adjectives of comparison.

The Noun of Superiority has invariably the meaning

of the

Noun

of Agent.

Verbs of more than three letters and those which

express colour, defect etc. take the

Noun

of Action in

77
the accusative case preceded

by an adjective derived

from another verb to express comparison; as

He
and

is

less diligent

He
than

He

is

his

than his brother.

bL^c^-t

JsU

companions.
his

parents.

He

jui.!

lellll JuiT I

a keener observer

more famous than

is

*Le

speedier than they,

*xl5 ij-

nearer to God, of quicker

perception than others

is

and of more refined manners.

He

redder (or blacker) and lamer.

is

THE NOUN OF EXCESS. KifQf

This derived noun has the
meaning of the

Agent

to

which

It has various

is

Noun

of

added the idea of

intensity.

measures, the most important of which

are the following:

RJUtl

JUuLo

the Pardoner.

Subduer.

oS

the Forgiving.

^llS

smiling.

78
the Bountiful.

^jG

bright.

(M

a;

learned.

traveller.

^x.

treacherous.

^jlLo

benefactor.

f.lo

fasting person.

yu*=.

(See glossary).

THE MEASURES
These two forms are

jJ*J and

common

S^>

to the

Noun

of

Agent

and Noun of Object; so that at one time they would

denote activity; as

/^

patient

j'yLa

sick

and at another passivity; as

an apostle

When
the

L// wounded

jJLj

indicates the
J^_*J
/

Noun

Noun

of

Agent and

of Object and are accompanied

by

their sub-

they have the same form for masculine and

stantives

feminine; as

a wounded

man

^y^

woman
but

if

Noun

J^ii

a patient

if

man

woman

sl

indicates the

of Agent, or

they add

i)^")

Noun

their

of Object and jJuw the

nouns are not mentioned

for the feminine; as

a woman intrusted with an important mission

i

a sick

woman

79
Adjectives which are peculiar to the feminine fall

under

this

rule,

and some adjectives on the measure

as

pregnant

barren

wet nurse

mother with infant

J>Le

thin

THE NOUN OF OBJECT OR PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.

Triliterals

have the measure JliLi; as

beaten

80

The measure

Noun

has sometimes the meaning of the

JJLi

of Object:
child.

Jjj

i>^jx

number.

OtXfc

booty.

v_JL&.

imported goods

When

the

jlJU

Noun

of the

members

in that

member;

of Object

is

of the body,

brought.

determined.
arranged.

formed from the names

it

means

to be diseased

as

~'

"

>

colic

y^Jls^x

;j'^

order

spoiled.

v_^JLlJc

fate

,3*^

counted.

j^jJw

v_JLl

jj

born.

>j).*

c)

heart disease
'

O -

chest complaint

THE NOUN OF PLACE AND

The Noun
transitive

and Time

is

formed from both

and intransitive verbs.

Triliterals

Noun

of Place

TIME.

have the measure JJL&.i the same as the

of Action with

escape

..

.^st.i^s

settlement
bridge

kitchen
altar

fa

chimney
place of pilgrimage

C^ax

mouth

^!aJue

wash-basin

(J

Juiix*

of a river

meeting-place

81
jutSi

refuge,

*AX>

..UM

pasture

fold

source

sleep

exit

study

platform

slaughter-house

standing

observatory

hall,

^slx>

seat

theatre

isbJo
IjLo

watering trough
for

camels

gathering-place

abode
sight

source

The

of the measure

whose

first

whose e

radical

is

is

weak tULH

in the Aorist is

&J.jc*.H

and

in verbs

sound and vowelled with

as;

a place of mire

a place

aimed at

of standing

of fracture

putting
lying cattle

falling

exhibition

gaming

lots

sitting

by

(assembly)

smiling

Some nouns take

has L

vowelled with 7 in verbs

although the e of the Aorist

as

Time or place

of

Ascent
Place of Pilgrimage

JLkx

dL*Lo

sunset
sunrise

82
prostration in prayer,

residence

mosque

<XsxJL>o

slaughter

The plural

laJuLi

is

and vowelling the following

.

goings forth

affix S is

is

OT**

separation

formed by inserting

refuges

The

(plant)

)}-^~*

falling (anything)

radical

growing place

Lo

after the second

letter

with

-,

as

pastures

AiDuc

altars

dropped.

sometimes added to the measure to express

abundance of the thing implied; as

place abounding in

books

ii<X^Lo

lions

sUuLo
6

r^*

hyenas

At other times the

graves

snakes

Suljue

wolves

has no special signification; as

cave

Halting place (residence)

JLfjx*

on the right hand

&!

destruction (desert)

r*>4*

light-house

on the

left

hand

court of judgment
school

s+Xixx:

station

ju^JJe

The following are exceptional:

Time
for

of birth

performance of an action

appointed time or place

for fulfillment of

promise

*l

83

From
as the

verbs of more than three letters

Noun

of Action with

place (abode)

formed

departure

,.li

gathered together, room

Ju^x^Jo

hospital

it is

prayer (Church)

^-^

meeting-place

abode

IA*LO

slope

NOUN OF INSTEUMENT. sBf jllf

The Noun of Instrument
is

applied to anything which

is

used in performing the action of the verb; as

bellows

^Ue

curtain

UL,

It is

from ^AJ

blow

to

cover

formed from derived and primitive nouns.

The derived nouns are taken from

triliteral transitive

verbs only and have three regular measures:

juL

xiiL in
The

Noun

is

plural
of Place

formed

in

and Time,

ii

jJtL

the same

manner

by inserting

i..e.

as the

after the

second radical and vowelling the third with o

The plural
The plural

JLLe

of

*-

JJLaxi

and

JliJl*

is

fire-brand.

JLlilo is

JkAtlx*

u*4*
-

handle.
scissors.

hand-press.

is^
OjLc

frying-pan.
provision-bag.

-tail*

LcLe

Jolliuo

tongs,

goad, spur,

syringe.

grind-stone.

flute,

oar.

nail,

probe.

plough,

scissors.

bellows.

key.

lancet, scalpel.

"

SuLjuL*

pen-case.
ruler.

x.Jbe
klsl

ladle.

lathe.

umbrella,

trap.

girdle, belt,

small arrows.

filter,

sand-sifter.

gallows.

inkstand.
sllc

pillow.

looking-glass.

The following are primitive nouns

jola.

spear.

Suo

lever,

yj&
JJta

net.

crow-bar.

yoke.

double headed axe.

arrow.

bucket.

trap.

lock

water-skin.

drum

pincers.

catapult.

85

THE PRIMITIVE NOUN.

The Primitive Noun
any verbal root;

to

is

j^oLsJT

one which cannot be referred

may have

it

11$

three, four, or five

letters.

There are ten measures of primitive

Camel

"

Shoulder

<_&xs Jut

Lock

Grapes

v^6

J^**

Load

Arm

Juie Jju

Horse

olo Jii

10

Neck

Sparrow-hawk

letter

may

noun, as ol for
f

as in

f>\

as

is

JJLs 2

^'ji
^JJLC

JJU 4
jJU

^Jo

replaced by

Jo,
]_

is

generally }

o ^

*-*',

J<*; it

ju-L owl]^.

(I)

or

as &A*

may, however,

*i; the

^
-

^^

letter

'

J^. JJU

the dropped letter

^,

tV**

be dropped from the primitive triliteral

It, ll, ..wl, *^., ->,

or

'

J^ii'

C.

he

v^*

'

</

Heart

Jot Juw

nouns

triliteral

dropped

THE GENDER OF NOUNS.

Nouns
I

are of

Masculine

two genders:
jTjJo

II

Feminine

Feminine Nouns are of two kinds:

(a)

Animate ^4*^- &jy*

(/;)

Inanimate

^vl-iJo

>

as

sly^l,

woman.

or "Jilto .Ic as

JUiJI the Sun.

Feminine Nouns are further subdivided into:

Feminine by form

suffixes s, *f, or

Mercy

1 1

(signs of feminine); as

Claim

xi=*j

having as their

c*_j^-*,

^..fo

Mlsxo

Desert

&?*&

"

Virtuous
II

Feminine by meaning

Earth

Red

Drunken ^^X*

XJLili

Soul

o6y>; as

^j^

Mary

I/*AJ

"

%*

FEMININE NOUNS.
Feminine Nouns comprise
I All

nouns ending with any of the three signs of

the feminine (1)

if

(2)

M', and

(3) ,5',

except they

be masculine proper nouns.

made feminine by

(1)

Nouns and

Adjectives

(a)

The Noun

of Agent, as

(b) All

(c)

j'+Ll "'/**

*AXX!

(e)

re d

Os^-i

joyful

u'^"

Nouns on the measure jJ**

of Agent, as ,>-*

(J)

The Noun
'
SJLA-OC
,.-

JuL>>.l

hasty

ignorant.

aJJuI

<X*

^5^-'

lord,

drunken).

indicating the
*J./ x*jJ

Noun

generous.

of Object, as
^,-l.JCe Sj^LjCo

broken

ij

SOld.

Nouns on the measure

of Object, as
Sy~) *y^)
for riding.

are:

measures of the Noun of Attribute except

and ,j&*j, as _jj

ut

tMLi &IUi

the
Jj*3 indicating

apostle

V?*}

*^)

Noun
beast

87

Some common Nouns,

(/)

JtCi xJlCc

xXIi

siLJUo

gazelle

as

*-+J^-f

^*--^-

dog

king.

Note. Irregular Plurals -efirrational objocto are treated

as feminine singular; as

Hard hearts

*ALi'

Stern judges

sL*5
-i

Capable teachers

--

Capable intellects

men

tit

"^

Nouns on the measure JJbl

made feminine by

are

defect

measure

i.

*l,

-.,

i.

JJLit

^5*^*^' fJajzW

jf$* Jj^T
f
*-*J^I
-

Worse

*When

signifi-

made feminine by

^o

fof

JLdaJ! Jk*aji)l
l5

First
*

having the

they take the measure -1*3, as

Most excellent
Greatest

"'r*4*- r*^-'

utWI

"b<x

Nouns on the measure

e.

they take the

cation of the superlative degree, are

,5",

e.

Red

"\jiua jAof
.

flump- backed

(3)

signifying colour or

"ikis; as

Yellow
,

_j

tX*xljo Jlfce
'

(2)

*L&. ^^

Beautiful books

Strong

^juuJLo ^j^jUx

the

is

,.T

Most handsome

ofr

_A*~.s\JI

Greatest

Smallest

0<

preceded by x

it is

written

t,

as

for Lx.JL.svJ! the

UJLc, ULiiX Exceptions are ^JLsUI

sweetest ^^kkjl for

Names

II

the farthest.

UyaJL'l

of females; as
o

Hind

*jwo

Mary

Zaynab

&jjt>

(,-

v^)

f^

III

Common nouns and

which denote

adjectives

as

ties,

Wet-nurse

Divorced

<

f*-

'V

^^

Pregnant

Mother

Giving birth
Sister

I!

IV Names of

countries, towns and tribes; as

o Jot

Jerusalem

Jaffa

^JJL)I
*

Syria

*UJ!

Koreish

j"J^

V Names

w^ax

Egypt

of fire and winds; as

Wind

>>JU

North wind

Hot South-westerly wind oil*

South wind

wind

Pestilential hot

Hot night wind

Blazing

fire

East wind

..1^,

ijr*

"^La, Jiai

West wind

Fire

^LuL

Hell-fire

VI Double members
Heel

^AS.

of the body; as

Foot

JJL;

Hand

Jo

c.1.

Palm (hand)
Shoulder

^iS"

Ear

^61

Arm

elTi

oU*

Eye

,j4*

Hip

i^

89
also

Tooth

Womb

Liver

Rib

Exceptions are:

Cheek
Finger

The

t\L

^Js\
following

Elbow

Maw
nouns

are

Side

LT
of the

feminine gender

although they have a masculine termination:

Wine
Well

^L
fi

90

The following nouns njay be used

mas-

either in the

culiue or feminine gender:

Corn measure

cLo

Arm

Hinder-part

;^x*

Booth, shop

^J

Lance

Us

Knife

Jt

Peace

mare

Horse,

Nape

Neck

of

Mirage

Musk
JLc

Salt

Article of dress
State, Condition

Natural disposition

Iron pestle

White honey

Letters of the alphabet

^K[

Honey

JL&.

Spider

ellb

Cooking-pot

Night-journey

Shin-bone

Power

Night

Thumb

"Lil

Heaven, sky

or great toe

Intestine

is"'

Peace, reconciliation

Large bucket

Forenoon

Breast

Wedding

Wing

Neck

Way

Tongue

Weapon

Fox

Barley

Well

Way

Koad

Gold

^^-*
y>.-&

91

'

NUMBER.
There are three Numbers:
I.

Singular

SJu>

H. Dual
HI. Plural

THE DUAL.
The dual adds ^\
and ^j'for the

Nouns
the

Youth
the

Bustard

or

^5

occurs

after

^U

Butt

into

it

is

for shooting

^Llil* ,*>*

*!

(sign of fern.)

change the Hemzeh

as

the

the
.

the third letter

l*a.

is

Desert

a root letter

Good reader
If

ss*;

I5

^IjllU. "Tp^.
if

restore

,5; as

^Lj^LLL

Ked
but

^5,

u^;

Mill

Nouns ending with

;

or

(j^-Vj

(ci*

Pregnant ^LJLLL.

>

original form; as

its

(j^*

changed to

into

two men ,jJLi4;

(jty^t Lo

Staff

If

genitive, as

of three letters, ending with

or ^5 to

to the singular for the nominative,

or

"I

is

left;

not the sign of

as

it

^\'fj&Je "J^sJe

must be

left;

as

(j'*'^ *'r*
fern, it

may

be changed

92

^ULU \^S

Heaven

Dress

^tjLl*

Mantle

^Ijl^;

Triliteral

(j'

^; *'!;

nouns which have dropped a weak

restore it in the dual if

is

it

restored

when

letter

joined to

a pronoun; as
Brother

'*-'

Father

ifc

'

Hand

*"'

*i)yt
^l^jl
*

Blood

^Uj 1X0

**"

Father-in-law

THE PLURAL.
The Plural
I.

Regular

II.

is

of

two kinds:
!&..

|JLL

Irregular or Broken

The Regular Plural

is

again divided into:

The Regular Masculine Plural

I.

II.

The Regular Feminine Plural

The Regular Plural

is

ptJI oo^JI

thus called because the singular

form remains unchanged; the omission of

fern.) is

iZ^-

(sign of

not considered as breaking the form.

THE REGULAR MASCULINE PLURAL.

The Regular Masculine Plural
(j^'

to

is

formed by adding

the singular for the nominative case, and

for the accusative

and genitive

_..
Believers

t*

cases; as
'

t-i

&>

^TjJ;

93

Nouns and

which may take the regular

adjectives

masculine plural are:

^*

>-

The Proper Noun JUJI when

I.

(a) rational
0,

noun
II.

-o

void of

(b)
>

(fern)

(c)

not a compound

(as xJUl Jux)-

The Common Noun ^^isOl ll

(a) rational (b) void of

form, as

when

(fern) (c) in

J^-

jpLL?^ J4^j

when

HI. Adjectives derived from verbs

(a) rational

void of

(b)

the diminutive

(fern)

sures JJLs! feminine *}&JLs and

(c)

not on the mea-

^iL*J feminine ,-JLj

nor on the measures JJL*_s and J^-.i

form of masculine and feminine

is

when the

sing,

the same.

The following nouns are exceptions:

The Earth
Worlds

(jr^^

Relations

and

^^1

(j-^

ij^^

to

'

J^6

~-

weak

letter;

remains,

but,

and
if

not,

'

twenty' thirty to ninety.

final letter is

or

the preceding vowel

it

agrees

Name

One who exacts

Archer

,j^flki*
to the full

is

drop

- this

with the following

letter; as

Proper

,jj!

Hundreds

'

Or*^
if

^^b

Years

1*"^

Derived Adjectives whose

the

Children

Or"*;' u*;'

-j

94

THE KEGULAR FEMININE PLURAL.

The Regular Feminine Plural

yf

the singular; the

to
is

sent,

is

formed by adding

Proper names of women; as

plural are:

yUkli jQsli.

Every noun or adjective ending with

II.

pre-

dropped.

Nouns which take the regular feminine

I.

when

sign of feminine

whether

masculine or feminine; as

Proper

Name

wlsxJLb XsxJLb
w

very learned

An

ignorant
wise

III.

Cw

man

woman

woman

Nouns ending with

or

"I

except those on the measures .jXjLs

signs

of feminine

fern.

fern. *ik*j; as

The

best

ot;U&.

Inner part of hoof

Deserts

ytjl^s\-e

IV. Such

Deserts

"t^a^i

common nouns

and inanimate objects when

Small coins

yU^t>

V. Adjectives

male

^asjo

referring

in

the diminutive form; as

Small camels
to irrational

sex, as

Neighing horses cj^ffL* (J4M

olj

as refer to irrational beings

Wild beasts

yiCi^

Jtia.

beings of the

95

Departing ones

When

common noun

the

the

jective

yyUlkuJo

mentioned with the ad-

added to the singular form of the

is

is

adjective; as

Neighing horses

aUffilo

Wild beasts

VI.

Open eyes

ji^-j

jLlytftx>

Listening ears

Departing camels

jJ~*

XiJLkLo

s^^xJiJa

xliJLo .j(6l

The Noun

of Action consisting of

more than three

letters; as

Offerings

iUjjJb

Confessions

ybl.JccU

VII.

plural

yiLIi'

Supplications

Every foreign noun of which no other form of

is

known;

Pasha

as

cjtyilo

L&G

vadJlljLb

Telegrams

Primitive nouns which have not their middle radical

weak and

are on the measure &I*i take - on the c in

the plural; as

Rose

Page, face of

anything
O
/

but

if

the e

Meadow
Nut
If

the

^^/) ^))

tajLsvjLo &s\jj.o
is

weak

it

yLo^

iLo.C

y')^"

*)^

noun

is

is

left

unvowelled; as

yLdx> &AOJO

Egg

on the measure xl*3,

it

may

be

left

unvowelled; as

Darkness

yUlb

iilfc

Piece

ylikj> &j

96
a vowel homogeneous to the vowel

may have

it

or,

>

ylik$ cjUJlb.

preceding, as

The following take the regular feminine

plural although

not coming under the rules previously stated.

I.

The words:

Heaven
Judicial roll
II.

^jf

III.

II

Bath

j.C-

Jksx*

Tent

o^r *

u-Le.

yjjj,

Weasels

*L^.

if

irrational, it takes

*r

Hornets

'f-

f^

<_>b6Si!

Jackals

rational, takes

iLUj

yl$/>l

for plural; if

Llj<S

for plural; as

yUol.

Words preceded by

IV.

their plurals:

L>Uj

^Ic
mother,

make

^1

y!<i

take

o t-

--

Quadrupeds

yl^6,

-*

jJ

c^ljii,

THE IRREGULAR OR BROKEN PLURAL.

.x-w-XxJl

The Irregular Plural

is

(6) rejecting letters, as

(c)

formed by:

changing the vowels, as

(a)

adding

There

are

letters, as

->i

JuJ

Jull (plur.)

lions.

J^ Ju^ (plur.) apostles.

J^j J^ (plur.) men.

twenty-nine

measures

of the

irregular

plural of substantives and adjectives derived from

literal

roots,

tri-

and some nine measures of substantives

and adjectives possessing four or more

letters.

list

97
is

given in the glossary with their singulars and meanings.

There are two other forms of the Irregular Plural

namely:
(a).

The Plural

Multitude sliXjf

ii.

of Paucity XJUjT

L^

(b).

Plural of

The Plural of Paucity

indicates the

numbers three

to ten inclusive. It comprises:

(a).

The Regular

Plurals.

(6).

The following four

measures of the Irregular Plurals.

Ribs

JlJit Jkill

Loaves

The

&JUjT
last

plural

again,

first

then

'&is xix

Nails

*l*if 2

measure

The

triliterals.

Lads

^Uibf

JUbf

commonly found among the

is

and

last

they

measures

may

come under the

be made
of

plural

multitude.

Ribs

*JJA

jLaf

^Lbf ; U&T

Nails

These two measures and their equivalents are called

o

When

a noun has only one form of plural

sarily indicates paucity

Men
Hearts Affections

Necks

o ^'
1

c,*

st^Ail

The Plural of Multitude

ten to infinity.

neces-

and multitude; as

JLa^
,

it

indicates

any number from

THE RELATIVE ADJECTIVE.

I.

The Relative Adjective

the noun, after stripping

is

it

the signs of dual and plural

Manly

of the

when

affixing

(j**+*i

ig***"

sign of fern, and

present; as
IJLls

Belonging to the two sacred

"xll

(Mecca and Medina)

Mental

to

Nazarene

'lil uejl

Solar

formed by

Belonging to the Kibla

IJ^J J^;

Earthly

J^

,5^**

cities

,jL^.

Belonging to al-Iraka'in
-

(Basrah and Koofah)

(Sr*3*

Egyptian

Domestic (house)

^A!J

From Mecca
II.

Ci

BelongingtoMoslems 'lJLlJi

vsJu

Relating to dates

,j^lJLJlx

Ecclesiastical

Nouns with dual

Singular

^^- u^'^*-"

j**

iiX*

or plural forms (but

not dual or plural significations) retain them; as

Hamdun
Hamdan

Zeidan

"lijtXi&. ^jjj^s.

Zeidun

Jjlj^a. ^tjk+r^.

Anmar
The Hemzeh of the feminine termination

III.

changed into
ginal

weak

Virgin

Black beetle

but

letter

if

the

Hemzeh

such change

&)<^

^ UII&.

*-

*';J^
Lllla.

is

optional; as

Red

"I

is

represents an ori-

Green

'

J^t^s.

^ ^&.
I

of-

99

Robe

Heaven

Garment
IV-

I >

Jsj'

(Aleph) or

<

is

noun,
is

,5^;

final, in

a three or four lettered

generally changed into ^ and sometimes an

inserted before the

is

^ *^J

.;

the letter which precedes the

thereupon vowelled with -; as

Youth
Millstone

Mote
Staff

Meaning
but

the

if

be preceded by a sound letter silent no

change occurs; as
Gazelle

V.
into

when preceded by a silent weak letter is changed

_
}

as

Living
VI.
after

&y?!^!

(Aleph), and

Fold

are dropped

the fourth letter, and

a four lettered noun

Frenchman ^ij*
Bustard
VII.

4-

is

Uo^

^5;

becomes

i5;^*-

when

as

when they occur

the second letter of

vowelled; as

High

IXjLuI

River in Damascus

on the middle radical of a

-

^Sy^

triliteral

noun

100

King

When

VIII.

measure
into

Liver

,5^"* "J^-*

jJuii

the J

drop the

whereupon the

first

is

High
IX.

weak

is

letter,

words on the

and change the second

vowelled with -

jj^U

as

Words on the measure SJLJL*J drop the

change the vowel of the e to -

Church

"&"*

Exceptions:

Nature

as

Enactment

Z^jS'

and

is

f.

Truth

^-***k xiLjJo

Disposition ^JuJLL xaxJLl

X. Nouns which have dropped a weak letter generally

restore

it,

and any

letter

stituted for the dropped letter

->

->

Language

^yd

XAJ

Gum

i5^ *^

Hundred

<s*

Hand-maiden

Jjyot

Year

ugj**

To-morrow

Jij'^

X*XI
iiil

is

which has been subomitted; as

<

Father

Blood

Son
Brother

**

Hand

Father-in-law

Lip
Exceptions:
Sister

is**''

*^'

Daughter

Name

101
5

XI.

and

Jj

nouns of more than three

Xj final in

letters

are dropped; as

Chair

Is^r
-0^0

Native of Alexandria
XII. In

Ml

J}4

'

&

compound proper nouns the

generally affixed to the second

^
the first scXAll

word

Ls\._iJ!

"aaj oJo

of Bethel

Sometimes

^li!
it is

^^1

formed from the

native of Ramallah

Name

is

leaving

*-aaJ o*xi

"'*

of relation

unchanged; as

Native of Bethlehem

XIII.

i5'T/
9*

O ---o

IE

1*17 jJJI

^
first

word; as

llT

of a poet

Proper names of men

and at other times a process called o^axJji (cutting)

is

employed, as in the proper names

i^*^*^

^J*"*

*^ *
.

_x*^a^>
"
-

XIV. The following words are formed irregularly:

Names
..-oj
<.j

_...

Spiritual

^^5

of

Divine

Nazarene
(Christian)

From Yemen

liG,
*'

^'r^

C>5
/

towns

^
ff

tribes

ind

t
Countries.

Jtuo

102
o

Materialist

^57*

From Tihamah

>

f^

N
Names
of

^L^j' xxLjj'

and

Bedouin

*^

*^^

Countries

ABSTRACT NOUNS OF QUALITY.

"

God-head

^^ ^ IN|

Manhood

Humanity

&xjLlJf

Substance

Lordship

^jyt"

Totality

Capability of

Christendom

being understood

Judaism

The termination

yj'has a similar signification:

Kingdom

Humanity

y^^

Divinity

>?r

iUft>XJ!

Pride

cj^XlLo

THE DIMINUTIVE.
I.

is

For

triliteral

JoLii. It

formed by inserting

vowelling

radical,

with -

is

nouns the measure of the diminutive

the

first

with

after the second

and the second

as

Mountain

J4*4 cM^

Man
Dog

II.

In nouns of more than three

which follows the

letters,

of the measure takes

the letter

be one of the three signs of the feminine, or

except
(

it

of the

103
plural, or ,jt servile in a proper

Dirham

Black

f^/* r*;^

Bird
j.*.gA,<flft

(fern.)

Man's name

'

x*^i

Proper fern, name ^JJ^^JJ*

Drunken

The regular masc. and

III.

adjective; as

Companions

^.g.o.c.

K*^

Castle

noun or

fern,

plurals,

and the

plural of paucity form their diminutives regularly; as

o'of,

oo^

Hinds (proper name) i^ljJo*

its

Loaves

Youths

ytt>Jj

The plural of multitude

IV.
of

Nails

u!t\A*

^'<X>;j

'

-HT-1

^jjtXu) ij^^)

Roses

-*

-.,

tabs

oo^J
Zaids

t>

v>

-Uo

Believers

iixXi

reverts to the singular

form and takes the regular masc. plural in the

case of nouns denoting rational masc. beings and the

regular fern, plural in the case of irrational beings; as

^5 jo^i .xLi

Poets

She camels
V.

Any

"luLi

yLi'J

letter

noun
!

is

vJJ

s\ Ij

Brother

Camels

which has been dropped from the

ginal form of the

Father

L*j

ori-

restored; as

Blood

Water

xjLc

"US

Sheep or goat

and

any

letter

dropped letter

is

which has been substituted

omitted, except

it

be

fern.;

for the

as

104

Hand-maiden
Lip

fc^**-*

**&

Son

noun with
^

servile

Promise

3j4*j

wJtJ .XO

second letter

Scribe

*_-L-Cu

;(

'^

^^MM^

I*

Satan

changed into

,.>jJaAjy& ^jl

^.j

'

-<^

VII. If the third or fourth letter

this letter is

is

Seal

s.

stX*^

for its

\jr& tr)^

'!

ju^s

as
'

Horseman

Mouth

Effort

^Lxj j-o (.jjt

changed into

xllj oJL?

Daughter

VI.

Name

x*xl &*t

^*

as

is

or

not plural,

105

Exceptions

Feast

Night

X. Nouns feminine by

meaning (without

of three letters only, restore the

fern.) if

(JuJ) RJLlJ

&'yj

of

signs

of fern.; as

Eye
Hind (proper name)

House

Tooth

Sheep

but, Scorpion

Exceptions

Sandal

War

JJLiij

Bow

Arabs

Herd

of she

XI. In

camels

cases

Cuirass

where ambiguity would

~the masculine and feminine the

the
in

fern,

cardinal

is

numbers three

not

,.'

uA s

rive

XII.

oLr +^>

affixed, as in

to ten inclusive,

nouns which have a singular ending

between

arise

thus

in s;
o

and

'

'

r*?^ Xy* ^

Iree

Nouns with more than four

radical letters in

their root reject all after the fourth; as

Quince
In

pry***" J^f***"

compound nouns the

Spider
first

noun

is

made diminu-

tive; as

XIII.

The diminutive cannot be applied

to the

of God, or of high personages, to indeclinable

names

names

nouns and

of such objects as do not admit of diminution; as

106
tot

Glass

Sunday

fr^)

XIV. The diminutive

is

Verbs of wonder v^saju.

rule:

JULsl; as

How

beautiful

How

sweet are the views of our

is

the sky

li^iL

H. Relative Pronouns <JJiJI il.*lt

Dual.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Far object.
(JCJ6)

Sea

r^*?'

Man

J^^

as

s'xUiblT
e

-/

*Lill; as

Near

Object.

(ftS) OTL|5

(IS)

(Job) cOls

(^

XV. The following nouns

JU&.I Lo

IfelLo

(^JJO bjOJ? Masc.

Middle Object.

JCI^S

Lo

Sing.

(,1 JJU!) (jQjll!

III.

^Ml^.\

*Li*UI

countries

Plur.

^\

applied to the following verbs

and indeclinable nouns contrary to

I.

-.

March

cXa-il!

CS

Masc.

Llf Fern.

are formed irregularly:

^-J

Boys

J^4

Lads

Man
_

The diminutive

is

also used as a

term of endearment

and to express enhancement or contempt; as

The very best

A special friend

)***
iJjJtXfl

-^

._.

grea^ misfortune

An enemy

'*

xlgjio

107

THE NUMERALS.
THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.
The cardinal numbers from

to 10 are:

Fem.

Masc.

Fern.

so

G_

Masc.

._

o
*"

"

*"

ss

yflAjmj

""

'

.^r^iAA/

!*.*(
wCA

iVjVJ

*~
4

Q^

^*

^^^^y

c^

'
S- -

9 t '

S^ii-C

-t_g'.

and 2 stand

* <

~*.

XAJ\(

_)\1

cv

i rv

1U

for

the noun and agree with

it

in

gender and number. They can only be used with the

noun

for

emphasis, in which case they follow

3 to 10 take the fern, form

are masc., and the masc. form

when the

when

They govern a broken

are fern.

numbered

in the genitive,

it;

as

numbered

objects

the objects numbered

plural of the objects

and when possible take the

plural of paucity.

Three

women

Five loaves

e^U

Three

men

* J. >s.

Seven

fishes

stli
RAD*
^

~s

Masc.

&&S
_ijf

^.A kS^J
^J^t kiijf

uuLXi
#

The cardinal numbers from

Fern.

JLi,
X
f

11 to 19 are:

Fern.
13

Slli

vf^i

S^li

LciSI

Masc.

y^ &^ 11
i*

Ull 12

yj'}-*

108

Masc.

Fern.

&
-*

"

&AJ+J 18

,'--.-

**uJ

S_Ci-fr

--

5w&

!''

XfUuJt

^s.
us.

jjlcLc
jjcLc

J.-CO..C

"

5 x "Wi-iP

and

11

12.

Masc.

Fern.

The gender

15

ftJt<VW

17
*

"

OU
-

li_e
i_e X >
..

..

X-tAflf

,*VfV Vlf

'

and

of both numerals in 11

12 agrees with that of the objects numbered; as

Eleven

women

Si let

Twelve women

Note

slcii

men

Eleven

<<&[

Twelve men

ItJrTiC&A Uul|

lie

!x=^

iLL^^iJ

and 2 wherever they occur agree

in gender

with the objects numbered; as

- a
'
*
o>o*
SLsv*3
Forty-one ewes
ij^^'j t5^|
2 wherever it occurs is declined in the same manner
as the dual; as

The twelve Apostles came

I

saw twelve does

object

&Ilb slcii

The numeral 10 agrees

18 to 19.

r*-*

^'y*')

numbered whilst the

gender with the

in

units

take

the

reverse

gender. Both numerals are indeclinable and have

all cases;

Thirteen

men

as

2*4^

'^&

$$3

II to 99 take the object

Thirteen

women gOlgJLe

numbered

in the accus. sing.

The cardinal numbers 20

i

m'SlI 4.0
*w

^JLJ x

OA

OH
'U

to 90 are:

"

70

in

CA
"^

"

I.I%A^W

AA
'

*"
,,

*"

I.WWWL

"''"f.
^j V
f 90
)
-^j^,v

_""

"
,

*"

O1

l"*|OO
--

.iLxJ"'

30

109
20

common

90 are

to

to

both genders and have

y^'in the nom. and jjl in the genitive and accus. cases.

The numerals from 100

idle
*

**

*3Lo
-

to 900 are:
*3lc 100

4u* 600

iH
C^

"

200
yjjgl.
V

700

800
&3U- ,il3
is;

X3lo

3 900

X3L*

k3Lo

,*3 300

^jf

400

500
SLjU ,,1^.
* ^

100

is

numbered

common

and takes the object

to both genders

after it in the genitive sing.

100 to 1000 take the noun after them in the genitive singular.

The numerals from 1000 upwards:

XSU

100.000

oUf

1000

U2Lo

200.000

..Ujf

2000

~f

8U

3000

sLutf

4000

obit" K^Ij^

5000

300.000

oilf
#

o^T

400.000
500.000
i.ooo.ooo

U0f lit jU.f 11.000

Ujf 2.000.000

UJf lii US! 12.000

,_ijf

li

3.000.000

The thousands are put

their

units and the

Three thousand

13.000

in the genitive plural after

J4>
"

Ten thousand men

Xi^

UDf

noun follows

men

jJ.

in the genitive sing.

oifT

Xi'

110

Numerals made up of thousands, hundreds, tens and

units,

may

be compounded in two ways,

sands

may

be put

and tens or

order

8 - f
j
.--

The thou-

followed by hundreds, units

first,

(b) this

(a)

be reversed; as

may
~

iX^i*j joL*- VAUW>>

f

-Ci~
OJH

--

'

"T

\xj\'
/

Li

'

"?
i*jjl.
'* f

..i.

JuU
9

THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.

The Ordinal Adjectives from
Fern.

Masc.

^U

{J

first

Fern.

to tenth are:

Masc.

3/

Ill

The

hundreds, and thousands do not

tens,

differ in

form from the cardinal numbers.

11 to 19; the units of these take the article

The

fifteenth

as

yL* ^liJf.

20 and upwards, both the decades and the units take

the article and are united by

The

as

thirty-fifth

THE NUMERAL ADVERBS.

Once, twice, thrice etc are expressed by the words
gl

xiit>

Jbjj

once in the accusative

iwice

-"'

o'O
3

yCo
*

Thrice

^3

Seventy times

or

!* or
,

Once and again

*-

"', '

(f^'y *)"

The Distributive Numerals

One by one

o-,o'

e)* /'

}f

are:

oLi! or X>^o or

Two by two

*Lj or

Three by three

eJl^

Four by four, and soon

cLjj

^uuo

or

or

or *^.

or
or

xijjl

kijjf

The Multiplicative Numerals:

Single

Double, twofold
Triangle, triple, threefold

Square, quadruple, fourfold

>ix

^-^
C*!AX>

Pentagon, fivefold

Hexagon,

sixfold

Heptagon, sevenfold

Octagon

112

The Adjectival Numerals are

, 9

Treble, consisting of three

.iSib

four

Quadruple

Dual, consisting of two

^Ld

^^j

Fractions are:

half

third

cjb

L-iLoj

fourth

or eJLj

tenth

Above a tenth the

use of the words
i

3
7

!y=k

- - -

.*Lt xiLuu

ir 'y

7***

-LL,

*.;

fractions

,j.x>

EJ&.

by the

are expressed

or only ji

,',',*

c.

tXi>l

or ,A*.

"IC^I "parts of"; as

Siikj
,j^c e lyaLl

Ju or

j&s.

or only

y&&

Jk^.!

Approximate numbers are expressed by

^au>

"a few"

used with the units from three to nine, and waJLj " a

few more" used with the tens, hundreds and thousands.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS. (^JkLff)

j^L*>aJ!

These are of two kinds:

I.

Annexed

II.

to the verb, noun, or particle.

Separate.

The Annexed Pronouns are of three kinds

I.

Those special to the nominative case,

Those

II.

viz.

common

to

viz. ,j,

y,

^,

!,

..

the accusative and genitive,

^5, s, <3.

III.

That common to the nominative, accusative and

genitive, viz.

b.

"" '

113

ANNEXED PERSONAL PRONOUNS. *LJJT

NOMINATIVE BASE.

Dual.

Plural.
Masc.

Fern.

Singular.

Fern. Masc.

(1),'

Masc.

Fern.

1st

Li

L>

...

Person

3rd

ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE BASES.

m

When
accus.

Our
jo

^
4

&

'

(^)

1 st

Person

2nd

these are annexed to a verb they are in the

noun or preposition

to a

case;

friend passed

and

jjD

by and

visited us

and ^

become

in the genitive.

bJlCi

after 7 or

Lo L UU

as

According to their saying

When

plg-'ji'

^gJLa

He is wrong

sl

the affixed pronouns are united to the regular

masc. plural and dual or when the latter nouns are in

construction, the

The

strikers of

and

Amr

^s.
*

aorist,

the

third

is

"

person masc.

affixed

His two books

Jus

and the imperative

a pronoun

His strikers

^Ld>

Qtf
f"/~

The two books of Zaid

In

are omitted; as

as

pi.

of the preterite and

plural, the

is

dropped when

1H
did not love

They

him

s^su

Hear ye him
Ljf

They did

jj

it

^*i'i

a separate accusative particle and

is

is

used as

a prefix for the affixed pronoun:

When

I.

Give

it

a verb governs two accusatives

me

to

sGl
^'B

Give

jJajz\

^S,~

not necessary to put

It is

it

as

him

to

sCt
xkaf
"&
,~

before the second accus.

l|t

pronoun when the two are not of the same person thus
;

we can

say

You asked me about it LjIj^jC

I

it

gave

but
I

to

we cannot
it

II.

to

When

me

to

it

Ask me about it

jbCclkri!

you

gave

Give

say,

him

'"^'^^

the accusative pronoun

is

separated from

the verb; as
will

They
They

will

III.

honour you

honour both Zaid and you

Where the

i^

'Jo

Qj

accusative precedes the verb; as

Thee we worship

jJjb

<Tl!n
ffi

IV.

When

preceded by 5M; as
'

I love

none

else

but thee

<^Gt

^^.\

19

ill

*ft

&

Note. The second person plural preterite

by an

Ye

affixed

did strike

pronoun introduces a
'>

Ye

.;

when followed

as

did strike

me

115

SEPARATE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

-,.*

NOMINATIVE CASE.
Dual.

Plural.
Fern.
"

"

>

Singular.

Common.

Masse.

Masc.

Fern.

"f

T-,

Person

1 st
o

*3l2nd

Note

In b? J).sJ lt Person, and ^

the whole word

liaf jUit

*^jtil

is

^sc

3^

Person,

regarded as the pronoun; but in

2"d Person,

and

^ J^>

3'^ Person,

^.

,jl

and

only are the pronouns:

tf

Pai-ticle of address

Sign of dual

oiks.

ol.

f.

pronoun

Le,

,.,

.!

may

deprive

o.

,jf

hd

i
o
<,

\z>,

CO
s>

>

Li

so

^j

p,

The conjunctions

to

= w,
= y,
=

>

fs

,j!

=
Sign of fern. plur. = &,
Li
Sign of dual =
Sign of masc. plur. =
Sign of fern. plur. = ^
Sign of masc. plur.

= vi,

them

and

when

joined to ^-

and

of their first vowels; as

116

ACCUSATIVE CASE.

Dual.

Plural.

Singular.

Common.

Masc.

Fern.

Masc.

Fern.

2nd

Note:

l4l

case.
only the prefix of the accusative

is

&

Sign of the

1 st

person

prououn

LJ!

'*
-"

-*

Sign of the

1 st

Particle of address

person plur.

Sign of dual

Sign of masc. plur.

=
Particle of 3 d person =
Sign of fern. plur.

U>

L>!

S-

^L>te
"

CM

'

bul

^
"^

J
J

^Lk*. ola.
/

=f

pronoun

L|'

Q.

=r

l|l

*,

=^5"

Gl

e
e

=v5'

J,,

oli =

-LLc

CO

Lt

Sign of distinction between

b!

O5

masc. and fern. =

L.
Sign of dual =
Sign of masc. plur. =
Sign of fern. plur. = *^

=
=

I,

3.

l|l

LJ!

JD

=s>

*,

LJ!

J^,

L|l
"

THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Who.
Fern.

Which.
Dual.

Plural.
Masc.

Fern.

Masc.

That.
Singular.
Fern.

Masc.

Obj. Genitive.

11
Li

what, which,

^ who,

^5!

whoever, whatever, are

both relative and interrogative pronouns.

of

Jt

is

who, which,

used with the nouns of agent and

object as a relative pronoun.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

Near Object
Dual.

Plural.
Common.
\

or

eSI

sa

(This).

Singular.

Fern.

Masc.

(jb

^li

Fern.

5 s<>)

(U

Masc.

16

Nom.
Gen. and Accus.

Middle Object (That).

or

JG

cXib

JCilS

Distant Object (That).

or

Li* here,

i^Lifli

there,

and Is

there, are also

demon-

'

strative pronouns.

The demonstrative
^

particle

The

Iff

cc

for

near objects

may have

the

f-

(xLjuJt) prefixed to it; as

Li (uJuJI)

may

also be prefixed to

some of the

IK

118

When

demonstrative pronouns for middle objects ja).

addressing a female person the - of the 3" in the dem.

pron. for middle objects
i

15

Vfi

(b). LcJL is

JL^pT jca;f
annexed for the

the plural masc., (d)

This

is

This

is

sl^T

,1

is

as

J^-eUi

15

dual, (c)

annexed

is

annexed for

for the plur. fern.

as

the opportunity, brethren

men

the book,

women

Those are the men,

The

generally changed into

is

relative

*L*5

LJ

pronoun always needs a

The

&JLo

tive

and completing

SJLo

and

the sentence or phrase following the rela-

is

meaning. The tX-SL*

its

pronoun contained in the &La which connects

the antecedent relative. It

is

the

is

it

with

better that this pronoun

should be in the third person; as

Thou
If the

omitted;

Thou
The
is

art the one

Jk_3Lc

is

who
in

loves

me

the accusative

,5***^' i5JJ

case

it

may

be

as.

art he

iiJLc

whom

of the article

love

v*1 ^JJ'

(when used with

oJ>f

relative force)

always a noun of agent or noun of object.

The demonstrative pronoun

dual form takes

and

is

for the nom.,

indeclinable but the

and

for the accus.

genitive.

The interrogative pronouns are all indeclinable except ^1.

119

The

latter

declined like an ordinary noun; but in

is

such a sentence as
I

whoever of them

love

it is

is

wise

*!>

f-fc?'

*!*-'

indeclinable.

THE ARTICLE.
ouJLdl

The

jT

Instrument of Definition.

s!i>!

definite article is

an inseparable

particle prefixed

to words and suffers no change for gender or number.

It
I.

is

used:

As the

(a).

definite article.

for familiarity; as

&jtX$jt.JI

Is this the

book

i.

e.

The book men-

tioned previously

&LLcJI

(b)

The

vIUXJ!

for distinguishing the genus; as

lion is

more daring than

the wolf
II.

syjciJt {j*

As the

relative pronoun.

Zaid, the beater of

It

may

be

8tX-5j)

noun ^jJl and

in

is

Ci

Amr

vLr

(redundant) as in the relative pro-

some proper nouns, which have only

become such through usage;

There

\'j

no indefinite

as

article in Arabic.

120

Nouns are
I.

classified; as

Axils. LLl Primitive,

to

txi.&.

II.

become

opposed to

solid.

(j^z***

Derived.

to derive.

jjjtwl

^LsxJo LJJ Containing root letters only, opposed

**

ti

So

[to KAJ do;.*

oK

to strip.

i>!4-

III.

^\

LJLi

-Lll
i

^1 Augmented.
to increase.

Noun opposed

Proper

to

*-a. iJLt

&

[Common Noun.
IV.

!***=>.
**

'

Lit
&

is

either

'

denoting a concrete

i-*'

.o-lfr

'

^f

object

or

t5

A*

/i-ll

denoting an abstract
idea.

/".*-,
V. JLc **f

may

'?

be

O.JM

or
'y/>

may

be

-T
A single

word

4*5* compound.

^ollll predicative or a pro-

(a)

position; as

J "He

carried mischief

under his arm".

S

(b)

o-

l=-.yi

v^r"* Mixed

which

Compound
is

not a pro-

position.
a

- o

UyJL*J Baalbec.
s

(c)

/^^'
^

Correlative, as
X

-o

121
VI.

is

pli

Jill

%.
(a).

J^-JH-i

originally

aigain either

an adjective,

noun of

name

of sound.

verb, sentence, or

Masc.

some other

transferred from

= Nejeeb

action,

use,

com. noun,

Excellent

Towfeek Divine aid

Khaleel Friend
Fern.

= Jam eeleh Handsome xJJL^.

=5

Wadad Love
Nadah Dew
_
(6).

Masc.

,,

JLSXJWC existing only as a proper

name.

= Abraham
David

John
Fern.

=Mary
Helena
Sarah

s^l

Finally the IJte 111

(a). IJLl

be:

name, as Zaid.

(6).

sjjS

sobriquet,

(c).

^ki

title,

Masc.

may

prefix, as

as the Conqueror.

= Abu- Alatahia
Abu-Bakr

name with

'-

"

KAj&uiM

>*

yl

r. ,.

being

..(

122
Fern. --

Mother

of believers

Mother of Goodness

name may

proper

The

&il$

comes

first,

contain

the

*-^l

&

The
JJJ

.vJLl

may

all three.

second, and the

v_Jtf

third.

follows the declension of the aLLo and the

noun or

follow the declension of the

it

may

be pyk&* or

Masc.

= Sword

of the state

SJi JJI

John the beloved

>

Fem.

=The

little

Jane

-0

Sy**^!

>

^>

=^j

Mary the prophetess

The proper noun

is

^a^x&

if it refers

individual of a kind, and

^**^?>

if it

to only one

be applied alike

to every individual of a kind:

Proper name of the lion

of the hyena

COLLECTIVE
Nouns are

Collective
I.

_i_sOT

singular of
II.

-f-

'p.^[

its

of

two kinds:

which implies multitude but has no

form.

*4-& which implies multitude and forms

a singular by affixing

(StXa-^JI

unity).

123

-I-

Swarm

of bees

Army

Women

Tribe, People

A Company

yl&Jtjt
..<=-.'

Descendants

People
People, Nation

Flock

Horses

Herd of Gazelles

Multitude

Tribe

*J*2*

Family

sflf

Family

JUSli

Company
up

of

to ten

Associates

Sect

Individuals

Troop

Company

Troop

Birds
Courtiers

II.

A-l-s

**

Bees

Pebbles

Figs

Hair

Words

Datestone

Seeds

Fish

Verses (Koran, Bible)

Steps

Eggs

Net

Leaves

Brick

Palm

Spear

Ducks

trees

Ostrich

Men

124
Trees

PART SECOND.
SYNTAX.
from LSXJ

Nahu

is

to

purpose.

the branch of Arabic

grammar which

treats

of the state of the final letters of words as arranged

in sentences, in respect to the Declension or Indeclension
of such words.

Sentences

may

be composed

of nouns

only or of

nouns and verbs together; the particle merely intensifies

the meaning of the sentence.

DECLENSION. ^A'f$
'
from GCet
Declension
to

to

is

speak plainly.

the change in the final vowels of words

shew the function of the words

change

may

is

in a sentence. This

caused by governing words or regents, which

be either expressed

X.A.JQ .>

or understood &J>j-*Jw-

INDECLENSION. *LlJI
from

^JAJ

to

Indeclension

build,
is

and therefore what

is

immovable.

the retention of a particular vowel or

126
of a

^jlXl on the end

Some words

Note.

word

for

some assignable

retain their

reason.

or vowels not

^^Xl

because they are indeclinable but because they end in

Aleph

(^5

which does not admit of any vowel being

I)

placed over

it;

as

Youth

LSiJf

Stick
J&fi
because they have always the same function

Or,

a sentence, as JjLsxJLJL which

is

in

always the absolute

object.
~,

The
The
as

^ O-O

"

signs of Indeclension eUuJt K=J| are i

and

are

particles Jut,

the L and

common
4;

>

to the three parts of speech,

verbs

to the (a)

-, ~,

p>< pLs,

noun and

nouns ^tX

(i) particle.

REGENTS.
Words which stand alone are never
declined they
in

some

others

must be arranged

relation to other words.

are called regents.

declined; to be

in a sentence

and stand

The words which govern

The regents which are

ex-

pressed are:
(a)

the verb,

apocopation

JutiJI

Jk..ajT v^-ol^-j

the preposition,

(b)

(c)

the particles of

p)'^, (d) the subjunctive particles

(e)

words which

affect the

meaning of the subject and predicate

^M

\^JJ\

form and
(/) words

127
derived from the verb,

the nouns of agent, object,

viz.

and

attribute, superiority,

action.

Adverbs which have the function of verbs

(g).

The regents which are understood are

t.

C *
iJ^suJ!
J

and

The governing word should always preceede

the word governed.

CASES.
There are four cases in Arabic:

Nominative

*J>')

4*ai

So,

Accusative

So

L^

Genitive and

-.. or Qd.g.s.

Apocopative

the dropping of the last vowel or weak

nominative and accusative cases are

and verbs, the genitive

is

letter.

common

to

i.

e.,

The

nouns

peculiar to nouns, and the

apocopative to verbs.

The Signs of Declension are of two kinds

I.

Letters viz.

Vowels

II.

The

viz.

'?''

7-7
implied.

z,

Words which take

clension,
(a).

OjlssJb

The

five

father
>

and

~
,

of declension are either Syjelib expressed, or

SjtXoxi

4>l

latter are the original signs.

The signs

I.

^ ^

jii

i^jlltill

nouns

?!
^~

letters

{.jJeljA

their

signs of de-

are:

viz.

brother

possessing,

for

when

JL&-

in

father-in-law

mouth

construction with nouns

128

and pronouns other than the

vl

* f jO-O

suffix of

the

first

person

singular iwUCxJ! *l_>.

(6).

The

(c).

The regular masculine plural and the

dual,

J&tf.
like, viz.

the decades.

The

(d).

forms which occur in the conjugation

five

of the aorist:

Words which take vowels,

II.

uylSlsaJL?

are:
(a).

The singular noun

(b)

the irregular plural

regular feminine plural (d) the aorist

!_

feminine and

noun

(c)

the

when without the

of assurance, and the expressed pro'.-=

,j

in the nominative case,

DIVISION OF THE SIGNS OF DECLENSION.

This

is

as follows for the

Nominative L,

yi

Accusative ^

;,

Genitive

>

f,

'

suppression of j.
(

^.

Apocopative
letters.

suppression of

^,

__

v_>II^ill

and weak

129

THE NOMINATIVE.
is

the sign of the nominative in every word which

takes a vowel as a sign of declension; as

S o-

Zaid went
in

the

cV-jj

nouns and

five

in

- ' -

v_**<>

the regular masculine

plural; as
t

Thy father and the

I

believers

>o-c

"&

came

in the dual; as

The two men strove together

<1>&$I,

li),

Detained in the five verbs as a sign of

is

their being in the nominative (indicative); as

The men know

^^7"

ij?^**

THE ACCUSATIVE.
z is the sign of the accusative in every

word which

admits of a vowel as the sign of declension except the

regular feminine plural; as
I

saw Zaid
in the regular feminine plural; as

The women came riding

I

in the five

yyUsX

^Llllt

nouns; as
-

He

^
I

loved thy brother

in the regular

saw the two

the believers

- 6

cSU>l

masculine plural and dual; as

infidels

and
j^JoxyiJI, ,joIiLXJI
;)

oo

130
J

Suppression of

They

(j,

otle??, in the

as

five verbs,

will never return

THE GENITIVE.
'

the sign of the genitive in every word where a

is

vowel

is

used as a sign of declension except in words

imperfectly declined; as

This
-

in

is

the son of Zaid

Jox

nouns imperfectly declined; as

saw the son of Ahmad

in the five nouns, the dual,

<j^ fX

plural; as

^!

tX^.t

oolt

and regular masculine

^-L**^il) ^liLJCHj jCljb ejCx.

passed thy father, the two unbelievers and the

believers.

THE APOCOPATIVE.
5 is

the sign of the apocopative in verbs ending with

strong letters not joined to expressed pronouns in the

nominative case; as
I

did not

Suppression of

Do not

oJU

know

(ye two) strive with one another

Suppression of the

with such

noun

occurs in the five verbs

letters

weak

as

l^oLiaaj

letters occurs in verbs

when not joined

II

if

ending

to a manifest pro-

in the nominative case; as

Do you

not

know

>tXi'

p!

131

IMPLIED SIGNS OF DECLENSION.

on

All the vowels are implied

I.

because of

I,

,&,*.*
impossibility, as

^JJtxJI

*-

The youth came

I

^O-O

^.rf.

*Jf cL

beat him with the stick

II.

and

are implied
*

0^

(,^-

saw the youth JtiM oolj

lS

LaiJb aU?lo
the

oil

and

when not

preceded by 5, JUix^iLJ
/or heaviness; as
^t
*

**

Behold the judge prays

^*tXj

HI. Vowels are implied in nouns

.

&

with the
--

"
-->

jf^

(JLJOuJf,

as this

in construction

must be preceded by

friend

saw

wrote with
.

my

friend

my

pen

of the regular masculine plural

is

changed into

is

incorporated

according to the rules of JXc^t and

with the ^; as
C w

These are

The

-,

went

when

agreement; as

The

(6j!

9 *

JUoUsOU for

My

^iUJ!

is

my

lovers (Nominative)

implied

when

it is

JjT t^\
in the pause

and in rhyme; as

Fear God and you will be safe

from others
Only he who fears God
the hero

'i ^

*^y^

followed by jJsjJf sw#; as

Serve God

The vowels are implied

>

(St^"*

jlijT
is

^b

xJLlT

132

The

which follows the

of declension

,j

the nominative case

>

the

by the

of assurance

Do you

I,

This

is

When

si;

*Jjt

'*

^^saol

^f

<xl*S

when

followed

^UjT ^ji

the last letter in a word

is

implied upon

it;

is

a just judge

The

is

implied upon the

The

,j

is

omitted for

J,t

-oi

or

as

This

&

^^.sso!

the judge's father

of declension

(5i

>

at,

are implied in pronunciation

by jJopT

as

A^S^;

Will not ye two serve God 1

ig,

followed by

and always when followed

me?

love

verbs in

tif

of protection
JL>U>yi

,j

when

be implied

may

five

is

dropped the sign

as

JjLc ,joU

and not on the

^-4-A.i-^vJ>,

are dropped because of

ljJ&

two

lightening,

ItXi
(Jo.

and the

silent letters

coming

together.

THE NUNATION.
^>_^f
The Tanween or Nunation
to

a declinable word, the

final

vowel doubled; as

The tanween
I.

(jIX^A/t (jjjAi'

able nouns
II.

is

,jc_xJ|

as

a quiescent

is

annexed

being suppressed and the

,j

(^U;

>

J-4;-

of various kinds, the chief of these are:

which

Jli,

is

annexed to wholly declin-

JL>T

^-JLS which

is

annexed to the forms of

133

forms of Plurals, when they end in weak

certain
ters

in

the nominative and genitive cases, the

"

them

instead of placing

and to

when

il

.,

Maidens

--

'

tor

"

<"-

'

i^y*-

it

\l

for

is

may

regular masculine plural; as

fi'

iP

annexed to the regular

resemble the

is

>.

(^-a^yo),

'

of the

>

yLuyo.

annexed to certain proper

nouns that become indeclinable when used as

common

nouns; as
I

passed Sibewaih and

another Sibewaih

-i>.l

/
_,

'~>

V. *J^xJt J^y^' which

is

XJ^*AU
'
* *
'

'

'>

*>
-

used in poetry.

STATES OF THE NOUN IN DECLENSION AND

INDECLENSION.

raj

,'

Nouns

^'-'e

originally admit of declension.

Verbs originally do not admit of declension.

Particles are always indeclinable.

The Noun may be:

IV. >AXlx.'T
which
(j4jlj

"-,-?
*'

c-

0$ for vy+i

yj.*:>

which

feminine plural so that

v_^jD<3LIw

jLJLjLsllT tj-J.^J

with a noun of time; as

,/o*

'

oL<a..M

in construction, &JLM

in construction

Jl
III.

weak

being dropped; and to the words (ja.JLJ, J.5

letter

-,

let-

134

Wholly Declined L*UJ> *jl*J> admitting of the

I.

'

"'

s
i

and
Imperfectly Declined oL*J!

II.

ting of the
III.

or ^^ICxlT

{jjt

e^C

not admit-

J^Jjlj'-

Indeclinable "-*!*

Nouns which resemble verbs resemble them

being imperfectly declined, that
the

^.jJ+JJ
s

or ~, and those nouns

them

tides, resemble

The word olo

or according to

inability

of a

which resemble par-

in this connexion signifies the

tanween

some grammarians the tanween and

word

and accusative

o^Jjjf

to take the

words which are olAlf

tive

they do not take

also in being indeclinable.

therefore the expression

~;

is,

also in

^_A_I_x

^j-xi

tanween and

le^^c take

is

the

-.

All

in the geni-

cases.

IMPEKFECTLT DECLINED NOUNS.

These are the following:

I.

Nouns.

Proper Nouns which have undergone change in

form but not in meaning, they are:
(a).

?>*=-

>

>

p**
'

,?

^J

135

Proper Nouns which are on measures peculiar

(b).

and those measures which

to the verb, as JLJLJ, J^jui,

have as their prefix a servile

which

letter

also pe-

is

culiar to the verb; as

<X?vJ.

Jo, JL*T,

Proper Nouns which have

(c).

declined

is

>

^4*
$.

v_)j
(e).

three

v+ .w

affixed to

,jl

them; as

Compound Proper Nouns when the second

).

only

ye

as

^'f>\

&*-*>

,
i

0--

^-\<"
cXxA.J

>a>yy^ag^

Foreign Proper Nouns which have

letters

or

(2)

part

(1)

more than

three letters with the second one

vowelled; as
9 O !

(/). Proper

JO

10

Nouns ending with

whether masculine

or feminine; as

&iJL> (Masc.)
(#).

sCbll (Fern.)

Feminine Proper Nouns

and of more than three

not ending with

(1)

letters, or (2) of three letters,

or (2) of three letters with the second vowelled; as

II.

Adjectives (1) which

form but not in meaning

I

saw other women

have undergone change in

as
.--

.jJ

o*-

lli ooir for

^' *
1&.I

(Nouns of Superiority are not made plural, dual, or

feminine, unless they have the article or are in construction).

136
Adjectives on the measure of verbs as

(2).

J.a.1 red.

(These are the nouns of attribute and the nouns of

superiority).

Adjectives ending with

(3).

(jt

having ^ on the o; as

Fern.

drunken

i5>l

come under these

Adjectives

with

rules

^UC*

when they do not

and when they are originally

form their

fern,

adjectives;

but nouns used as adjectives; as

Jj'

and

^I^Lo are wholly declinable.

All

III.

Nouns ending with an

additional

*!

or

^;

as

<*,
IV. Plural
plurals

i.

Nouns on the measure

nouns which have after the

e.

letters, or three letters

as

*fo;

^li'lic,

noun

is

of the plural of

of plural

the middle one being

if S is

two

silent,

added to the latter then the

wholly declinable, as

All these

xai'Ll!.

nouns when in construction or joined to

the article take the

as a sign of the genitive.

OF NOUNS WHICH ARE INDECLINABLE.

When nouns
able.
I.

II.

resemble the particle they are indeclin-

Nouns resemble the

When

When

they have

less

particle:

than three radical

letters.

they have the meaning of the particle or

137
it

other words to complete their meaning.

When

they take the place of the verb without

need like
III.

being affected by

When

IV.

it.

they

have no function in the sentence

alas!

as &j

INDECLINABLE NOUNS.
Indeclinable

Nouns

JUA.""""'

are:

The Personal Pronouns

I.

(kLakl

The Demonstrative Pronouns

II.

&

III.

The Conditional Nouns

IV.

The Interrogative Pronouns

-a

lyLff

^l^l^^J

*-Ui-lt

<,

V. The Relative Pronouns

The

VI.

The Names

VII.
i.

e.

Interjections

of Verbs

JliiSf *Iil*

Adverbs which perform the function of Verbs.

VIII.

Some Adverbs

o^liL)! yd*j

These nouns always resemble particles and are therefore

always indeclinable. Nouns which sometimes

re-

semble particles are only at such times indeclinable;

these are:
I.

Nouns

directly addressed

the vocative

by
fjoJb

138

The subject of the Absolute

II.

Negative in certain states

III.

The Compound Numerals from

IV.

Some Adverbs.

Indeclinable
woi'd

is

11 to

words should have the

of one letter only, or

if its

cannot take the

silent letter, it

Words which

but

_,

the

if

penultimate

is

are indeclinable because of their posi-

tion in the sentence do not take the

The

19.

and the

preterite, imperative,

of assurance or

aorist with the

feminine affixed to

able; the aorist in other forms

is

it,

are indeclin-

declinable.

Sometimes the signs of indeclension are implied; as

Hathami
There

is

pltXa.

no youth with you

+$<&&

Jci

L>

DEFINITE NOUNS.
8

S*

The Noun
The
(a).

is

Definite

Nouns

are:

The personal pronoun,

strative

pronoun,

definite

by the

a definite noun,
vocative.

either Definite XiJLo or Indefinite SJo.

(t/)

proper noun,

relative pronoun, (e)

article,
(</)

(b)

(c)

demon-

noun made

(/) noun in construction with

noun

definitely addressed

by the

139

SPEECH,
i

9 _

6 -

Speech consists of sentences JL^?.

which has necessarily a subject and

of

The subject
attribute

'

t>

the

that

l|

*JU!, each

of

predicate.

upon which

that to which something

whilst

ported,

called- xlJt jaJL^JI, that

is

leans,

the predicate

>

pi.

is

attributed,

which leans upon or

relation

the

between them

is

is

sup-

called

-o

t>Luyi

the act

of

leaning.

The principal part

of a sentence or clause (which

absolutely essential to the meaning)

the,

support,

is

is

called stXjJLJI

and the subordinate part (which

be

may

dispensed with), as for instance the objective comple-

ment

of the verb, xJUlil! that which

Under the term

agent,
(c)

t\

(b) jLtlijf v_*3L3

llixJI

IjJcLtJ!

is

in excess.

are included

>

(a)

Ju LiUI

the

the substitute for the agent, and

the subject and predicate; the term

0,0,
&A^ij includes all other

nouns in the sentence.

Sentences which begin with the subject (substantive

or pronoun) are called

nominal sentence

Go o
6
JU**K| Jkia.
is

Nominal

Sentences.

distinguished by the absence

of a logical copula either expressed by or contained in

finite

verb; but a sentence where the predicate

verb preceding the subject, as

ing of a

Jov

Ili'

is

or one consist-

verb which includes both subject and predi-

140

<yUc he died,

cate, as

called xJLLjij xJJU?-

is

Verbal

Sentence.

The subject

of a nominal sentence

which a beginning

that until
its

is

*- ' o > *
called !<XJcJLJI

made, the inchoative; and

oE

..

is

predicate -.jaJI the announcement.

i

The subject of a verbal sentence

'

agent,

A
a

and

its

predicate

is

^of

called J^uJt the

JJL/U!

the action or verb.

verbal sentence relates an act or event, while as

rule,

a nominal sentence
$

or thing; as

i>i__>._jc

is

descriptive of a person

*
'^S
L.+JI the king

nominal sentences the

T<XX-*j*

is

ill;

and

in

always implies contrast

with another
B
llS"

Jov

Zaid rose and

Amr

sat,

whilst in the verbal sentence the emphasis rests solely

upon the

order to avoid difficulties and misconceptions

In
is

verb.

necessary

that these

it

terms agent and ItX-LlJi be

maintained.

THE NOMINATIVE
The following are
I.

in the

CASE.

Nominative case:

The Agent J^UM

^Li^ip?.

II.

The Substitute

of a passive verb.
III.

The Subject

IV.

The Predicate

for the

Agent J^lilT

^^>

Subject

141

*J

V. The Subject

The Predicate

VI.
o

of LJJ!^.!

^\S~.

of LgJ'l^iJ

,jf.

and of

JL

(j-^sJJ the Absolute Negative.

The Aorist when not acted upon by

VII.

nor followed by

of feminine, or

or nouns

VIII. Appositives

in

particles,

of Assurance.

apposition to

Nomi-

natives.

THE VERBAL SENTENCE.

The Agent and

The Noun
by the verb
It

may

is

called the agent

Verb.

when

it is

preceded

in the active voice.

be a noun IjsLb LL\ or a personal pronoun

expressed or understood

The agent
fern,

the

in

yuuU

^f

jLj

w^s

both dual and plural of the masc. and

takes the verb in the singular; as

The

believers

came

^yu>^JI

The women spoke

The two men

sl^-

tUjJI o^

rose

The two women sat

The verb must have the

agent

is

a real

the verb;

also

fern,

when

when the

sign of feminine

noun singular not separated from

the agent

is

a feminine personal

pronoun; as
^

Mary

feared the angel

<t*o

..

..

142

Mary understood
In the

of these sentences *>>*

Mubtada and

is

a sentence composed of the verb and the implied

L&.

fern,

first

pronoun

^ which

refers to

Mary.

The verb may or may not take the

sign of fern, in

the following cases:

Where the verb

I.

the

fern.;

is

separated from

as

Mary came to-day

Note

if

Sit

p?.**

separates them,

it

^^\

No

best to drop the

is

^0AJ** 31

one came but Mary

Where

The sun
III.

In

the agent

is

came

(fern.)

The men knew

is

Lo

*li or

yLi-

or

oo.x

o^e

UIJI

Cj6 or

vJ.jc

does not admit of conjugation; as

ju

worthy
& ^

Hind

*O

tJLa.pl

Where the verb

praise

tti>LuejJI

The winds blew

is

.I

plurals except the reg. masc. plural; as

believers

Hind

JJo or oJtJUs

^+JI

rose

all

*li

not a real feminine; as

The

IV.

f\^- or vjt\J*.

as

fern.;

II.

agent in

its

not standing

Jwi'l^

l*j,

So

Jo

i
(JLf:

^
,

POSITION OF THE AGENT IN THE SENTENCE.

The agent should immediately follow the
in the following cases

it is

verb, but

preceded by the object:

143

When

I.

the action of the verb

agent by 5M preceded by

No

Li.

Si

is

confined to the

or Uil; as
*

one provides for mankind

except God

kbT

Only Zaid struck

When

II.

is

&
S

Amr

the object

y\

JJUajf
*,

Jo\

Ci

an attached pronoun and the

agent a noun; as

My

father loves

III.

When

me

_>!

.JtlsaJ

the agent contains a pronoun which refers

to the object; as

The blossom

yC IsLjT

beautified the trees

-J\

THE AGENT PRECEDES THE OBJECT.

When

I.

the action

particles Uit or

The

511;

sailor hears

is

restricted to the latter

as

nothing

but the waves

II.

When

it

by the

C
is

an attached pronoun; as

honoured the king

III.

When

it

cannot be distinguished from the object

by case endings or by meaning; as

This person loved that

d!6

Jesus lived in the same age as John

l3J*

jciv

The verb may be omitted but the agent must always

be either expressed or understood; as

Who

came? Zaid (came)

J^

(L) ?

*\4- <j

144

The verb

is

necessarily omitted

when a noun

nominative case follows a particle which

used with verbs; as

iSl

is

in the

specially

,%!.

& *n

thou honourest the honourable one, thou wilt have

If

gained him; and

if

thou honourest the base one, he

will rebel

The nouns

names of

action,
these,

of agent,

may

also

attribute,

verbs,-

object,

superiority,

and nouns resembling any of

have an agent.

THE SUBJECT OF A PASSIVE VERB.

Substitute

the Agent.

for

The object of a passive verb

is

put in the nominative

case; as
_

af.

No one was

struck but thyself

ojl

^1
w

The
If,

thief

was imprisoned

however, the object

the noun of action

'

ou~o

Thou wast struck

or

is

->^
"c

ya-XJ!

I*
9

^su

not found in the sentence

an adverbial or prepositional

phrase stands for the agent, and must be made definite

being qualified or (2) being in construction or

by

(1)

(3)

being a proper noun or

(1).

just judgment

(4)

being numbered; as

was decreed

J<Xt

145
(2).

The place

was

of the prince

occupied
H

AJW

(3).

Zaid was passed by

(4).

The Sabbath was kept

sayings were spoken

Many

The noun
vjl^

i.

e.

s ,<"

'o

Jly>l

J4

and preposition must be

of action, adverb,

capable of having different functions in the

sentence, unlike
.

The Agent
(a).

is

omitted:

Because unknown

or

well-known or unimpor-

tant; as
"

"

The house was robbed

The

bell

was rung

The world was created

(6).

Brevity of speech, rhyme or measure in poetry,

or concealment.

When
voice,

a verb has two or more objects in the active

the

first

takes the place of the agent in the

passive voice; as

Zaid was clad in a coat

Amr
I

clothed Zaid with a coat

informed the

the prince

men

&+&. !<x>(

that

was coming

ColS' 11*^7

,J*(1)1

Cols UxiM

J-U-'T

The men were informed that

the prince was coming

10

r;r

146

THE NOMINAL SENTENCE.

that lohich begins or stands at

!<>JC.1-JI

sentence

is

tence and

the head of a

the noun LL^ or subject of a nominal sen-

is

put

in the

nominative case on account

the absence of any word governing

S

It is originally

>

of

it.
o

a substantive o^-oyo

that

which admits

of desertion forming the subject of the sentence.

It

is

also

an adjective

sentence
tive

when

it

in

particle,

X-a_o

forming the predicate of the

occurs after a negative or interroga-

which case

of a lli. predicate,

it

takes an agent instead

The term o^iyo comprises common and proper nouns,

the nouns of time and place, and nouns of instrument.
..

The term x_a_o comprises the nouns of agent,

adjective resembling the agent,
riority

and

excess.

object,

and the nouns of supe-

147

EXAMPLES OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

Study

is

pleasant

o-;

Are you forsaking

my

Abraham

gods,

JJ!

^pllo

Zaid his father is a learned

G

man
God provides

he
,->A^fl!

for

is

k_a.,

him come

friend let

The age
day

is

ki)f

morning?

My

""

for us

The patient how

this

two days, a

you and a day

against you

The orator is on the platform

Men continue
lies

in their fol-

whilst the mill stone

:ii/r

of death
grinding
,

- ot

Examples of

To every

disease there

is

a remedy

The beloved of my beloved

is

beloved to ray heart

JJO

14S

THE PREDICATE.
of the subject.

The predicate completes the meaning

It

must be
It

may

I.

all*

indefinite

and follow the

subject.

be:
that

a singular, dual, or plural noun; as

is

'

The two boys are coming

The

believers are

happy
fj

Knowledge
II.

SJl^a.

useful

is

i-s

a sentence. This sentence

be:

may

0-

Enunciative.

1).

JbAi>.

(a)

Nominal

,;

JLx_JLf, (b)

verbal

S-IJI**,

(c)

conditional

as
S

(a).

The man

his son is rich

(i).

The man

is

(c).

The king,

Ixc

praying

if

you obey

him, will honour you

2).

iJLjL.ik-3! kjU&.

Inceptive,

expressing volition or

beginning.
(a)

imperative,

(b) interrogative, (c) prohibitive.

(a).

Zaid let him stand

(b).

Zaid

(c).

You there is no welcome for you

III.

The

is

he standing?

kil^JI *4A

An

adverbial or prepositional phrase.

believers are in Paradise

&_,<"&
jU.ssJt

to*

The angels are with God

An

adverbial phrase expressing time cannot be the

predicate of a concrete noun.

The man

is

The house
but

we may

The prayer

When

We

cannot say

to-day

to-morrow

is

say
is

The departure

to-day

on the morrow

is

the predicate

an adverbial or prepositional

is

a verb or adjective imptying simple existence

phrase,
is

&JUI

understood, and this verb or adjective forms the

predicate; as
& ^

The war

(will be)

The king

(is)

upon

to-morrow
his

throne

tXc

"

(,jjXj)

auole

The predicate must always be connected with the

s

by a

subject

(ft).

JajK binder. This

be:

may

personal or demonstrative pronoun

as
o

Zaid

know him

The garment of

piety, that

better

(6).

may

iU!<S

^y&l

JA1J

simple repetition of the subject, or the subject

be included in the predicate; as

The day of judgment: what

*"

is

the day of judgment?

Zaid

is

^.
A

M-A! Jo^

is

a good

man

of

"

*"

"

eH'^

men

Oo' Ju* Jf

150
O

here

&^

and there-

defined by the article jU^xsxM

is

j\s>^

The

lajK

(a).

When

is

whom

men, of

fore includes all

Zaid

one.

is

unnecessary:

the predicate

is

a primitive noun; as
*

Zaid

but

my

^1

brother

c,_

Jo)

the primitive noun has the meaning of a derived

if

noun

is

must have the

it

iwlj;

as
8

Zaid

is

a lion

Zaid that
(/>).

is

When

(i.

e.

brave)

(^Laa-i)
s 6

a brother (friend)

the predicate

S ^

tS

J-*f
,

\ dli

(^jj^o)

a repetition of the sub-

is

ject; as
o6
=
~*iH
(yo

^,

The

fact

is,

My belief

is,

God

is

God

my

is

one

sufficiency

^*

cXsJ

i -

^dL!l

>

JJI

jr***^-

In such a sentence as

Zaid
the

is

ia-jiy

a lover of

Amr

must be expressed, otherwise ambiguity

arise as to

who

loves

and who

is

will

loved.

AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

The

when

predicate,

it

contains a pronoun referring

number and gender with the

to the subject, agrees in

subject; as

Miriam

is

God does

good
(yo)

what He

The two brothers are

wills

sitting (U#)

ilio Ue

151
j

The prophets ^c are holy

The men

arose

Ijc

but when there

Lib'

no such pronoun there

is

jLa-lJ!

or

may

may

not be agreement; as
O

Knowledge

is

of

two kinds

"

Declinable nouns are of two kinds

The subject should be

^ & '

S"

When

it is

*U^N|

and precede the pre-

dicate xxjJix xs*x, but

I.

definite

.t-

*oE

>

JuJuJt

,jU.*.i'

*J-JI

tjUJU

it

preceded

be indefinite:

may

(a)

by a negative or an

inter-

rogative particle; or (b) by an adverbial or a prepositional phrase as

as
p^.;
(a).

Is

have not a book

cUaxJLxi lit

anything impossible

_*i Jjo
w

fj

(6).

To every good horse there

When

II.

it

signification of

is

qualified or

is

fall

as a

is

^ &> ^^
better than

an

bow
J^**

is

infidel

When

it is

mu
1

years'

hour's

man

his guide
m i-

righteousness

worship

^ ^ta
^

,j^y

iju*^.!

Le

in construction; as

he conscience ot a

An

J&

with-

wLb.
yj\S Jj-o
^ /

Something (great) made him good

III.

o\'^

an adjective; as

out a string
believer

l^S

an adjective, or has the

One who prays and performs not

4>US"

-i

is

'i"i'

'tiT'

aJUJj ^jUwojll

x^

better than a thousand

&u. oUI Solve J^c

^Is.

/ -

152

When

IV.

expresses condition, or

it

an answer to

is

a question; as
o

He who comes

me will

to

find rest

,.**>*>
"

Who

has come to you?

A man

When

V.

come

(has

it is (a)

to

**

t5tXie *\^

me)

an inclusive expression or

(b)

denotes

separation into kinds; as

All die

better than a

is

One day

fig

tree

When

G^ e

"

JLui'

against us and

is

another for us

LiJ

expresses supplication or imprecation as

^ u & ,0
^^ 5, ,
curse upon Satan
(jUal&J! ^^JLe x**J

VI.

date tree

(b).

it

Peace upon you

VII.

When

it

definite noun, (b)

(a).

A man

IXJ

^yjL

is

joined by a conjunction

to (a) a

an

adjective, or (c) a qualified

noun; as

and

his friend

hold converse
(

book and the Bible are

().

A man

and a wise

lost

man

are

travelling
(c).

2,

>-

(a).

A man

and a strong

lion strive together

VIII. If

it

follow

^Li^Lor J^s Julj

I<S

(ilSLidBT), S^J, ,

(JUuf)

or

153
I

entered and behold a

S

o^-*""

thief in the house

Had

it

,* o')
i?^

*^>*y
^

not been for love

would

oJUXI

have become weary

I

went forth whilst a

star

'.?
*Lo!

was shining

How many

^ ,
jusa./>

t -

tX*

f*

T3-3
?

'

she-camels you have

The Predicate may be

definite

when

it

to the

is

person addressed as an indefinite noun; as

This

is

my

said to one

who

Also

when

This

is

li!

brother
does not

the noun

is

Ijkjo

know him.

made

definite

by the

article; as
**

said to a

the horse

man

to

whom

the horse was mentioned.

THE SUBJECT PRECEDES THE PREDICATE

I.

When

both are either definite or indefinite; as

My brother is my
A book is better
God

is

friend

the creator

(JL^vjT

ill!

II.

When

the predicate

noun

in the

nominative case referring to the subject; as

Love suffereth long and

is

is

a verb containing a pro-

kind

i3*ri'5

,>&

Sil

154
a

III.

When

the predicate

is

restricted

or by

L+.jt

by

s,

and $; as

y\ after the negatives Li

6

only to those

is

Victory

who

are patient

Paradise

the good

^j-jLaJU

Li
5| xlsjT

^j^Jl^JJ

(lit.)

When

Ui|

not except for

is

u of-

--

IV.

-.jiJI

the J, *!jaj>ll of assurance

**

prefixed to

is

the subject; as
'*-

9 .

Of a truth thou art Lonl

When

V.

rogation,

the subject expresses (a) condition,

or

(c)

when

it is

(b) inter-

with either

in construction

of these; as
(a).

Whomsoever

looked for

did
o

,,

f-

sie

not find
(l>).

Who

(c).

Wliose son

is

present
in the house

is

^4*J!

,5*

THE PREDICATE PRECEDES THE SUBJECT

X
I.

When

the

an adverbial or
(a).

(ft).

"

(f>)

G^.

>

!<XJCA/>

is

indefinite

and the

"'

JLi. is (a)

a prepositional phrase; as

have a pen

IJLs

.Cii'

^Juc

Between prodigality and miserliness there

medium

iujj

J-ioj

is

>JJ4j' (j4^
^

To everything which

inflicts

an injury however
f ff

there

is

pain

(lit.)

pi

&

**

J3>

*-

trifling

S, .

Pj ^i^j

Li

155

When

II.

the subject contains a pronoun referring

to the predicate; as

The pleasure of the eye

beloved

its

is

filling)

(lit.

In the house

is

its

owner
c

HI.

When

the subject

with the negatives

There

by Us! or by

is

When

LuT 9|

has the chief place in the sentence; as

Whose

son are thou?

Where

is

the

^Ijo Lx

ajjf JilijT Uit

forgiving

it

91

and 5.

no guide but God

is

Only God
IV.

Lx

restricted

is

way?

SUPPRESSION OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

Either subject or predicate

may

be omitted in such

sentences as

Who

is

with you? Zaid

(is

with me)

How

is

Zaid? (Zaid)

Also after
I

t<M

is

well

expressing suddenness; as

went forth and behold!

*

the lion (standing)

The snake, the snake,

(is

here)!

(U)

gazelle, a gazelle!

(This

is)

the

first

*:

(llfti'l.

chapter

iu

JlCi

jjST

,l

Jljl

(Ijj

156

The subject must he omitted

Where

I.

dicate to
I

in

the following places:

the qualifying adjective

an omitted subject

saw a man (he

is)

c^jafi,l7

is

used as a pre-

oJoJI; as

a generous

man
II.

After verbs of praise or blame; as

Good the man

(the praised)

Abdullah
Evil the

man

(the blamed)

Mohammed
III.

When

the predicate

is

a noun of action taking

the place of the verb; as

excellent patience

(My patience

is)

(His love

a great love

IV.

is)

When

the predicate

swear by

when the

that. I will
I

must be omitted;

my

iUsajo

(*!.<)

an oath, the subject must

is

be omitted, and conversely

the predicate

&lhf

subject

is

an oath,

as

conscience

do this

swear by thy

life

earth

there

(jG

The Predicate

is

omitted

is

no one remaining upon

u^f oy J^
(a) after S^J

^g?"*) ^r**J

when

it signifies

simple existence; as

Had
I

Zaid not been present

must have perished

vLJlL^J

(*^)

Jo;

157

but

cannot be omitted when anything but mere

it

existence

is

implied; as

Had Zaid not

I

acted graciously

would have perished

(/>)

after

Every

oJCJL^J JJ-JEOO jo\

^J

having the meaning of with; as

man and

his

work

(,jbyciLo) xJUej

J^T

jj"

The Subject may have more than one predicate; as

The

clog is

sagacious (and) faithful

here the conjunction

may

^Lel

be used.

The predicate may be introduced by

subject

is

qualified

(a)

&Ixi v^Jxil

a relative pronoun,

by a sentence, or

(c)

(b)

an

vJ

when the

indefinite

noun

an adverbial or prepo-

sitional phrase; as

A man

outrunning gains

the prize

ii

THE ADJECTIVE,
This

is

the singular adjective preceded by an inter-

rogative or negative particle and has for its nominative

a noun or a detached pronoun which forms the subject

of the sentence. This

noun

is

the agent and takes the

place of the predicate; as

O*

Are you ready?

here A.aJLLc

is

the adjective and

the nominative case.

^j| iX*A.~/> Jjo

o*~il

the pronoun in

158
This sentence admits of two grammatical explanations
(a) <x*JLU>

\S*4* aQ d

the

is

takes the place of the JX.,

^*Jl is

the agent which

tXxILo

(/;)

is

the predicate

of-

and ool

When

the subject with the order reversed.

without the particle of interrogation or nega-

the sentence

tion
is

is

is

of the

first

kind, as the adjective

always the predicate and the noun the subject.

If the

noun

dual or plural, the adjective

is

the

is

subject; as
*

**

--

^jiLi-Jl *SUl Jj

Are thy sons beloved?

CAJ

The
is

""JC*G

Are the two men standing?

gjue

yj.xsx*

J*

has the action of the verb, and this action

strengthened

when

the

io

is

which are originally peculiar to

follows the KA*O

is

preceded by particles
verbs.

The

|JL|

which

therefore called the agent.

WORDS WHICH AFFECT THE SUBJECT AND

PREDICATE.
from v-li

to

cancel.

are certain verbs and particles which precede

the subject and predicate and change the declension

and meaning

of the latter.

The Verbs are:

S
>

__

3^^

-^,

oLT

Lislltf jlijyf

^-^,-cJ^.ot
E^UUJ* JUbl

Abstract Verbs.

Approximate Verbs.

159
j

"O

_,

G*

wjJUJI Jliil

Verbs denoting

a,

Men-

tal Process.

ILifclj

IA^S

JJLsjJdf Jlis!

Verbs of Change.

Verbs which take three

Objects.

The

Particles are:

which resemble

Particles
-

.*

Kx-UJ!

il

__

L43 ^=.t5

Some

the Absolute Negative

^ and

^t

Sisters.

of these verbs take the subject

and predicate

as their objects, viz.

~

Some take the

predicate as their

subject as
-..=.

^.^ noun and

their

the

(predicate), viz.

As regards government they are divided into three

classes
1.

Those which put the subject in the nominative,

and the predicate in the accusative,

II.

Those which put the *_ll

the predicate in the nominative,

in

viz.

the accusative and

viz.

160
III.

Those which put the subject and predicate in

the accusative as their objects:

To be
I.

To become

Conjugated

To be or do something in the morning

throughout

and form

derived

nouns.

before

noon

in the

day

in the evening

in the night
-

To continue:
II.

Used

in preterite

He

did not cease

He

did not leave off

;j ^
Cf

He

desisted not from

dUb!

Si

and

III.

aorist

f.

only.

He

Preterite

As long as

only.

Not

1) These

verbs are

~~<fO

'

Lx>

relinquished not

commonly used without

reference

to

the special

f
f - - of
that -^V^ol -*x'
,>Ang' have
,

times implied in
the

meaning

of time.

their

meanings; so

of sLw>o to become; cjl

>

J^

signify a longer duration

161

EXAMPLES.
The earth was without form and void

The time became near

who overcomes,

He,

may

Co.i

be overcome

JjUJf 19'
j^uoj AS
v*^

iTlljU
f

'

The horseman became

a captive

The army remained

in readiness

My

SjuuL,U,

friend

became

distant (space)

The camel-driver has

kept on driving fast

The beloved one

will

not cease to be loved

I did

in

not cease to live

Jerusalem

He

will not cease to

be angry

He

will not cease to

interfere in our affairs

b^l

J^ftX^

Walk in the light, as long

as the light

is

with you

A highwayman

is

not

a hero

,jcj

US

162

lf'

and

*>C? are called Lai'lllf

incomplete verbs because they

more than the

require

subject to complete their meaning.

The conjugated forms of these verbs have the same

action as the preterite.
^li"

dicate

only

may

take a verb iu the preterite as pre-

which case

in

it

be preceded by

may

JLJS

the

remainder require the verb to be in the aorist; as

^6

.-*--' o -o

Zaid had departed

(jjJUait

The predicate may precede a verb which

ated throughout;

--

Jov ^Is

<\i'

is

conjug-

but with the other verbs the order

nrnst be preserved.

The fZ| with the verb

with
its

verb in

its

*_JLt

in

all

follows the rules of the agent

respects; that

the nominative and

is,

the verb takes

in the accu-

its ,JL&.

sative; as

U3U

Zaid was standing

tX^j

(^

Zaid beat

Amr

The

with the predicate follows the same rules

*J!J

as the subject

tile

and predicate

>--

..*-

JoC ol<o

--Jo *

of a
.-A-aaUtj lju-zJiJ1

nominal sentence; as

No

one was standing except Zaid

All these verbs except

Ib

jo\ ^[

JHJj and

^^ Jj^ ^
_Xs Le

be used as perfect verbs when their meaning

complete by the agent; as

is

may
made

163

Zaid existed

Zaid spent the night

JoC J,L*

What we have done we have done

LA*

tiLj

Joj

^\S Li

^
'

The

which precedes
~ - ~

particle of negation Lx
-

f
-AJ
O
(/;)

<^

be replaced by
(c)

eLsJJ!

(a)

(J-"

-4A^' ^ prohibition or

supplication,

'*J,^ O

Cl

'^

L^AXijn:

^L&il!

ever be blessed

(a).

May you

(A).

Do not

(c).

Will the lad continue ignorant

^;L*^

Any

?'

may

cease to be patient

particle,

the negative

verb, or

may

J,

Jl^,

oJ)
^^

'r*L^>

noun having the meaning

of

as

Li;

Zaid does not cease to be generous

"

^
Jjj'

be substituted for

!i(

Uj.^ Jol^ J!

The judge does not cease to judge

The

li

I will

which precedes pi>

is

the X

not accompany you

o 9

.-

as long as I live

LAS. ouct> Li

Note: There are other verbs which are incomplete

with a subject alone; the are made to follow ^LS"; as

To go

in the

To return

morning
juijl, ia>j,

t<Xt

To go

<Slc

To become

in the evening

L\\

Zaid returned disappointed

Like

JIC Li

are

Ilj

Li

and

^ U.

After the conditional particles

its

^ may
The

and ^J,

,j

and

be omitted; as

witness, if he

is

alone,

is
^

as nothing

^L.*'

164
Seek, even though

it

be

a ring of iron

The apocopated form of JjL^ when occurring

in the

middle of a sentence and not joined to a pronoun

drop the ^; as

Be not

afraid

Ubli.

may

165

&\

APPROXIMATE VEEBS.
1

and

may have an

aorist.

jlidl

To be on

*\S

the point of being or doing

X

Express approximation

Express hope or desire

These

are

begin with

called

t>l5"

a6ow<

it
t

-0

Of

^ 57*"-" Jl*f

Express beginning

approximate verbs
to

be

or'

because they

do.

EXAMPLES.
His breathing was about

""
e

to cease
%^"

'

'

"**
'

166

The crops were about

to

dry up

The heart was about

to

melt with longing

May God

relieve our

diffi-

culties

rf*

^57*

The heavens appeared

"&

^ a

Ikii' ,jl

iU**

xXxai'

JaJu

The wise man began

Zaid began to read

The

tXoUj

run

^5J"^

<

to

began

preacher

-o

lyb

to recite
to

'

to

relate his story

The runner began

*-

ij'

as

though they would rain

The poet began

v-JJiJ!

^>)<^>.

Us^-i

>

-k*j

preach

The men began

to question
f

one another

The merchant began

o&JI

Al these verbs govern

an

J^sx.J

J>jLJl

C'

to
^_

&*jLtaj

goods for sale

take

""^

^j Jax*j

,_

they

began to go

about the country

offer his

tXi.1

to sing

My friend began to expect me

traveller

' '

.-

^LJI

^^J'L^Aj

The bird began

The

>

\-r*~*

in the

'o,J
ur*J

same way

"

!!-

v^LxJ! V_A

as ^\S;i.e.

*-^t in the nominative and a predicate

167
in

the accusative. 5L/ and

have an aorist

JL^I may

and at times a noun of agent; the remainder are not

^^&

oLj",

conjugated.

before the predicate.

must be

referring to the

^^Lc, JL&jl

The predicate of

,j1

hope you will

these verbs

agent a pronoun

treated as per(jjpLLt are sometimes

for their agent the

and the verb following

visit us

Rain was about to

Sometimes

its

all

take

-&

and take

composed of

may

(jj-J^JLa.]

*-ll.
I

(Xiy,

the aorist having as

in

fect verbs

fall

J^

^))'r
i3v*j ,jl

takes as

its

noun
it;

of action

as

ij' 15***

J^I^jkiJ!==k^jj

(JJ

nominative the pronoun

in the accusative case; as

*'

May you come

The

(^

is

in the place of

in

The predicate may precede the

pL\;

as

Zaid almost died

PARTICLES WHICH RESEMBLE.

The

particle Li governs as (jlnJ

when the negation

and order are preserved; as

Zaid

but

is

if

not standing

we say

CSli'

JoC L

168
G

No

one but Zaid

is

standing

Joj

is

only standing

or Zaid

is

not standing

Jov

the Lo does not govern because the

assertion,

positive

and

first

L*

<>jj

LS

pU
is

example

the second and third the

in

i'e versed.

is

$ governs as ^XJ and follows the rules of

that

L*

^Sls

}M

ljU

bM

or Zaid

order

OS

u^

its

subject

There

not a

is

Li

except

and predicate must be indefinite; as

man

present alone

L^oLa.

J^

il

This negatives the individual only; so that the sentence

may mean

that there are two or more

sent;

it

therefore called

is

When

Lc

men

pre-

*
iuiUJ!.

-o^

'^

Sj^yU

and ^ have the same government as y~^J

they are called ^jjJty(~ap&J\.

^
I

governs as J^i and follows the rules of

US.

am

not standing

A man

is

USls

'

me

"f

jo^i sL^Xju

^"3 governs as
its

*JLl

JL.1)
is

&
It

is

when

its

not the time for study

so

omitted.

that the

predicate

'*'
Uujo
I

is

"'if

^\

&j+i\

a noun of

not mentioned; as

LS takes the same word

cate;

,jl

not dead by the mere ending of his natural

Tf

time and

lit

^o

for its

word mentioned

o^'j (oJ^JI)

^,\&

^j"^

as the predi-

indicates

what

is

169

PARTICLES WHICH RESEMBLE VERBS.

oof-

-=

>

jls%
Jjl

certainly, surely, verily, express assurance.

Jj!

&

^iy

My?,

as-

the predicate

has the meaning of resemblance

when

a primitive noun, but of doubt

when

if;

the predicate

is

a derived noun.

is

but, yet, nevertheless

!jf

>

(5

X^J

is

used to correct the opinion

formed from the previous sentence.

oyJ would

expresses a wish for

that;

what

is

impos-

sible or difficult of attainment.

" -JJLf

perhaps, per chance, if haply; expresses expectation.

These particles resemble verbs in having

three letters,

(&)

on their

final letter, (c)

(a) at least

the meaning

and government of verbs; but in order to distinguish

them from verbs

Surely

God

is

their

government

is

reversed.

forgiving,

merciful
jtl&.j

L*jJ

xJllf

here the subject has ^ instead of L

Verily the time
I

knew

is

nigh

that study would

increase knowledge

As

if

Amr
a miser

SiJUjf jJjvj sliAkllf ^1

Zaid were a lion

is

44 J

rich

but he

is

cLlt

(Jo)

^1

170
I

wish that youth would

return

Fear God,

may

find

The

if

haply ye

mercy

^^^.3
and

particles ^1

Amr
Zaid

when governed;

as

that

is

dead

is

found in the following places

J^l
I.

me

informed

*JJ\

are really the same.

,jf

They are written with

^JOJii

oJyo IjoC ^1 j.^e

The beginning

^J

of a sentence.

After a relative pronoun.

II.

III.

Introducing an answer to an oath having J pre-

fixed to the predicate.

IV. Introducing a statement following jLs and

its

derivatives; as
s

He said that

he was ready

JUU^MO

V. Beginning a &JLJL=>. &JU..=

,s
xit

^ ^

JLs

a sentence expressing

state or condition; as
I

visited

him, and

am

assured of his generosity

'

VI. After

**'& ^f^> ^'5

LjJ>!^j!j ^So

when

their predicate

ceded by J.
I

knew that Zaid was

S

W.

Am

a traveller

I not

^-"

*jUJ

really standing

VII. After

*>;)

'

**

~"

is

pre-

171
VIII. After

441.
*

where Zaid was

I sat

^JLs-

sitting

a sentence which

IX. Beginning

o*.

si

O*JLS

,ji

!<>.;)

predicate to

is

concrete noun; as

Zaid surely

In the following places

After

I.

6o *

man

a generous

is

^,f

or ^\

fi

may

be used:

expressing suddenness; as

!<it

wenth forth and, behold!

O
o" ^ C^
uialj 1+JI ^1

the tiger was standing

II.

Where

predicate

it

begins

-*

the answer to an oath whose

not introduced by J; as

is

**

o**

swore that

III.

After

Who

me

etysxJI

.'-i-^if 'i

x!.XJl

The best saying, God

its

iU; as

will

IV. After a subject which

^f and

is

one

Jws-lj

Your faithfulness pleases me

true

take the J before

position
&^

subject f<x_4x>

Surely Zaid
Li

may

^jLs

i>b

^^

saying; as

xJJI ,j!
JyiJI

JU.

sentence must be convertible into a noun

its

lit; as
1

may

common

is

of action in construction with

^1&

*>

iC

of reward

comes to

would go

have honour

its

*JI
|vJvJ

in

when
is

&

',*
cXi<Xo = (jjoLe tXi!
"

'r'

its

predicate

AASX*J

(S

when

it

has

the sentence and also before the

the order

standing

is

reversed; as

puJ

Ijo)

,j!

be affixed to these particles, in which case

172

with the exception of oJLJ they cease to govern; as

With

is

iSls

standing

these particles the predicate

when the former

subject

is

may

s o,

'

Zaid only

UM

J-?j

precede the

an adverbial or preposi-

tional phrase; as

is

it

Would

that

When

a second

had a friend

Ub<Xo ^J

noun occurring

joined by a conjunction to the

oJLJ

after the predicate

*-ll

&

of JjXJ,
**

<T)t

or

fe

take either the nominative or accusative case;

may
o~

-*c or

as

THE ABSOLUTE NEGATIVE.

*lzF& klslUT

The Negative Particle ^ denies the existence of a

thing absolutely; as

There
It

is

man good

no

,->-"-^

governs in the same manner as

>l

^') ^

taking an *!(&

the accusative and a predicate in the nominative;

in

both the

|J*f

and predicate must be

^ introduce the
,v-ll
&

(c)

which completes
S-

followed by a preposition or adverb

its

meaning, or (d) a single word

>

o^^o.
the

&

either (a) in construction, (b) governing

is

another word,

"

and the

*-ll.
1

The

indefinite

In

last,

the

the

first

three cases ^ governs like

in
^j,

*Jll is indeclinable

the accusative which

it

and takes the sign of

had when declinable; as

173

have not a lead pencil

(a).

(b).

There

is

no climber of

the mountain in the

Here
(c).

ItXaUi,

There

no

There

shall enter

The

is

no

JutLo

if

man upon

the house top sleeping

((/).

3JUa.

^4-

governs

is

(JjJofT _

way

jl5

infidel

who

heaven

iusxjf

reg. fern, plural

take the ^ or ~.

may

There are no female believers

in the

town

Rj&Vpf

e>llojx

or tollit^i y
''
9
If the

repeated and

is

we may have any

I.

its

conditions are observed

of the following five forms

There is no power and strength save in God

xJJb
"

*$\

% y>

*~

SB

^
'

^W i" M

TT

"

xUb-

IV.

xDL'

yi s!i'
& ' y,

V.

iJJb

il!

In the

first

introducing

example each negative

a separate

sentence;

repetition of the negative

characteristic action;

governs and

in

the second

is

in

is

the

ill

'
& 8^3

JLi S
'4

sis
6 '

if,
'

Jli
^
'

regarded as
second

regarded as preventing

the third the

first

the
its

negative

regarded as joined to the

is

sentence composed of ^ with

its

p-ll

and

*--?

ij

III.

'

& J

'

lL-

'

.J[-j>.

which

174
is

the

first

the nom. case. In the fourth example

in

virtually

regarded as not governing because of

is

Si

the second governs because

repetition;

new

as introducing a

The

sentence.

it is

fifth

regarded
is

example

seldom used.
If the

the

definite,

There

(a).

Si

is

woman

not a

is

(a)

ceases to govern and

not a

separated from

or

if it

is

(f>)

must be repeated; as

man and
s

GE, -o-^

in the house

silo!

HI

J4-; ^ItXJf ;?

Neither Zaid nor Ami-

(h).
is

noiin

with us

j-lc

The predicate

No harm
The
i or 2

<^l

may

Li

jo*

y
<>J|)

be omitted; as

Zaid (came) not another lie $ Joj

Si

adjective

when

of y

qualifying the

pJL\

may

the *-lt and adjective are

*

*U?.

take the

yt<>lA>c indi-

*,

vidual words not separated from one another. Other-

wise

it

takes 2 or

The Hemzeh of Interrogation may be

without affecting

its

government.

prefixed to

175

VERBS DENOTING A MENTAL PROCESS

"

""
juJF

To

see

To know
To

find

These express Certainty

To know
To

find

Learn

j*s

To think
To reckon
To suppose
To reckon
These express Doubt

To suppose
To reckon

To imagine
Grant

EXAMPLES.
I

see

(that)

men

are

heedless

Know

(that) love is the

greatest virtue

JoLdll

Judil k

&
*

176
S

Zaid found

Amr generous

Do you know who

CjJ"

!~lt

>.j^

is
^ o

..

with US?
I find

a friend

Learn (that)

is

needful

men

are
^o

C-o

Lc

different

thought the thief was

Ulo

a guest

You have made

the

night as day

Do you

ICL

suppose (that)

Zaid loves you

Men count knowledge

the most profitable of things

^SlT

iij!

|U*JI

^Lj

Do you reckon (that) the

pupils are in the school?

Do
Zaid

juiTJuJI

not imagine (that)

is

your friend

JJijtXo

Grant that you are absent

When

tjoj

4*^

Jo!

these verbs precede the subject and predicate

they take them as their objects; but when they come

between

they

government.

If

may

or

may

not

have

their

special

however they follow their objects they

govern.

Some

of

them

are conjugated throughout; others are

defective or not conjugated at

all.

177
o

C5

>.

JUi? and

^K"

are only used in the imperative.

v_*ft

to see (by dreams) follows these verbs in taking

when

it

means

but only when in the second person

aorist,

a double accusative, and also JLs to say

to

think,

and immediately following an interrogative

Do you say that rain

summer
If

in the
.a

is

harmful?

the particles Li
J,

interrogation

particle; as

>

s,f>

ou-aJ!
\jja.a

!^

,? -,f

T k*JI

of negation,
^.^.g.Jt

of condition, jLj^iUI

come between one

*J"

.'

-f

JJ.AJI

ut^>

J,

and particles of

of these verbs and its

objects, the verb does not govern, as these particles are

regarded as having the chief function in the sentence.

These verbs are reflexive; the agent and the object

may

be two personal pronouns referring to the same

person; as
*

I see

myself

ill

Either one or both objects

the meaning

is

Do you think
I

may

-*

*-*aJv

^iM

be omitted

when

known; as
that Zaid

think that (Zaid

is

is

standing

standing)

U3U

IjoC

jjJii'l

178

VERBS DENOTING CHANGE.

of

To leave

To make

J<SU

and reckon

djS

To make, give
To change

To take

^st^

as

o_

into

These verbs are

They govern

,,

>>

all

like

conjugated except vSJ.

^ib

i.

e.

they take the subject and

predicate as their objects, and exert their characteristic

action

independently of their position in the sentence.

EXAMPLES.
I

made the

clay into earth-

enware

made the branch

Zaid

into

a DOW

Lw*3

took him as a friend

used the stick as a crutch

't?

M3.s.!\

*^

Jo,

Uy<Xi

if

IvlXe LoiJI

I left

him

sick

I left

him standing

UsU

May
It

be your ransom

changed the heat into cold

tiJlt

too

xij'lS

179

VERBS WHICH TAKE THREE OBJECTS.

.--?*

--

To inform

-r*
-

yAi.!

know

To make

to

To make

to see (mentally)

e;

IA~.

o*

f'

f-

(tfM) ^\\
of-

To

relate

To inform beforehand

i>t\a.

Lof

and II^ are conjugated throughout; the remaining

mostly used in the passive

five are

voice. Particles

may

be introduced before the second and third objects; as

I

was informed that the

9

physician was not present

The

first

object

is

we

If
I

(instead of the

is

two

.-

objects).

that Zaid was coming

p&\3 Ijo)

shewed him that the rain

.

two

the accusative

in

9o

was benencial
,j!

^Ju^l

say:

knew

or, I

^
>
o>JuJl

the J^UJf 4*3lS and the sentence

which follows the particle

,j--.'.V-

Jo*5

~^l&.

with

its

>

&***
JL\

~t '.?
jia+j\

6?

>'o-f

ja.i

and predicate takes the place of the

objects in the first example,

and that of the second

and third objects in the second, so that they are thus

virtually in the accusative v_*aj

180

EXAMPLES.
made him know

that
f

knowledge

is

God caused men

l*ib

profitable

"

*~

|iA*JI

*
o " o *
J
nx+i^l

to see

The children of

i*

that Job was patient

,A -o
**-"

*>

v^' u"^'

U^L-a

Israel

were foretold that Christ

would come

Uiils

^^i\
^
"

'

juot>_lf
"

was informed that

my

was absent

friend

informed him

my

love

is

1*211.

that
jU^i

great

The men were informed

that

the

were

locusts

distant

Amr

!j4

4>I^JT

glut

informed his broL

-I

ther that he

is

sick

THE ACCUSATIVE

O^J i

(>*

CASE.

The following take the accusative case

I.

II.

The Absolute Object

The Objective Complement

III.

The Vocative

IV.

The Adverbial Accusative of Time and

Place

x>

sla

II&.

181

The Adverbial Accusative

V.

of Cause or

Reason

jJ

The Object following

VI.

VII. That

which

is

of Association

MM

Excepted

The Adverbial Accusative of State or

VIII.

Condition

The

IX.

Specification

X. The Predicate of

u*4^ ^^g*"-H

XI. The Subject of

o-IfJU

&

llff

fy

The Aorist when preceded by the

XII.

Accusative Particles

JJLtlt

The Appositives or words

XIII.

in

Apposition to Accusatives

These are called

L>iL-^_i

^GjJiii.

and are used either objec-

tively or adverbially.

The
sative

transitive
case.

position

verb governs

its

When, however, the

connecting

it

object in the accu-

object follows a pre-

with the verb, the presence of

the preposition puts the object in the genitive.

THE ABSOLUTE OBJECT.

The Absolute Object

is

a preposition attached to
its

so called because it has not

its

name, limiting or defining

action, like the other jJLeUi.

It expresses

ally the

simple action of the verb, and

noun of action of the same verb; as

is

origin-

182

He

surely killed

I greatly

He surely beat

Sltf JJSJ

U^k

it

approved

This noun of action must follow:

(a).

(b).

Another noun of action, or

strong verb, not such as

Sis',

JjLT,

an adjective ex-

(c)

pressing accidental qualities; as

.f

(a).

(b).

him with a great

loved

lIlac

love

tjojui

l4>-^ l<34)

o,

Zaid

is

of the

-><,

very accomplished

THE ABSOLUTE OBJECT

(I).

JUx

wondered at thy

striking Zaid severely

(c).

&

(Is,.

IS

OF

TWO

KINDS:

4X_5._J!

</ta<

MAtcA assures,

is

the noun of action

same verb and simply strengthens

its

meaning

thereby removing the idea of metaphor. This noun of

action

is

always

in

the singular; as
Q *

I assuredly killed
(II).

^jJJ^i\

action gives

that

him

5k*j>

*>**

jolxs

which makes manifest. This noun of

more meaning than the verb

used to express number and form;

it

and

itself,

is

be made

may

dual or plural; as

He ran
11

swiftly

1 1 ook two steps

L*J*

L.^ u&f)
'-(''of"
^jf)~^ ^y^3 ^

The Absolute Object

is

T
A

squatted
'

1-4.

I*

' "

sat uprignt U^AA

originally the

noun

'
I

"l

'

'

of action

183

same

of the

1.

verb; but the following

may

take

its

place

The noun of action of another verb having a

similar meaning; as
^

I rejoiced greatly
2.

"

>

o^-vi

La.l$xsl

The noun of action of the same verb but on a

measure; as

different

washed myself

3.

^JuoiJ! .vJ

*"*

-o

- -

jLuJtcl oJL-Ju

which has the

signification of the

noun

of action; as
*

4.

s -

s'Xo oJJLa

prayed
ft/
2

.-

oa_a_jj

>

Jk_5

when

in construction

with a noun of

action; as
I loved

5.

6.

Number;
struck

H*tyL>!

*^^'

txJb o!y>

all

my

might

as

him three blows

Form; as

8.

I sat in

a squatting posture

*LajiJt ^

Instrument; as

9.

o-o

adjective; as

ran with

7.

>'g^o*
JUx*a>.!

demonstrative pronoun; as

read that sort of reading

An

JJ

jL^sxiJI

c *^

a - -."

him greatly

beat him with a whip

10.

The pronoun of a noun of

\]o^u

action; as

'j*i>

184

him with such

loved

love as
11.

Li

did not love others

slle l^ls>

and ^t which imply interrogation; as

Speak what you wish

The verb
action takes

is

pJLX-i'

necessarily implied

its

o*i<i Li

when the noun

of

place; as

(Go) slowly
*

heard and I obeyed

^-

-*

**

xilbj La*!*

THE OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT.

The Objective Complement
verb.

receives the action of the

The verb must therefore be

transitive

and in

respect differs from the other JuwcUi whose verbs

be either transitive or intransitive. If the verb

originally transitive it
I

is

made

not

rode the mare

a chair

I clothed

him with a beautiful garment

may

so by a preposition; as

I sat in

is

this

informed him that you were present Lali. dbl x

brought a book

THE VOCATIVE.
The
tive

object addressed

complement.

^allf

is

a part of the objec-

185

The vocative
verb to

call

particles take the place of the implied

^ob! /

^b,

call.
Q ^

noun addressed

If the
9

definite x-j-JLo

is

and

single

o ,

o'Jue it

becomes indeclinable, and takes the sign of the

when

nominative, but

neither definite nor single

it

is

put in the accusative; as

tC^xxi

Mohammed!

When

LJ

Man!

construction

with

^L^

the noun addressed

is

in

.wjULOl and does not end with a weak

^5

may be changed

my

into

the

letter,

as

I;

brother!

1^.1

LJ

for

In

and

v!jt

II

the

^" may
,

my
If

ool

father

the

word ,j-4|

be changed into

y;

as
.1

_
L>

my

follows

the

mother

vocative the noun

addressed takes the n in place of the L as

;

Zaid son of Amr.

If the

or

noun addressed has the

xJt with

ticle

If

Jujd

Li, is

and the noun; in

the noun

adjective

and

if

is

article,

introduced between the par-

this case the

a derived one

primitive

the word ^1

it is

it

noun takes the

is

L.

regarded as an

Jjo; as

you generous one

Man
Sometimes the noun addressed follows the demonstra-

te
tive

pronoun instead of

L^jl; as

186

man

(you) this

The word God although possessing the

be addressed, as aJU!U>

The vocative

God! also jt4^"

article

01

may

'

|*4^"-

noun addressed may be

particle or the

omitted; as
(0) Joseph hear

my

^i^S *+L\

saying

(people) worship

The Vocative
1

for

<xJLl

Particles are:

a near object.

I.

i^T, IA#, LJ| for

LJ

for both near

a distant object.

and distant

objects.

THE ADVERBIAL ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND PL ACE.

This expresses the time and place of the action ot

the verb, and

meaning of
1

prayed

I sat

is

so called because the

in;

(in) to

nouns have the

as

day

aside

The noun of time whether

definite or indefinite is

put in the accusative; as

I

came yesterday

I travelled for

The noun
accusative; as

x*Ll)l >*&.

a time

of place

when

sjuc

indefinite

LyU,
is

put in the

187
I

looked east and west,

north and south

When

is

^^*

^7^*5

the noun of place

is

^7*5

^S

J&>

definite the preposition

introduced; as

<XswiJI

prayed in the mosque

The place

of the

adverb

may

be taken by

o*^Le
(a)

the

noun of

action, (b) demonstrative pronoun, (c) adjective,

-'
So,
(d) numeral, (e) yaju and J^; as
(a).

awoke

I sat

at sunrise (time of)

near the table

sjotjl

ran there

3"ll#

(6).

(c).

I fasted

(rf).

journeyed three days

watched the whole night

or (part of

(*i*j) J4^'
is

I.

which

sentence, as the

II.

is

Friday

of

may have

word

-jj

Behind
After

Where
These adverbs

J^

IU!

J>lL
Juu
^jjif

may

is

different functions in a

in the following sentences.

SutUaJt llf!

olixi xc which

In front of

'

two kinds:

The adverb

To-day

' -

-bf SJUu

it)

oJjL^,x.xi

little
ef

(e).

i_ys

rode to-day

always an adverb; as

Where
At
Before

Above
take the preposition

jj-jo

before

188

them, with the exception of

a

and

How

which takes both

and

^1

and

when

will

you not return?

gis*,

Until

long,

Lord,

cxla.

which take ^l; as

how long?

*^l'j

B-

,.

xx
(5

C5

xa.

i_
i_j>

*$

L>

Whither are you going?

He went wherever

he wished

The following adverbs are always

Yesterday

indeclinable:

UJ

189

him from love

I visited

here o^..^. expresses the cause of flight;

who
If

fled

who

feared; it

any of these conditions are not

also indefinite.

is

fulfilled,

must be introduced by one of the

action

a noun

because the one

flee as to its agent,

the one

is

is

not of the same verb, and agrees

of action although

with the verb to

it

the noun ot
particles of

causation; as

on account of fear

I fled
I

went

to

I visited

for

you to-day

me

honouring

The

him

water
for

your
JLisUJl

yesterday

Particles of Causation are

Sometimes

*J

JytC'l

itself

is

the cause of the action

and must then be a noun of action of a verb denoting

a mental process; as

The Messiah

died from love to us

At other times the verb

and then

j*aiJ!

xi

may

is

ill

LuL

the cause of the action

be the noun of action of any

verb; as
I

If

beat him to correct him

the

sJ

J^Jti-o

is

made

definite

by the

1-oolS'

'*+&

article, it

may

be put in the accusative; as

I fled

Also

oo

from fear
if

sative; as

in

construction

it

may

be put in the accu-

190
I fled

but

fearing slaughter

is

it

o^

jJciJI

better to use the preposition.

THE OBJECT IN RELATION TO WHICH SOMETHING

IS

DONE.

This object follows

The

is

called

having the meaning of

L^LalM*^

with.

or xJL*^ij'j the

o/

association.

The
I

must not have the meaning of the conjunction;

travelled in the

as

morning
^

-e

Zaid went along the road

Here the

cannot be the conjunction because

not join the word

-*

it

does

noun

to the pronoun, as the

cannot be joined to an attached pronoun except the

be repeated; as

latter
I

came, together with Zaid

The x-ix

(jyMui

is

'^Jj ^' o>lg-

and Uo of

also found after >-ftJ-f

interrogation; as

How

art thou, together with Zaid

What

has thou to do with thy brother?

THAT WHICH
The

'^jj

IS

EXCEPTED.

particles of exception are L&L&.

That which

is

excepted

is

noun preceding, and

ii)li.!j

iXJ Lc

same kind

either (a) of the

is

-*-&

^
G

as the

ij'

called J..-QA* joined, or

191
(b)

of a different kind and called

JaJl* severed from,

cut off; as
(a).

The people came except Zaid

(b).

The array returned except

a cannon

When

Uijuo

the preceding sentence

plete in meaning, that

which

is

is

^t

ljuj

ill

lyllT

*li

ySJLsa

affirmative and com-

excepted

put in the

is

accusative; as

The

trees yielded fruit except

a fig-tree

When
plete

in

suli' ill

is

meaning, that which

excepted

the accusative or be

in

iJ!

negative and com-

the preceding sentence

is

IsaJUt

may

be put

made Jt\J and take the

case

of the preceding word; as

I fear

no one except God

No one came

When

except Zaid

it is

one came except Zaid

No

one returned from

is

Jo' iM

JL*.!

the sentence

is

\a.l IjuC

bLaa. iM uixLcjf

army except a horse

which

jl

*Li

&o

its

of

$[ *U>.Le

*.*.')

Uo

negative and incomplete, that

excepted completes the sentence and

according to

is

Lx

put in the accusative; as

No

When

&*\

the part excepted precedes the whole or

a different kind

the

Ju.t ^

xJUT }H Id^l

regent; as

is

declined

192
S

Only Zaid came

Sj

*o,

saw Zaid only

passed by Zaid only

-*-^

Ju^

are P u t

!<Jo\

^t

JoCj

ill

n construction with the noun

excepted and themselves take the same case as the

noun when excepted

after Si; as

The people came except Zaid

i.

e.

if !SH

is

may

<X>^

lit

la.

*V 7^

Li

be regarded as verbs or prepositions.

verbs they govern that which

the accusative, as

in

in the accusative.

one came but Zaid

These words

When

*L&.
|iyL)l

were used instead of .JLi Zaid would be

the accusative; therefore JLe

No

Joj ^Ie

is

excepted in

and their agents are neces-

&? Jytilo

sarily implied pronouns; as

The men read except Amr

When

preceded by

prepositions;

but

I^U

ItXe

'^\

\'

they cannot be regarded as

when used

as

prepositions

they

govern as prepositions; as
1

saw the children except Farced

joJ

&L ^^\

Sometimes ^jj^-J ^ and yL-lJ are used as

ootj

particles

193
that which

of exception;

the

is

used

restricted to

the same manner as

in

Ja_2_A^Jt *lljL*_J1.5ll. It

accusative and in
tence;

excepted being

<.-A-AV

an implied pronoun.

|V*Lj

iX.Lj

is

it

construction

is

always in the

is

with

but

*-*-

J,t

and

its

sen-

cannot be used as an adjective.

THE ADVERBIAL ACCUSATIVE OF STATE

OR CONDITION.
This shows the state of the agent or the object at
the time of the action of the verb.

It

must be an

indefinite derived adjective expressing a transitory con-

dition

and coming after a complete sentence; and

-

<

is

therefore a iLUis; as

The prince came riding

The
I

object

may

LlS'tJ

rode the horse saddled

fasted the

(^
IJoiX

whole month

I fled for fear

L&.

be any of the Ju^LLi; as

I struck severely
I

^y>5f

u>LI/l

oolo

sUlS"

lotsx*

only

walked along the Nile

while

it

overflowed

The subject or

Ld2li
object

of the

action to

refers JliJ! ^*a>\Ja should be definite

which the

and precede
13

194
the Jli

come

the Jlsjf J*a.Lo

If

first;

A man
When

JU. must

indefinite the

is

as

came
the

riding

JLa.

is

JkiTL-I*')

*la.

must be treated as

definite it

if

indefinite; as
* "Of
" o
^o-o
y
)
(ta^Ax*) stX=j r*-*^'

The prince came alone

The

JL&.

order

(a). I

be a primitive noun

it

conver-

expresses

him, hand to

sold

* ^

Juu Jo
I

(i. e.

(a)

>

division or (d) price; as

(c)

hand

when

a derivative noun, and also when

tible into
b)

may

*W

for

'o
atXxj

* -

'

'

ready money)

spoke to him face

to face

(iL$aLLj<>)

*
(li).

(c).

man by man

Enter,
I

taught him nahu,

chapter by chapter
(J). I

bought the cloth

for

a majedee a yard

When
which

the

may

JLi

follows

be JlssjT

two

v^Lo

definite

it is

the noun which directly precedes

I

but
I

met Zaid
if

we wish

best to ascribe
it;

to ascribe
I

it

to the

was riding

it

to

as

L*^K

riding

met Zaid whilst

nouns each of

Ijoj

o4*J

pronoun we must say;

to'

195
In such a sentence as

walking met Zaid riding

better to ascribe the

it is

ULiUo

U*|J

first JL&.

to the subject

and

the second to the object.

The

JLs*.

may be an

indicative

sentence or quasi

sentence; as
G

99

Zaid came running

LN^J

Zaid died, and his son a minor

I

&.

Jl

binder

An

I.

<,

jJLt au*:

it

must be connected with

and

this

-o

iuuJ!

*** f*

i>Lo

oJ^.i>

noun by a

its

be:

may

implied pronoun; as

came running

oiS'jl

o&>.

(iSl

is

in the verb).

bought the grapes a rotal of them

ii.

lion

The

^o\3 jojf: joC

entered the house, and there

was a

J4) *L?-

for a

dirham

_,,

journeyed while the

men were

sleeping
III. JLsxJ!

jl^

with a pronoun; as

Zaid came with his hand

- ^

*-

upon

his
o

IV.

head

x-J^

JU

>

>

o,

stXj^ Jo, *L^-

^>

Jo with

introducing the preterite in the

mative; as
I

(5

came when the sun had

risen

affir-

196

THE SPECIFICATION.
c,

-f-

is

jJL*-*-*-''

the primitive noun which explains what

would otherwise have been

indefinite; this indefiniteness

has respect either to iiti substance, or &4JLj relation.

xLLdl

I.

Zaid

is

How

the predicate; as

CAA^J limits or defines

honourable in respect to birth

noble a

man

is

Zaid!

O-o
to

ulJ\JI CAA*J

explains

what

is

Ijo'

'*

'*J>
f

**

&L^

Zaid has more relatives than Amr

II.

tjJli Jo'
'~J$\
,

c,

C*>U>1 ?Y+^ \j*

"
*

~C

Lc

t S

r^'

<Js>)

indefinite in respect

number, weight, measure, quantity, similarity,

disi-

milarity or area; as

He
I

*J

bought a rotal of butter, and a saa of wheat, and

two miles of land Lot

I

xlS ,jjr^ft

has twenty she-camels

jjjj-^j

LsUs LeLoj

Ijo^

have a handful of flour,

and the

like of it of rice

The noun which

is

itj

LgjUlo^

specified

UxsxJ:

must not be deprived

of any of the signs of declension.

*
?
>
m>IJcJ!

and the
I

may

jju^s

may

be put in the genitive by

have a shekel of

We planted
I

be put in construction with the

silver

the land with trees

have a ring of gold

jUii

co3

y-^-^-t

^;

Jki'lji

as

egJu*

197

THE GENITIVE
The Genitive Case

is

CASE.

peculiar to the Noun.

,

The nouns

J^Jl

in the genitive case,

aa..

t,e

are of

..)!,

y')j)

two kinds:
.

ts

-fi

Those governed by prepositions

I.

7;
II.

Those which are the complement in the case of

9

Q'

two nouns

in construction

' jO*

oUiiJf.

zt*J

I.

PREPOSITIONS. vSXM

The prepositions

are:

,jjc

and some authorities say -X

Chief meanings of the prepositions
ut

..

Jj

with pronominal

suffixes

t5

Juc,

<C

Ux,

iX*x>,

tf

eUx>

Meanings.

from

came forth from

the house

some of

took some of
the dirhams

He drank some
of the water
of

have
of gold

s-c

a ring
v_*<S

198

on account

of

He died from fear

He

by

entered by

the door

Draw nigh

to

from

to me

knew the truth

from falsehood

The sea

than

is

larger
^

than the land

No

at all

one at

-o

JJ!

>,*

^ r^

'

, *

r*5^'

all

came
rather than

JJsLLII

J-^

^J*

Are ye contented with the

life

L*

*!

of this

world rather than the next

sr
because of

'about

from the presence

without

of this sort

before

i
\'~

JJJ

the next clay

iX*Jf

at once

itself

&i'!i

by habit

5i>li

from

his

youth

to-morrow
at night

JuS*

on account of

by

from this time

sJ3'^

behind him

must
a

little

the same day

'

199

&

P l>onormnal

suffixes

^J
.*

until

fasted until sunset

He

ate until he

15^

was

J)
'-?

satisfied

to

unto
beside

comparison

went

to the

market

Come unto me
I sat beside
I like

the guest

truth more than

gain
addition
multiplication

how

long

Add

JJj

this to that

Three times

five

As long

Jt,

until

and

,J!

as Grod

pleases

on

so

Get you gone!

et cetera

referred to

^ with pronominal

suffixes

used as an adverb of time or place.

It is

in

,,

I sat in

the house

He was born

in

&

summer
*

--

11

with

came

in the evening

LtM*J!

'

The prince rode with

i

his host

on account of

He was

o,} />xxil|

killed because

of his crime

f S IAAS

^&

200

There

among

not a learned

is

man

among them
in

my

power

in

my

knowledge

,5+^*

time

&AA&.

pLc ^4**

has nothing to do with

^Jo ^It

in the past

O-xii

'

^ ^^
^
^ Leave what you
o

I.

in the proper

(XI6

it

about

^5

are

about

lils

&A*
"

"-

oJl L

"

JLsO^ ^j None among them

immediately

I*

is

enerous

et
'

meanwhile

^i

jCto

-".*

>uH

with pronominal

upon, on

on account of

He

sat

suffixes

Thank God

xwle

his throne

upon

for His

mercy
at

The army entered at an unexpected

r''

to

And we

preferred

I preferred

He went

'

^^

some

to

study to

sleep

against

xAic ^^xs.

time

out against him

He owes a debt
Go'

I
'.

xlJU

owe thee a debt

jjjO xxJLc

You ought

to do this

^-'y=

jJ&

Jkiii" ,j

201

on

On

this condition
t'juo

With caution

After this manner

202

with

on account of

struck him with a sword

He was imprisoned

K&>

for

stealing

By

by

grace

we

are
"

An

for

eye for an

eye

'

..'~ r
i

(j^*? (j-*^

rotal for a

By thy head

'&

unjustly

>

This for that

dirham
p.

^-

swearing

'

Go,

o-

*,

XJLUI_
^^oJLi^x ^sxi

saved

because

jCwfls

Oi

By God

*O

xJUL?

without
so that

It is best for

in

you

some way or other

to dwell in a place

You

are

more deserving
J with pronominal

ownership

suffixes

Zaid has property

Paradise

is

xf.

JLc jo"

for the

righteous

Majesty belongs to God

Praise belongs to

purpose

came

God

for study

Build for destruction

xJU

tjJU

203
Saving the world

of or for

strengthening

He

What

admiration

JoJ UJ

does what he wishes

a learned

Jl*i

yo

Jo

xJ

man

you are

What

a horseman

By your

sweanng

life

He

because of

is

concerned

or

in,

has power

He

jUu

called

is

well versed

^ ^JyUI

in
O

instantly

x^eLJ

thank you

for the length of

you

jCklt

because

It is better or best

for
I

you

it

to speak to

JC!

&J

owe Mr.
with pronominal suffixes
at

from

Sit at

He

my

right

it

with a

did

it,

(5

Ui

hand

(54*J

&Lo\

good will

t>"

Go from me, Satan

by or near

He travelled
town

JO

like

you

v_>

,<Jwc

have what

shall

J>.

time since

JuJI xJ

* '

J>LkI&

past the
x

Jli

204

One

for

soul shall not

another

on account of

satisfaction for

Uyui

instead of

Pay

make

me
,

May G od reward you for me

J.

~o

*JJI

He only came because

he was called

He

about

asked

me

about

your name

He

source

acquired knowledge

from him

God

above

is

exalted above

^j^*
the worlds

May God

to

s.

be gracious

unto him

They were
last

JLLC

killed to the

man

He

died aged seventy

He

died leaving a son

After a

iU

or

little

by the agency of

He

did

it

without intention

vA

To quote
To

xJUf

relate a narrative as heard

from another

205

d
resemblance: Zaid

is like

a lion
*

as

as,

as

if,

though
3>

By God

swearing:

By your

xJLJIj

father

o
y

only used with the words C>C,

y, is

xJJ!

j^ll,

for swearing; as

Lord, The Merciful,

many a

CJ\

Many
Jo,

a generous

tX-i-A>,

tLx>

signifies
I

since,

when, the

*fL-->

p->i

word governed by these

past time; as

_-o

>

orc/er /Aa^;

^iji

y^J

^*

"

'"^')

J'Sl jJU
as

in order that

live

came that

Uil^.

f^

everlasting

Man works
may

{>>*.aOjK Ui

**j
" Juuo
-^

have not seen him to-day

c-

,7

x*4.s\JI
*
X"

From

will travel

last

he

man

have not seen him since

indav
1

God

<Xft

^i.

might see you

see the particles

has the force of

if

^ when

followed by a pronoun

authorities as a preposition; as

of

exception.

used as a preposition.
is

regarded by some

206

Had

not been for you

it

would not

have stayed

nouns and pronouns.

A^-> jJc, jJLo,

t5

are not used with personal pronouns.

governs an indefinite but qualified noun.

*1>)

The noun
%* '
is Ij-xIJc

which

is

virtually in the nominative because

and the predicate

When
o

fi

visited us

J$

u^lj

Li is affixed it ceases to act as

4A though omitted

o,

the verb in the preterite

follows; as

Many a generous man

5.

is

it

J^j

*->;

a preposition.

governs after the particles

still

Jj-

as far as, even; as

^Zs* until,
-.

ate the fish even its head

watched until the dawn

(i.

is

r^*"

a ^

(5*^

implies motion to; as

I ate the fish to its

sitions

"^

"^

e.
^

txlo,

Si

xXi*JI
Lj*wt^ ^xs.

the whole night)

""

^^

head

l^ J^ sX^Ljt

jJ govern nouns of time; they may be prepoor adverbs; adverbs when the following noun

in the nominative; also

when they

are followed by

verbs; as
I

have not seen him since he came

eliiXLc ixj

!J

207

have not spoken to him

for
.

two days

ij

Jf: when this particle governs the

the
for

of the Lc

be replaced by

may

what

The

,j

of

and

^gJLc

iXlJI
^

with

all

_j|

to

(o takes -,
?

g^ or

<3

<z>,

become

from the house

'i
<Xe

r.

when

however

^JaJLM
ouJJt

from above

^
^

ijijj

Jj.xi

Jkls

J^o

from

JO*

J^-xi

during this day

-.^IJI

before

it.

has ~.

it

jJc

^);

governs a noun be-

it

ginning with Jk^apTsw*; ,j^ takes

From the roof

they govern

upon

*>U^

you

take

changed into

(before the article

^ when

^&

~^
**.---,
pronouns except jJUCxJI tL>; with

is

as

other nouns and the

tXx

lil? or

pronouns; as

J has

LJ of interrogation

and ^_x> takes

as

from among
below
around
after

from behind
i_iXa,

Certain of the prepositions are used as nouns, being

put in construction with the noun which follows them,

and are themselves generally governed by other prepositions; as

From my

right

hand

208
I

took the book from

StXSUJ! (S\^

the table

v_>l;JI

s*

The prepositions may be omitted before ^1 and

'I
I

commanded him

to do so

the sentence introduced by ^1

is

-,",

ItXS"

,!;

as

>'o-*

JJLSJ ,j!

(.?)

j^xl;

then in the accusative.

The preposition may be omitted

a conjunction

after

which connects a word to another governed by the

same preposition; as
I

passed by Zaid and

Amr

)r^)
^)7*
<ty*
& '
&
"*

Prepositions and adverbs are always dependent upon

a verb or quasi verb.

When

the verb or that which takes

it is

simple existence,

My

brother

with

is

my
,o

if

it

"

->of

more than mere

signifies

place signifies

omitted; as

father in Jerusalem

but

its

existence, it

is

ex-

pressed; as

My

This omission

The

lL>

brother lived in Jaffa

is

verb, or the

^ j~
(

peculiar to the

word resembling

**-=>

it,

>

may

in the first three; in the kJLo the verb alone

NOUNS IN CONSTRUCTION.

and

v^Jij

-=>-l
(5

JL&..

be implied
is

implied.

iiLb^l
&

from oL^t

to

add, ascribe or attribute.

'

The antecedent

is

'

called oLd*Jt that which

the complement xlM oLi-Jt that

to

is

ascribed;

which ascription

is

made.

209

When

a noun

connected in thought with a

so

is

following word or clause

idea, the first

said to be in construction, as in:

is

Son of the king

oLJUl

The wisdom

xJJt

The

of

God

sleep of death

JjJj,

&&>

yiJJ olij

The company of
believers

All creatures

Holy of Holies

(//)

the

the article,

of

*AJ~^

^JjdblfJ

God

xJljT

and

of dual,

(c)

the

the

of (a)

of plural, and

then declined according to

is

of

its

position in the sentence; as

*:

The

piince's

saw the

passed by the lovers of Zaid

noun with a

nite,

My

boy came

king's

two sons

suffix

being in construction and

defi-

does not take the article; as

generous son

The complement

is

always

in

the genitive.

REAL CONSTRUCTION.
This kind of construction has the force of an implied
preposition.

noun

is

This preposition

is

when the second

used as an adverb of time or place; as

The prayer

xeli^

The antecedent must be stripped

(b)

^UjJLsx+J!

Those who fear God

The book

^j-LLcU-M

tanween,

make up one

that the two

of the

morning

^H-atf

(^
14

210

The

This preposition

sx.
s

Gaza

believers of

^e when

is

the material of the

^j

the second noun denotes

as

first;

silver

implied; as

In other cases the preposition J

is

The servant

^^}

When
comes

,t-

^^

x^oi

cup

of the king

the second noun

is

and when

definite;

&+$ f*^

definite, the first also be-

indefinite, the first is special-

ized; as

The brother

of Zaid Jov ^.1

A garment of silk

JL&.
;#

yi

The second of the two nouns may give the gender

to the

as

first;

The mercy

of

God

is

Some

'O

'

nigh

of his fingers were cut on

second kind of &-l

<a

is

^l*JLo!

0-

yd*j

found which consists in

having the form of construction without the meaning

>

ffl

oC*)^^

SUJoaJUl

kiLoiM verbal construction.

=

The

first

noun

is

the noun of agent,

always a derived adjective,

or the

viz.

noun of object with the

present or future signification, or the noun of attribute; as

beater of Zaid

The beloved one

One who

is

of the king

of good stature
,

This part of K-L_*s

as

Jo)

V)^

>

is

instead of

only for ^A^,

a
- *
rfcOJI lightening

211

The

second noun has

He

first

noun, when the

prefixed; as

it

that loves good

If the first

masc. plural
has

precede the

may

article

noun
it

is

form or

in the dual

>

<

v_>sv*JI

;-*saJ!

the regular

is

take the article whether the second

may

or not; and also

it

when

the second noun

is

in

construction with another noun which has the article; as

o**

The two who are of many cunning devices

Those who hate Zaid

The

striker of the

man's lad

J^t

Certain nouns require always to be put in construction.

This construction
in

(/>)

may

be

meaning although not

in form.
^

The

first

form and meaning or

(a) in

are such nouns as

**

<J

ju

by,

^jJJ in presence
-

of; the second are such as (jd*j some of,

All die (every one dies)

I

know some

of

^'^

them

all of; as

J$ for

L<Lu o-Al for

'

Certain adverbs; as

&$

t<M

'

when, 5| when, <M~A. where,

are put in construction always with sentences, in which

case the latter are convertible into sing, nouns; as
I

went where you commanded me

The following adverbs are indeclinable when the second

noun though omitted
Behind
in

front

is

implied,

and they take the

oia. first
Ilil

according

after
vI/JLs.

before

i.

212

below

left

below

above

came before

<J4*

The adverbs take

when9

noun expressed or implied;

Who

came

JU-a right

first,

as

you or Zaid

<X*

-I viol

came before Zaid

When

with a

construction

in

iLLs el&.
(

JJLs

Jo^

not in construction they take the

Some

by the

yes, certainly

side of
*';!

-- ^

of

>

yes
ver

opposite, in front
~

sJllSi 'LoJj',

thus

between

likewise

in the middle

not at

near

gratis

as far as

all

jJuleft (hand)

the distance of

around

before

after

in front

Words and
to

,.

useful Adverbs are:

towards, about
by,

OA^

came beforehand

morrow

to-day

expressions used adverbially:

yesterday
before yesterday

jjo

Ouu

y_

213

now
after an

after a

&1 early
<& late

hour

LX*J

day

formerly

firstly

lately

lastly

also
.

sometimes

many

*0

>

lowly

times

little

by

little

every morning

always

LIU and

oftentimes, generally

never, not at

evening

by day
'

GJ

all

especially,
all

by night

above

Ul*

at one time,

$,

lx* at another,

together
very, exceedingly

wholly, in

general

once

again
inside

JU^Ljj

outside

i> inwardly

all

quickly, soon

outwardly
vainly

presently

JLsvJI

by force

slowly

in spite

suddenly

being obliged

UlsU

214
to the left

legally
^

j,

truly

L&=>.

much

aside

^JJ little

instead of

eagerly

certainly

JU.
^

.>,
W
by
J

all

means

every place

and time

JJ"
^

JII^.1

;~

OJU eternally

JLt with a good

J/
<*

will

welcome

))

ever, never

undoubtedly
in the

to the right

meantime

JiJto *>Ujt

may it do you good

_ with aversion
only

obediently

THE APPOSIT1VES.
The Appositive follows the declension of the noun
to

which

it

stands in apposition by

way

of description

or designation.
It is of five kinds:

The Adjective.

I.

The Explanatory Apposition.

II.

The Corroborative.

III.

IV.

JjL
J

V.

The

Substitution.

The Connexion of Sequence.

215

THE ADJECTIVE.
is

^tJili\

the

.jb

which

It is originally

c^lxiJI.

qualifies the preceding

a derived adjective

i.e.

of agent, object, attribute or superiority: but

(a).

masdar but not ^

it

noun

a noun

may be:

of a triliteral verb in

x>

the masc. sing.; as

just

(/>).

man

JtXe J^-;

demonstrative or relative pronoun qualifying

a definite noun; as

is

This

man came

Give

me the book which

ItX*

on the table
?

.i>

(c).

possessing',

love a pioiis

as

man
f

A noun

(rf).

am

(#)

^"^

of relation v_>^*ojl; as

an Arab

A common noun

^^O^.

11.1

when

the latter can

be regarded as an adjective; as
This

is

(/).

An

indefinite

This

is

Zaid the lion (the brave)

indicative

tXlSH

'*X

sentence or phrase qualifying an

noun; as
a horse

Joj

I like

jua.1

216
these

All

must admit

of

an

changed into

being

adjective.

the noun

If

is

the adjective makes clearer

definite

the definiteness; as
Zaid the merchant

noun

the

If

is

came

*^?

>

<>4)

^r>L^I

indefinite,

it

is

by the

specialized

adjective; as

little

boy opened the door

The adjective may denote

(c)

v'-P'

^-

^**

praise,

(a)

Go

(b)

**~

--

^j

7**-

blame or

assurance; as

In the

(a).

vile

most

f^P'

seek the

of the

God

merciful
(b).

name

*^"

f*~*f

God from Satan the

protection of

^^

one

cJ-^P'

xJUL 5

^alL'T

<;

Yesterday which

(c).

o^ilfl is of
I.

t5

Juisv.J!

This
II.

is

is

past

jj'<3JI

two kinds:

ojJ!

qualifies the

noun which

a profitable book

_*_I_ljT ok *

(5

A-J!

it

<ili
qualifies the

follows; as
(1>\3$

Ijjc

noun which

it

precedes; as

This book

is

profitable: its

>>'O^

..

subject

ik&y&yji

oJLiJf agrees with the

being

definite,

and case

as;

or

indefinite,

and

OG.

S
tXxa-c

noun preceding
in

.,

'.

<*j\jS ItXjc

it

in

number, gender,

217
I

saw two accomplished men

good man, the good

-o

jL

>

_*

^*

J>JU:Df Jca-JI, ,^JLo

Firm Mountains
J-xA-lfT

<*

y&o*,

&JL^UJI stIiJI

man

The accomplished woman came

&JuIJ

noun as to

oJtxl! agrees with the preceding

what follows

definiteness or indefiniteness and, with

it

in gender; as

These are the two men,

*

whose mother

is

good

-i

U^-*'

'

'">O

XA-^JI

(j^y'

These are the two men whose children are

When two
may

or

may

different adjectives in the sing,

must be used;

loj pic J4; 'X

scribe, a poet

the meaning of the latter

is

and a lawyer

a great oath

but

if

noun when

if

you had known

,

o
;

c'

of

G - ;;

>' .

a God really generous

the noun

must follow

its

obvious; as

9o.

is

followed by

number the conjunction

The adjective may be separated from

is

is

as

Three men came a

Our God

many

not be used; as

a noun in the dual or plural

Truly this

(j

adjectives qualify a noun, the conjunction

This is a learned man and intelligent

When

'

it;

as

is

vague in meaning the adjective

218
I

saw

this generous person

not,

and

when

separating adjectives from

must be repeated with the

their nouns

This

Lot e^/ter,

a day not hot and

is

not cold
soul there

hand or distant

it

jJuu
"*'

^-3
j

Lot;
*

Lot

Jkit

,*& JX)
* "
*

expression

forms the predicate of an implied

g - >
ltX_*_A_* in

it

is

called

passed by a man, (he

When

ItX*

new

which case
I

f^j

a time of death; either near

is

The adjective may be regarded

when

% ;U.i>

*fi

To every
at

as

};

g^[jff,tt
is)

tall

as a

oJoJI; as

man

J->j>

J^J ^)f

a noun has two or more adjectives one

ot

'

them being

p^iaio

this

one comes

saw a man learned, a

poet,

an old

man

>-** '**Li

Zaid beat Amr, the two poets

When
cases

one adjective

qualifies

and the regents are

^k;

be

last; as

^tlftL.ccJI

two nouns

the

in different

must

beat Amr, the two poets

the

x-iLs which

is

more

fi*fX

4\jj C'r'*

different the adjective

THE EXPLANATORY APPOSITION.

is

lJ^

as

honoured Zaid and

This

LJLc 9^*) ou'^

noun which

is

qualified.

V"
,.,

definite

than the

219
It

is

and primitive noun but has the

definite

character of an

and agrees in number and

adjective,

gender with the noun

as

it qualifies;

The man came, Zaid

J^Jt

f\J*

thus be put in apposition to an-

may

sentence

Jo^

other; as

He
on

called

upon

Lord have mercy

he said;

his Lord,

me

THE CORROBORATION.
"

is

the ,-^U which corroborates.

It is either (a)

repetition of the

".k-al

word

came

as

itself;
S

Zaid, Zaid

verbal corroboration^ the

tXJ-S^j

'

"$

Ju^ Joj

*U.

No,

No

Zaid, died died

S'0^
or

(b)

,5*A*xi
-^.

the words

L>U

yLi

0'

joj
.

corroboration in meaning, the use ol

JopJi
^'

^4* u^J

after the

g^

which are put

in

construction with the pronoun of the noun corroborated; as

>

Zaid himself came

X*AJ

Jo^

Ua.

must precede the l^4t when they are mentioned

together and the preposition >o may be prefixed to
^^AJ

them.
or

^.jJLft

When

the noun

is

dual

in the plural,
^^1*1

it is

u~*3l

with the pronoun of the noun; as

best to put

UAJ

and in construction

220

The two women themselves came

An

case

needs

>

>T

<

noun does not admit

indefinite

corroboration.

When an

y*Ua.

,jlS'!ll!l

of this kind ot

attached pronoun in the nom.

corroboration

must be repeated

it

in

separate form; as
a

came myself

Cl

A* ***

instead of

In the sentence,

him

passed by

&->

the

^>)j-*

attached pronoun must be repeated with the preposition.

The

*-l|

must be repeated; as

of Jjt

Surely Zaid, surely Zaid

is

standing

pSUi ttXjj

Corroboration

may

^[

't>4)

>jl

take place by the use of

also

synonyms; as
j

He threw

the book, he threw

it

Uoj

o-

OUXJ!
vl=

Yes, certainly

and by the following words

J^-iLft

>

all

,4**-

all

-*'

all

LaoU

all

H\3 vlb

all

both

uJlT

both

-1

These are put

in construction

with the pronoun of

the noun to which they refer; as

The people came,

I

of

all

of

them

saw the two women, both

them
masc. \JJS

fern,

iof/t,

when

in construction

with

221

a noun have vowels implied upon the

as signs of

declension; as

^
^xls-yl
o *

Both the men came

I

saw both the men

"

$S

,jJLLs*r"

1-4-

osjlj

but when in construction with the pronoun of the noun

which they

to

have the ordinary declension

refer they

of the dual; as

passed by the two

girls,

both of them

U^*xJo

made

i-iaJ

is

Jy

common

is

any or

*J&I, i-^j!

_x*l,

fern,

The men came,

of

all

of

all

follow *-^*\-

may

and

plural; as

it

them

The separate pronoun

be used as

^i/8

and plural and generally follows J/.

to both singular

The army came,

of these

all

jjjwU-jSlLj

in

the nominative case

may

o'

tUS'.J'

any attached pronoun; as

to

*>

o*.

came

passed by him,

bf

06

saw thee

him

THE SUBSTITUTION,
is

which

it

_jLj'

follows;

M JO-0

(a).

the

it

which
is

substituted for the noun

of five kinds:

jJiU! Jjkj substitution

The man came Zaid

Amr

is

thy brother came

of

the

whole for

the whole',

G o^

>

as

222
(jajLjJ\

(b).

the

I ate

Jjo

JL..A..^^>

of

the half of

fish,
-

(c).

substitution

the

the whole', as

part for

Lg^Jb &XLUJ!

it

*>

JtXJ <Ae comprehensive substitution indi-

cating something inherent in the preceding word; as

I

love Zaid, his

o

((/).

name

-C

m,

v*'

si_l| fjo)
*c

^LLljJI, JaJUUI J<xJ

of error and

substitution

forgetfulness; as
^.*-

rode the mare, the she-camel

saw

Zaid, Arnr
& a -c

(e).

*c

^o-

iSLJ!

l^

Ju^AXJ! Jjo substitution denoting separation; as

In the book are two chapters, a chapter on etymology and a chapter on syntax
O

6**

oa*

.*

.SUJI _j J^aij

o _

o -

_s Juoi ^jiLaJ

OvAflJ!

JiJ must

In the second and third kinds the

*o

i-jLxXJI

^i

be in

construction with the pronoun of the noun preceding.

When
1

the regent governs the genitive

passed by a man, by Zaid

verb

repeated; as

is

JuC^

be substituted for a verb

may

JJJ

^>)j*

when they

In the
agree in tense; or a sentence for a sentence.
"

^-

sentence Jos 3ys>\

L?>

thy brother Zaid came Zaid

G f

be either Jj*-j or ejLlj

*

may

h &. If Zaid shews which

o

brother

came

it is

stituted for the

>-a.k c

^LIJ
>

&

words v3a*t

but
G

it is

if it

Jjo.

is

only sub-

223

THE CONNEXION OF SEQUENCE.

This "contextual" apposition
of the

conjunctions.

is

produced by the use

The conjunctions may join two

words or two sentences; as

2

truth and right

His saying

is

God giveth

life

Life

of

and taketh

So

.>..

(JJ^j

it

and death are in the hand

God

aJUT

and the world and what is in it are His

It is better to join

&J xxi

a noun with a noun and a verb

with a verb, and one sentence with another; the verbs

two sentences being

of the

The conjunctions
II.

of the

tense.

are:
I.

Disjunctive.

but

$
ti

but rather, or rather

then

even

pi

o*

or

y\

either, or
:

Co!

used without reference to order or time; as

is

I led

armies and fed guests

>J denotes (a) sequence

(a).

and

(/>)

The men entered and then

the children

and then

Jo

or rather

Conjunctive.

and

,jXJ

not

or,

same mood and

consequence; as

224
read

(b).

it

He

page by page

reviled

Depart from
It

is

me and

me

struck him

Satan for

JoU

Jjliilci

LJ

used to join the conditional clause with

also

that expressing the result of the condition; as

If

ye love

and after

Do you

me

my commandments

keep

of interrogation; as

also not understand

and as the correlative of Ul; as

,o,,

But ye have known me

lj

c,

^^i^

,,

<\&i

denotes succession extending over a longer period

than o; as
^*

God humbled me then he exalted me

IS

L&. joins

^5***; p$

0.

C^

-c

**n

is*^

two common nouns together provided that

the latter expresses part of the former; as

The pilgrims came even

those on foot

SLcLTjf

^ci

'lsa..s3J!

^jJ

The people died even the

prophets
the
yjjCJ without

prefixed, is

always used after a

negative or prohibitive sentence; as

Zaid did not come but

!$

Amr

denotes simple negation and

affirmation or

command;

as

is

always used after

225

The man came and not another

sllc

^ j^r"

* La-

Take the bow and not the sword

Jo

is

used after any of these sentences; as

The man or rather the

Do not

fear

child died

your enemy but

3UJ

rather your brother

used after the

is

jJ^I Jo j4*tM kL

Jo 3j<X

of interrogation; as

|Il

Did you hold up the heavens or your fathers?

e

When

not preceded by the

man

Did you create

it

reason?

'

t)

-I

',

Sir

denotes choice or division; as

jl

Take a dirham or a dinar

Be good

ttLoi>
IT
/ ", J

G1&
XX-**

or evil

e^Aer-.

Lxif

or.

is

e
j

or rather; as

or rather have you given him

'
""
y
J*iJt s^CAiafi!
Jjo
X
-

means

jl

always followed by another Ule with

prefixed; as

Speech

is

either prose or verse

2iui

Lejj

!Jb Lol

pikXJ!

Sj 5 neither, nor

Neither this nor that

is

mine

c3t6

^JUasxj

jjt>

The detached pronoun must be introduced and the

regent of the genitive repeated in such sentences; as
I

8<^

came and Zaid

He

sat

between

,-f

between Zaid and

Amr

jo\; u! ^^u&.

^ J[*

^Joj Jo)
15

226

THE MOODS OF THE VERB. ^Ug

The

its final

noun admits of declension

like the

aorist

vowel

Jjrfjf <L>\f.\
i. e.

certain changes to express

may undergo

the moods. These changes are produced by the action

two kinds:

of certain particles. These particles are of

Those which change the

I.

into

z.

vowel of the aorist

final

to express the subjunctive

Those which apocopate the

II.

aorist to express the conditional

The

aorist

letter is

is

or,

final

vowel

the

ot

and imperative moods.

in the indicative

vo welled with i,

mood.

mood when

as

we may

not governed by the particles of

final

its

say,

when

<a.s accusative,

or

-y&. apocopation.

I.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The subjunctive mood

*

O -

&)>

d)''

being a

"

i
ij^l an(

governed by the particles

is

^ with

by

J^ajf J^*jfjj

J prefixed to prevent

and occurs only

preposition,

its

in

subordinate

a^

.**,*
Ju).

clauses.
*
,jf

,j-J

mat, as I wish to

((jl

accompany you jC^-Lot

=
,jl

(j^-JC-j

it)

'//

w?7/ no<

,jl

happen

that,

never; as

He

did not enter

shall never enter it

it

and
LgJU.JLs JjJl Ljia-Jo 15

227
in

then,

^jol

"what

that

in

case,

answer to the question

if".

What

believe

if I

God

then thou shalt enter Paradise

xJUb vioiT

J>t

'*>',,

,*

SuiJt

J-Ljij' JjiSl

in order; as

Learn in order that you

is

Jjl

governs

called
it

is

SLj^tX-,.^

may

,, ,M

teach

because with the verb

it

equivalent in meaning to the masdar of

that verb; as

hope to

iX>'<Xcl>lvO)

you

^tXelll

J>l ^a.jl

has the meaning of longing or desire for something

Jjf
,

assist

,*^laJI,

and

its

verb can neither have a future

signifi-

cation nor follow another verb expressing certainty.

*
,j!

may

be omitted in the following cases:

*

(a).

After the preposition J, Jy^JjuJ! expressing the

cause of an event; as
I

came

(b).

to study

u;*>^

^=.

0^=-

After a conjunction connecting a verb and noun; as

^ ^

I prefer flight
*
o
,j\

u-jiU-'

and to be

safe

although not expressed

of the aorist; this ellipse

is

a f^
1

i*^ '^

may

,0

Vr4"

^_i.

J- ^'
1

affect the declension

to be assumed in the follow-

ing cases:
(a).

He
(li).

After

a preposition which has not the J; as

sat in order that he

might

After _A&. a preposition

rest

^Lxlj

li"

228

,.,,.
asked mm

come

to

lest,

After 'It which has the meaning of

(c).

he confesses

till

Sit,

or else the prince will rise

(d).

After J

This

i>^sxs\J!

IsJ

U/>iM

denial

prefixed to the predicate of

is

^J~ when

it

surely will not

torment the good

o,

After

(<?).

>,,

till,

in the negative, thereby strengthening the negation, as

God

&

or else; as

Beat the thief

is

or bM

^.'1
^
&

>

^sxJLaJf C'J^-' *^'

expressing result or

>I*.A-I*Jt

il>^

effect,

and

ju^La^JI association, following negation or request; as

I.

Negation:

Zaid did not

me

visit

that

might honour him

The sheik
that

is

xxiJ'lJ

not present

we might ask him

II.

jo\

lloU.

xJllSj

Request.

Under request the following are included:

I.

Command.

Prohibition.

II.

III.

Interrogation.

IV.

Exhortation. V. Threatening. VI. Wishing. VII. Hoping.

I.

Strive

II.

III.

may

and you

Do not speak
Where
follow

are

you

will derive benefit

or

you

will

make a

yon going that

vlixJ!
slip

JLui

JUi*

229
IV. Will

you not study and

please your teacher

jCjULo

Why do you not believe and be safe

V.

Would

VI.

man

learned

that you were a

to profit us

VII. Perhaps
visit

go to Jerusalem then

may

you

v3)lj

will

THE CONDITIONAL AND IMPERATIVE MOODS.

II.

The

particles

aorist are of

which apocopate the

vowel of the

two kinds:

Those which apocopate

I.

final

the

final

vowel of one

verb only.

Those which apocopate the

II.

I.

These are p,

p.
and give

He
I

not, not yet,

it

did not

J, j.

are always used before the aorist

come and then he came

plucked the fruit

when

*l*.

pi

oL>

it

^^. ^5

ripe

The conditional

particle Jjf

may

7*^"

oJ&*

precede 1J but not

and the verb which follows CJ but not that which

follows

vowel of two verbs.

the signification of the preterite; as

was not yet

O,

d,

final

let,

p may
and ^

be dropped.

not,

give the aorist a future signification.

230
J

used imperatively and in prayer; as

is

May God

bless us

Let every one

lis\lJ_lJ

know

used for prohibition

is

if

xJJ!

an<^ prayer; as

$*''>

Do not be angry with us

Do not

kill

J when preceded by

May
II.

or ^

may

drop

our God bless us

Particles
I-

i'

and

!<>t

&

lI4-M&

&>

(5^' cH''

"'

'

'

(5^''

exception of

,!j!

&

161

If

JjJo

if;

and Lo when

time, are all regarded as nouns and are all

as

you seek you

will find

whosoever', as

Whosoever cometh

Lc

**^

&

except ^\ indeclinable.

'

in poetry.

These, with the

it signifies

~; as

which apocopate the aorist of two Verbs

*
''
"f
if
f i--i
1-?'
-* t>
L

*~*^*'

'

its

and U^J

to

me

I will

not cast out

whatsoever; as

Whatsoever good you do God knoweth

'
'\tf" a '
tJJ\

it

xJji.s

Whatsoever you bring us we

jj^
^x&.
#

will not believe

231
Jjl

or Uj! whosoever, whatsoever, whicJisoever; as

By whatsoever you

upon Him He has the most

call

-O

excellent
(5

or

names

_A**SX!|

^gA*, JjLJ

and

die

with fear

ll*. JUli
/

Whenever you come

J^jl

_<

jJLs

6! ivlienever; as

Whenever you meet us you

will find

_*,-

^ ^

-O

.L-..v Nt

to us

you
Cl^.

good

or UAJ!

(JJ.JL3

Ui'lS

and UAA&. wherever; as

Wherever you are death

will

overtake you

ii>^J

Wherever you go God

award you success

will

lJUio

aJjf JCJ tjjb*

^
y

_i! wherever, whenever; as

Wherever you are

*_ixS\

I will

be

UJJAf however; as

However you

sit I will sit

Those of the particles which express time or place

are adverbs; the remainder

the objective complement or

(a).

He who

may
(c)

be

(a)

the subject,

the absolute object, as

seeks finds

<-^J
*

(b).

Whomsoever you

(c).

Whatever walk you walk

11

Will lOllOW

(b)

love I will love

w^y
-

>

^^\ ^.s^

&*
&"

L>t

LJIA

^*0 WL,

All these particles stand at the head of the sentence.

232

must be

I*

affixed to o!
&

Li,

or

Li4*

^J';

it

and oJLa-j but not to

or

may

.!>*,
**^

not follow the other

may

particles.

l..IJLy can only be used when the verbs have the

same

root.

The

verb which

first

introduced by these particles

is

called IsLJLtf Jur_i the conditional verb, protasis,

is

the second

&

Isj

If

^L>\y

answer

the

both are deprived of their

apodosis,

to

and

the condition,

final

vowels on

account of their dependence one upon the other.

"

must be

isj-cUl Juii

-O

V,

and not be preceded by

ation,
y

and admit of conjug-

indicative

or

or tX_;

ojLJL

Je~j\ v'y?- must always follow the conditional verb,

and be preceded by
or

(ft)

when

denotes request or

L or ^J of negation, or

nominal sentence

well,

and

by S the
verb

is

sentence

if it is

may

(d)

may

is

is

is

preceded by

(a)

^,

tX-S,

a nominal sentence.

be introduced by

IJI,

as

&

in the aorist affirmative or preceded

be introduced; in these instances, the

nominative (not apocopated) and the

in the
is

(c)

a neuter verb,

it

fLs* J^J^J
&

^ because

it is

the answer to

the conditional verb.

When
the

first

the verbs of both clauses are in the aorist or

only

but when the

is

in the aorist, apocopation takes place;

first

verb

is

in

the preterite and the

233
second in the aorist,

the latter

or

may

not be

may

apocopated.

the

If

ated, in

is

omitted, the second verb

which case

it

is

may be

apocop-

regarded as an answer to an

implied verb of condition; as

me and

Visit

I will

honour you

as though written

me and

Visit
I

will

if

you

visit

me

honour you

The conditional verb has the form

and a future

signification.

the verb ends with a weak letter or

If

or

of the preterite

fern.

sing, this is

masc. plur.

dropped

THE CONDITIONAL PARTICLES.

iJef
is

but,

but as for,

followed by a

But
As

as for
for the

who

he

if,

and

me

takes

as

v_j

noun or pronoun;

its

as

1 shall die

poor

man

it

correlative; it

*4>yoU

Li!

Uo!

is

has no sense

x! Ji'i

J^ii

*&!)! Uol

denotes condition with reference to past time,

signifies the non-existence of

the result because of

the non-existence of the condition, clix!}l eLix*! ol*.;

it

must be followed by a verb;

as

234

Had God
the right

When

way

y/***-l

followed

past tense
relative.

pleased he would have guided you

is

It

by the

signified;

&' *Ui

^\&~&

form of the verb the

aorist
is

all in

commonly used

as its cor-

always changes the statement of the verb,

negative into affirmative and vice versa; as

if

Had he come

to

me

would have
9

Q-f-*

honoured him

Had he

not

known he would

not have been responsible

$LJ and Lcp

(^J

with $ and

Lc)

were

it

not for,

had

not been for, are conditional particles used with the

it

subject, the predicate of

which

is

usually omitted; J

is

generally used as their correlative; as

Had

it

not been for God

we would

have perished
It is called

impossibility

U&^J
*>^4-p

'*!)?

ty

cLuxt ola. a particle denoting the

of one thing because of the existence of

another.
1

">

when,

is

an adverb expressing condition with

reference to past time and

is

only used with the pre-

terite; as

When

he brought you safe to the land you turned

away
It is called

1*^7^' r^' <^l

^^'^ ^^-y oC=

p^4

^*

a particle denoting the

existence of one thing because of the existence of another.

235

TENSES OF THE VERB.

The Arabic Verb expresses the

JJlftJf &I*Jf

state rather than the

time of an action or event. The state

may

be com-

a finished act; or incomplete, an unfinished

plete,

act.

There are two forms of the verb to express these

of-

the preterite

states,

iS

_oL_iJI

and the

the past,

aorist

p LaiJI resembling.

THE PRETERITE.
The Preterite

includes:

All Past Tenses of other languages; the particular

I.

time of an action or event

is

to be inferred

from the

context or some accompanying particle; as

Many

of his disciples

went back

Of a truth we have placed the

the descendants of Jacob

The
verb

particle

tX_i'

vpiJ

gift of

JuLi

(j^lSsaJcJU assures

prophecy among

iy*JJ\

Uito

jJL)

the action of the

and necessarily limits the preterite to a time

actually past.

To express the pluperfect ^U"

is

used with the pre-

terite; as

Amr
II.
-

had sat

The Present Tense with such verbs

jr**

c^

as cLj to

sell,

o**^

^.-x-il

to

buying; as

buy,

when used

at the time of selling or

236

you the camel for two pounds

I sell

These verbs are called

The Future Tense when

III.

it is (a)

*L>

a prayer

or curse; as

May God who

exalted above

is

have mercy upon you

all

May God preserve your

May God
By God
until

you

(c).

will not visit

visit

-o

_ .fp'*>'

you

me

condition or an answer to a condition; as

you seek you

The Aorist

will find

tXsxi'

\^jJ^o ^1

AORIST.

indicates:

Present or Future Tense.

It is limited to
(a)

*AJ'

curse thee

THE

I.

f^

After the negative y following an oath; as

(&).

If

existence

J tTtX4)H,

|U*_A_'

the Present Tense

the negative

(*)

when preceded by

or ^1,

(c)

ilS
..,

The days are

good from his

It is limited to
(a).

The

future; as

---

6o*o

K-

really passing

The ignorant one does not know

his

the verb

evil

the Future Tense

particles

|U*J

when preceded by

a near future or oj-* a remote

237

The new moon

become a

will

full

moon

ftjj

Tour Lord

will give to

you

will be satisfied.

(b).

Particles of v_*Ji3

you and

as

long to see you

(e).

Particles of Expectation
as
f-Syitt Slot;

Perchance

(a),
(e).

or tX; as If you

When

May God
(/)

may come

it

expresses

know

*Le^ a prayer or curse;

,

it

xJUl

help you

When

expresses condition or

as

diXeL-Ls

an answer to

is

a condition; as

Whosoever

studies will acquire

Jiis3.j

learning
II.

Past Tense

when preceded by

IJ or

JloJu

Jj-*

particles

of
I

did not hear

i-i*Ll

The day did not break

III.

An

phrases as

idiomatic

use of the aorist

"

.^-sxJI ol_&_j Ju'

"

seen in such

i.

e.

is

in the

of.

The negro bears the heat

is

is

P-&*

'

Zaid drinks wine

habit

;^4^'

p
P

able to.

tssJ\

J^xxabo l^vjp!

i.

e.

238
IV.

At times no special tense

indicated by the

is

adrist; as
i

Zaid reads

ti

tJG7 Jo^
)

V.

^jL?"

with the aorist expresses the imperfect tense

of the Greek and Latin languages.

THE NEGATIVE PARTICLES.

The negative
UJ,

J^li',

|!U,

Jl\

particles are: Lo, ^,

^^

of these

is

y^l,

oljSf

^l

JjJi jJ>

a verb.

CJ, JjJ precede the aorist only.

used only with nouns, adverbs and pre-

is
JuJ^S not,

positions; as
^

The army

is

&

not
jD (did)

and give

it

not prepared

till

(.

(jiuisxJt

O "

^AJ

(did) not yet, are used with the aorist

the signification of the past tense; they

differ in that If is

tives

ljmx*x

a simple negative, whilst L*J nega-

a special time; as

The guest arose and had not eaten

o>^

J^U

& *^

>

*c

v_iLaJ!

^J

never, gives the aorist a future signification; as

He

will never see death

^iJI

*.

p\s

^J

no#, does not precede the future tense.

^1,
^

raotf,

no, is

a general negative for

THE PARTICLES
When

y*,

o^

all tenses.

and

iXs

these precede the aorist they give

signification.

it

a future

239

is

u<

called

<j*wu*i'

'

o^

from

oo-

o^a.

i\s is called
O

called ob^-Io

is

or

^-ft^y

to
.-

delay.
.

^r5*

widening.

II

,*-JyJI

o-=>. particle

of

expectation.

*r

precedes a verb in the indicative mood; with the

<XS>

preterite

expresses certainty; with the aorist doubt; as

it

We

have believed

The

liar

C ^~- O ^
IAX>( tXi'

may sometimes speak

'
,

, -o

>

the truth

THE LETTER
The
I.

of five kinds:

is

,j^j

^_j

Ji-lJ^JLH

which

assurance,

is

annexed

emphasis to the aorist when this has a future

cation. It

is

signifi-

either

(a).

Silent, or (b)

(a).

Worship thou God

(/>).

Keep the commandments

Doubled; as
*

J.

thy God
00 S f
,

II.

III.

(a)

(jj^jUJ!

of

^~^l
>

O '

^^j

ii>b^l j^^j

F-

JU

Q*)

the nunation.

</<6

,j

o/

</ie

the personal pron. plural

feminine gender
(1>)

viz.

sign of fern, plural; as

-^

(a).

The women knew and know

(/>).

Ye women knew

IV.

for

called ^Li*jT
xjlSjjt J;^J protection, also

^;

7s

it

240

_
vents

its

,-,,,!

Lj, |JjCjcjt and so pre-

separates the verb from the

vowel from being changed into

final

~.

used with the particles that resemble verbs,

It is also

the prepositions J^x and

and the
the JuLiJI
^JLl

J^,

particle JjtXl.

V. gi3!v

^>
**

pleonastic.
9

^y

which

is

(a),

v^lleifl

All

men know him

(/;).

J,^j

(c).

y^j of plural tj^ye

found in the
.

of dual,
^j^.*;

five verbs; as
S

i-e

<

Two men.
Believers.

VERBS OF WONDER. u-^J^jf

JLisf

These are on two measures:

Ji*f U.

I.

II.

I.

oX

J^it.

The

Lx is

*"

an

indefinite

noun

qualified

by an implied

adjective expressing greatness; as

How

generous

How handsome
Li

is

is

Zaid

he

Ijo^ ^jr?

xx^.1

is

the 'TtXJUx and

I15"!

Le

the verb of wonder with

agent implied 14^4^ v^uLx referring to the Li; and

its

the

sentence forms the predicate of Li Zaid

object in the accusative.

II.

v_

J*il (the form

is

imperative).

is

the

241

The thing wondered at

genitive by

*_>

and

How noble he is u

is

(xix

put in the

is

^sxii+JI)

the agent ot the verb.

How noble is Zaid Joo

-.fl

J$\

These verbs cannot be conjugated; they follow the

rules of the

noun of

superiority.

(jLf signifying past time

without having an

after Lx

How

sometimes introduced

is

^1

as

or
^1^.;

wise he was

I*

or be

in

&&*>\

VERBS OF PRAISE AND BLAME.

w

e,

-c^

*o

^of-

These are four in number, namely

for praise
for blame.

The agent must

either

have the

construction with a noun which has

article

it;

or be an implied

pronoun, in which case the indefinite noun

the accusative as

He

is

a good

put in

is

Uxli'

man

s o-

Zaid

is

>

^o

Jo^ ^&.^ pju

In the verb lj4*-> compounded of

lii

and

4*-*->

'<>

is

the agent and remains the same for all numbers and
genders.

The agent of

^*i

j^j and *UL may take

the

dual, plural or feminine; as

She

is

a good

woman

is

Go
jutf

Hind
r

They are bad men Zaid and Amr

574*5

^)

9f-

^x>

sl^Jf oki*j
K

eJ^'r"
16

842
Evil are the people the infidels

The man

is

good that praised one Zaid

That which
diately

after

praised or blamed

is

the agent. It
-

is

Jo)

mentioned imme-

is

in the

put

nominative

case either as Cs*j* TtXJLLe in which case the verb with

its

agent forms the predicate, or as the predicate when

the subject

Good

is

the implied words of praise or blame; as

man

the

is

(the

praised one) Zaid

tX.jj

J^JI

(_J<XiJf)

|i*i

Other words for praise or blame are on the measure

J-*-S

noble

man

is

Zaid

JoT

J^lH o.*i

Diversion from the original object.

In the
object of

sentence LxJl^o jJ>C Zaid

C^

is in

reality the

but the verb governs the pronoun

the accusative as

object and Zaid as

.

it

stands at the
*

head of the sentence

Zaid

is

put

in the

may, however, be put

objective

complement,

by

in

in

jo

nominative as

fjulc.

the accusative as the

the

assuming

ellipse

of

another verb.
If

the word Zaid

to verbs,

as

,jt

is

it is

those peculiar to nouns

If

preceded by a particle peculiar

put in the accusative but

it is

you honour Zaid he

by

put in the nominative; as

will
'.

honour you

if

;.)

>&*}*>.

''"'i

a^y

243
I

went out and behold they

were beating Zaid

J^?T^J tXK

This also occurs in the case of the agent; as

If Zaid rises I will rise

Zaid

is

1st *Ls

joj

Jjt

the agent to an omitted verb.

DERIVED NOUNS WHICH GOVERN AS VERBS.

The nouns of agent, excess and object govern

as

verbs:
(a).

When

they have the article prefixed.

(i).

When

they are preceded by a particle of inter-

rogation or negation; as
Is

Zaid beating

When

(c).

Zaid

2) I

is

CLa

1) Jj*.

signifi-

or 2) c**i or 3) Jla.; as

riding a horse

saw a man riding a horse

Ilia

Zaid came riding a horse

The noun of object takes the

4^'; tX>

\^a
^

3)

JoJ i_j)Lf

they have the present or future

cation and are

1).

Amr

lI^K
-

LwCi
JJLsJI

^LL;

^
LxS'l

J*-^

^*-?'5
S
<x>' *L&.

substitute

for the agent; as

Is

your finger wounded

The noun

juLLo! -Ijlsxi jjo

of agent of a transitive verb takes both

an object and an agent, whilst that of an intransitive

verb takes an agent only; as
Zaid

is

not doing good

ll*i.

Jo\ *jLo Lo

244

The object of the noun of agent

in the accusa-

is

tive; as

was pleased by

Zaid's riding

of the horse

The noun
Zaid

of attribute

is

agent

**^-

<^)

also governs as a verb

but

^J^j

The noun of superiority

its

govern as a verb; as

may

fair of face

is

(g*^^

t_rr^' <^>(v>*)

(j-

when the noun

expressed only

itself

is

convertible into a verb; as

There

is

man

no

to

whom

n
than /aid

jo\

from
_

The verb
as to tenses,
indeclinable.

tX*4>

more

is

study

-\

'

beneficial

|''~
FT
_&!
xJ

to

-'k'i

Jk=.x

u-jtXJl

harden.

>

either or.*Lxjo conjugated throughout

is

voices,

The verb

and derivative nouns, or

is

indeclinable

when

it

tX-/>L.

resembles

the particle in meaning, as ^11) which has the meaning

of

if

not,

Some
special

and

^c. perhaps,

(S

verbs are

which has the meaning of JiJ

only indeclinable

when they have

meanings as the verbs of wonder,

in

which case

they must immediately precede the noun they govern.

APPENDIX.
TO FOLLOW LIST OF TRILITERAL VERBS.

247
B
O

o
Q

O
CO

248
(

tV
x-5

\V*

x-i

viJ
\

?
I

,tf

&,

B*

w
a
rsi

M
Av-

*A

'A

a
EH

^ti-t^ffi:

fe

o
CO
a
o
fe
Q

^
* % s a
-^.grg
3
1

C/2

fl

n3

:<

a"-ir

1 i g

,f
FJ;:

iJ

vv
a c
= a

00

fe

a o
3 os
O

"S
J3

"S

^J
^L3

249

250

K
N

p*

a
*

Pre

w
H

*i:
:eJ

"
>

*i:

<

:W

n:
:J

n:
>

>

-e

:<

>

>

CO

O
CO

I
Q

->

'V \_

ft

!_

.4'

r,

vi,

1.1

O
:^

^y> vua^ 3
v

-J
_TN

ft

-^

a a
a :=
o o

:<

O
.^

n
o

ana

fi
*o"--^-\
*"

^
~

251

##f$3

3
P

&
h vx

j*

.
o

H>

a!

\i

:j
vl

a,

o.^~
^ *N

Prete

ffl

H
"T,

o'

"V

fa-

O
OD

ttffl

\i\i-:

"J>

:.?

M
^ 3?
4 ^

-3
o o

:3

r:5

;3
4

:|

1Joii
*\

252

J*~A

;^

"3
;,l

->-\

:,

L-t
J
')

^5

>4

<

> --\

~3

''

ri>

i'-^

A
^*s
*l

vit-i:

03

l-*A-a

4'

ATA

-o=

:j'

-o=

:j

-Tlf

-y "T

-j
-T*

-VI

W
H
3
CQ

.f
j

Q
W
>
P5
a
Q
i

^J
ri, \a
\a

-ti

%*>

vj

:-l

<|,

^o ^
j
:

*N

1J

02

=*

Iff

>

4'
,4'

,VJ
>

SiJ
CD

'

::f
O O
fcfc

-T

.t i ;j
1
f-

-j t|

1 3

^
-;

:i

-x

4
u K
>f\

"i

'3'
\

'

>

'\

-5
'13
*V|
v)
i^
x

-^

-5
12

-V!

!3

__J

-Vl

-3
>

M
:<
_l

>:

f
\

-\

253
c

*i:

J:

*li

<

-J:

*1J

*i:

*v

:J

\ :-l

c
63

PH

c
o

ra

<

GO

>

=1

CO

fi

;
*

= =
= 3
O O

"1

1
1 k.

254
,:2

V-*}

u\^

r.3

r.3

-*V

r.r
'*V

i-.

-^

v
>

Y!V^'/.Lil'i

'

:
'

ri

*>

1'J

*'ti

V^Vk^i^ \

CO

a
c
J vV
vL-^ 5v
^ \3^<
-i
*
'.^
*
:3
-2>

5v
Tx>

o<

*-Zl
^

o" 5

g g
O O

*=

Z55

g g

O
f?

:*>

'-^

.*

255
'4
H

>

itf

>

'

'%
n:

'"3

.1

\
-

*a

"2*
,

->

-4

l .;

-v
\

rt

/)

*N
t

-:5

-VI

:<_

^ ^

"

/!

,<

"-I*

'3

*5 -o

-VI

ril

"*

J*
!<

^ Ij

FINAL

CO

3
i

:
(

CO

s
g
Q
W
>
HH
C3
W
Q

:|

^*

:;

"

!
"

:x>

,T

*J

U O
"^

"3

gg

T:^

i:-1

"S

~o

:%

:a

j
:3

(5

256

>?

'i
HH

-:i

'\

>

>.>

>

*>

")^T

*N

*
-n

T
'J

vi

-A

'

'j
i

,T~
:

'i

&

'

'

en

'")*

^v
Noun Noun

>

*s\

\<_

<

257

a
5

I
*
i*

-i -1

w
p

-'i

9 '5

258

DERIVED VERBS.
I.

To make

To found

distant

rebuke

,,

i-o

inform

compose, compile

hope

Jil

..

wet

,,

give chloroform

entrust

strengthen

honour

blow a trumpet

make

J>Jo

_,

plain, clear

value

scatter

(j"-J

change

blaspheme

BJ

otXi

,,

row
try,

,,

pitch a tent

manage

well

strip

destroy utterly

divide

winnow

levy troops

gild

^\
-

impress, influence

grant a delay

call to

date

,,

appoint a chief

,,

foster

.*

^j\

arrange

jk=L!
&

retard

*.

,,

prayer

?*

train

tempt

compose an elegy
,,

burn incense

fulfil

,,

,,

cause to return
frighten

play upon a reed

vX'

a"';

259

To give choice

To adorn

,,

,,

praise

dye red

register

embroider

heat

divorce

arm

cleanse

,,

surrender

bless

nail

overshadow

permit

express,

hasten

lovable

count

adorn (speech)
sharpen, set limits

,,

,,

,,

torment

look intently

strip

warn

comfort

get ready, bring

r^

perfume

burden

magnify

change

hang up

perplex

teach

salute

inform

prolong
,,

make

life,

build

general

accustom

devastate
save, deliver

to

pass over

gather troops

make

cause

to

,,

name

leaven

facilitate

frighten

fence a field

disappoint

winter

J4*"

260

To strengthen

,,

To accede

exhort to patience

abridge, extract

correct

to glorify

believe

,,

refine

proclaim

,,

nurse

rend

applaud

,,

facilitate

clarify

,,

rouse,

O)^

draw attention

4i

,,

rely

compose, assort

,,

keep a festival

noise

upon

sing (bird)

paint

,,

wash

summer

cover

slaughter a victim

sing

to register

accuse of lying
consecrate
shatter

,,

try

determine upon

fetter,
,,

fire,

to

make a

,,

by

plate

pray

,,

to

>AWiS

.,

change

,,

search

,,

distribute

,,

explain

atone

prefer

enshroud

think upon

crown
speak

Jf

,,

kiss

,,

sanctify

complete

offer

create

cut into pieces

j>

261

To make one a ruler

To straighten
strengthen

deliver

prepare

bring

reprove

scrutinize

distribute

,,

revise

cleanse

explain

make

down

fit,

embellish a book

favourable

(God)
venerate

,,

threaten

,,

educate

seal, let fall

God

praise

appoint an agent

,,

jJU

congratulate

II.

To

To disagree with

struggle

ward

,,

be contiguous to

,.

exceed limits

persevere

converse with

reproach, blame

give

careful

,,

attention

off

be sociable with

one

to

summon

hasten

try to do

go forth to battle,

try to deceive

contend with

duel
,,

address
risk

bless

act in person
,,

exaggerate

262
!

To pay attention to

To share with

swear fealty

endure

dispute

punish

recompense
sit in

,,

dissemble

company

with

,,

review

show courtesy

accompany

be similar

guard

double

,,

,,

help

pursue, chase

journey

comply with

live

censure

live

treat with ani-

equalize

with
peaceably with

keep peace with

punish

resemble

treat disease, ende-

drink with

avour
deal with

share
consult

Jili

resist

accompany

covenant

find

help

wrestle

abandon

reconcile

compare
be near to

,,

(J^5

try to surpass

oppress

mosity

,,

oppose

by chance

contradict

hand

pll

263
,

To emigrate

To

vie for superiority

assault

,,

write

conceal

,,

recompense

poise

observe

correspond

deal kindly

persist in

sport with

persevere
,,

make an

,,

J&3

meet
help

appoint-

ment

,,

UlT

seek to hinder

agree with

call

arrive

be hypocritical

_j

suffer

III.

To become
,,

rich

jubl

To count

bear fruit
be liberal with
cause to

bring
,,

be

sit

answer

,,

do or say anything

fertile

subdue
give

well
protect

inform

prefer
,,

harm

allow

believe

feel

originate

do good

change

264
6^0*

To

,,

,,

To quench

see

vAOjl

be slow

t4f

set free

abolish

J^*T

obey

eli

removeto a distance <XijT

be dark

reserve

prepare

-iu!

be clear, manifest

,jLjf

LRJS>!

jJJb\

deprive of

p+\f

weary

Jjijl

Ua~>!

err

, ,,

perfect

jj3f

oili-l

in, insert

J^A-L)!

ot

- ,

fulfil

^il

bring

llll

satisfy (food)

break a promise

submit to
'O*

,,

shine

commit a crime

take into partner-

spread news

clot

show

ship

(5^1

send

P^y
be ambiguous

JkX^i!

anchor
'

,,

point to

jLil

give rest

Ij!

be morning

wish

persist

quench

rectify

resolve

thirst
g

afflict,

the

be right, hit

hasten

mark

squander

submit

light

er-

o.llf
*JLl!

add,

show

be or become aged

hospi-

,j-l!
^

tality

feed

vJl^l

prolix

do evil

o*

v^w'
tsLl!

IV

266

To present

To spend
deliver

despise

deny

make

light

up

obligatory

inspire

IV.

To regret

To adopt

ui-lLs
^

be manifest
,,

follow up

,,

be confirmed
,,

,,

be rooted
sure

composed(book)

educated

suffer

renewed

meditate

incarnate

,,

JJcUf

with delibe-

act

ration

>.

spy

,,

bear patiently

be scattered

be unveiled

changed

,,

shun

give freely

,,

be petrified

smile

moved

consider

verify

amuse oneself

suffer patiently

be poisoned

carry under the

,,

scattered

- ef-

arm

encouraged

be polite
,,

o* '

JuoL.J

founded

,,

strengthened

long for

JjuJ

267

To show

To give alms
employ oneself

,,

in olai'

pity

Jfp

hope

imagine

welcome

beseech

watch

comprise

reflect

be immoderate

marry

act voluntarily

be adorned

for

armed

draw bad omen

from

exercise absolute
^

power over

accuse of injustice

be astonished

become numerous

,,

rebel

-*

wallow

JjJtf
OS

be habituated to

,,

learn

,,

compassionate

grasp

be changed

be stable

iJULs

perplexed

flatter

educated

take possession,

afraid

&L3

reign

choose

,,

be trained

be awake to
ascetic

become a Christian I^IS

proceed gradually

be defiled

humble oneself

be glorified

JJL>

,,

_.

enjoy

excuse onself, be
impossible

05

.feJuLj

,,

JJjJ

,,

live luxuriously

breathe

268

To

To come into existence

disguise oneself

groan, sigh

be compact

be diverse

muffle oneself

be soiled

well brought

show kindness

up

i_ikJb'

deride

rejoice

purpose, be bapt-

rush heedlessly into

be prepared

ized

dine

fear

take nourishment

go towards

gaze

seek diligently

be dispersed

fall

seek a lost object

lean on a pillow

into difficulty

mediate

be sanctified
a ^-

advance

supplicate

approach

penetrate into

be proved

expect

put on

lean upon

be proud

suspect, imagine

shattered

MUM

become easy
be sure of

speak

V.

To

discuss together

inform one another

To dispute together
interfere

*uo

269

To be mutually

To

ignorance

transgress, exceed

agreed

the bounds

be closely packed

crowd
be exalted

Jc

accomodating

^
ill

f.*

resemble one an-

love one another

one another

fight
.,

equal

forebode

affect

summon one

an-

other
follow in regular
series

other

Jo

intersect

quarrel

'J-*

neglect

share with

JT

increase

feign occupation

jJ

be thick, dense

take counsel to-

meet one another

gether
discuss together

lazy

feign sickness

exchange

feign death

be blessed

swing

far apart

follow consecu-

commune secretly ^Ui

contend, litigate

gx^Ii'

take by the hand

Jjlls

yawn

feign sleep

^\J3

be heavy, sluggish Js

rush to

dispute together

neglect

dare

conceal oneself

tively

270

To

To be equal to
humble

feign

blindness,

ignorance

consult together

covenant

accompany

help one another

shake hands with

rival in glory

Ci>-Ui

become important,

be reconciled
fight one another

exceed the rights

formidable

j:

draw near

to

be scattered

divide with

feign

demand payment

engage in

agree upon

be exalted

agree together

deal with one an-

be dilatory

other

VI.

To be forsaken

To be healed
amazed

eclipsed

troubled

(moon)
be lowered

bruised

poured out

erased
obliterated
(traces)

be repelled

slip

away

be split

poured out

(JO

271

To be

To depart
proceed from

disclosed

blotted out

(J-*j'

be cut (pen)

pulled

extended,

put to

be raised, sent

be joined to
'

wounded

Isxit

printed

covered

concealed

go down

thrown

lst

deviate

depart

&

be bent, inclined

be straitened

arched, coa-

degraded

broken

gulated

passjf
c,

loosed

JJUil

cleave to

J^il

be planted

stoop

be deceived

plunged

5lt

led

be

flight

tears

attracted

fall prostrate,

down

rain heavily, shed

mercy

opened
burst

to

be separated

spilt

be broken, defeated

be eclipsed (sun) oLji

cleft

distressed

extinguished

(jlllt

272

To be

To be overturned

finished

cut

off,

cease

VII.

To begin

To adduce an argu-

ment

originate

be on one's guard ^x.

smile

burnt

,,

be distant

venerate

request

gather wood

swallow

celebrate

put to the test

despise

delight

endure

implore

contain

follow

ruminate

use strategy
f,

be gathered

hide oneself

experience

exert oneself
^*,

invent

be kindled

abridge

draw water

be distinguished

listen

lean

for

take to oneself

be girded

g.

iXUl
'df

upon

be strong

jLaL\

273

To be ordained

To be kindled
occupied
,

pleased with

long for

tremble

long for

rise,

be dyed

commit a crime

choose

suspect

make terms
a

warm

lie

despise, scorn

increase

oneself

down

advance

C_

be troubled

cover oneself

economise

compel

limit oneself to

blaze

require

persecute

acquire

defraud

be grieved

be mixed

earn

invent, forge lies

be clothed

be leavened

satisfied

choose

surround

claim

take refuge

be confused

undertake

tremble

look back

extemporize

meet together

apostatize

seek for

'/

18

274

To

.-

To draw near

be inflam-

blaze,

7 e

"- ~

commit crime

ed

*""

V_JAJlI

OJCi'l
x

be bent

obstain from

examine, try

be vigilant

be mixed

commit

consider

confess

be puffed up

separate oneself

profit

take refuge

criticise

embrace

be transferred

take care of

choose

be accustomed

have a relapse

oneself

be enraged

by

rebuke, drive away

seize

an oppor-

tunity

begin, conquer

come

glory in

be shaken

prey on

mind

miss

be united

think

victorious

await

wash

2U.AJI

s\;Liif

be spread

excuse oneself

deceived

^1

choose

filled

know, see

suicide

5=

to an end

wide

IcOi!

i-l
lixil

l^l

275
,

fi

To be joined

To burn, blaze

JJul

be pious, fear

humble
follow advice

lean upon

happen, agree

trust in

VIII.

To be yellow

To be white
red

crooked

green

one-eyed

blue

dust-coloured

brown

dull

black

IX.

To employ a

To approve
send for one

vant

draw out

be worthy of
find

ser-

sweet

extract
-

be changed, be

rectify omission c$Jt

a

seek proof, infer

impossible
spare one's

be circular

life,

be ashamed

seek mercy

seek infonnation

'

recall

I&lx-ll

276

To

hire

ask permission

^\

To

rest

explore

seek safety

penetrate deeply,

be polite, cultur-

(affair)

ed

^a&iL\

be independent

recommence an

upright

action

consider great

ClXi

,t.

be worthy of

consider abun-

dant

arbitrary

regard as a duty ICJUL

exchange
rejoice at

diaw attention

good

news
consider ugly

~&AZ*

i_ill

to
lie

on one's back

consider remote

seek inspiration

seek the comple-

seek help

tion

continue

except

ask a gift

answer prayer ^

discover

seek protection

deduce

profit

ask for water, be

loathe

meet, to be in
front of

dropsical
call to witness

consult

^11L\

277

To esteem of

seek aid

little

account

seek to under-

stand

find right

seek for infor-

seek help

mation

ask fulfilment of

enslave

a promise

hasten

make

disdain
oneself

incite
GO

shine, be enligh-

ready
seek a favour

tened

mock

consider great
desire to

know

begin speech
deserve

borrow

seek payment

r.

seek forgiveness
rich,

deposit

seek help

be

" O

"

use

yUa

overpower
be awakened

indepen-

dent of

X.

To be hump-backed
11

11

11

sweet
rough, rude

To be about to do
covered with
-

grass

be filled with tears,

eyes

'.

'

278

QUADRILITERALS.
To embellish

^7^)

279

To be rude, proud ol

To shine
follow a sect

conceited

be restless in bed

philosophize

go backwards

II.

To gather of

To have a protube-

press

rant chest and a

(crowds)

'
lie

hollow back

on the back

III.

To be intensely dark

To vanish away

stretch the neck

enjoy tranquillity

shudderwith honor

to look

be intensely dark

be high, proud

SUPPLEMENTS OF THE QUADRILITERAL.

To

practise farriery

clothe one with

gown
throw violenthy

down

To

stuflf

the crop

hurl into an abyss

put a cap on any

one

280

THE MORE COMMON FORMS OF TRILITERAL

MASDARS.

xJLi*

18

281

NOUNS OF ACTION OF TRILITERAL VERBS.

>
.

Pushing, paying

*0

282
'

Superiority

Death

Understanding

Springing

Killing

Vow

Purpose

Assisting

Knocking

Sprinkling

Speech

Arranging, versifying

Cauterizing

Profiting

Glance

Lamentation

Blame

rP

Sleep

Praising

Obtaining

Stretching

Pulling' down

Forbidding

c*

Promise

Abasement, weakness

Harm

Ampleness

Weakness

Cheapness

Oppression

Abstemiousness

Excuse

Scoffing

Politeness, sociability

Disease

Stinginess

Drunkenness

taXrfUM

Healing

Drinking

Slowness

Occupation

Vanity, falsehood

Thankfulness

Distance

Doing

Cowardice

283
i

Generosity

Holiness

Sorrow

Proximity

Beauty

Abhorrence

Judgment

Meanness

Dream

Kindness, gentleness

Wickedness

Abiding

Experience

Reigning

Storing up

Advice

Nakedness

Speaking

Difficulty

WW>

o&J

Dryness

Washing

Easiness

Spoiling

Luck

Vileness, ugliness

3.

JJU

Crime

Envy

Permission

Forbearance

Inheritance

Confusion

Righteousness

Fertility

Diligence, endeavour

Rememberance

Skilfulness

Compassion

Covetousness

Being well watered

Depriving

Sorcery, seduction

j.s^

Feeling

Drinking

i^lxi

Preservation

Feeling, versifying

J-.

284

285
Blindness

Repentance

Anger

Moisture

Toy

Relationship

Failure

Looking

Despair

Jaol

Generosity

r?

Fleeing
Affection

Zaziness

Fear

Hydrophobia

Swelling

Affection

ois'

Sickness

Wearifeness

Deep sleep

JJU

Mercy

Difficulty
9

Holiness

Dirtiness

Drunkenness

Excuse

Meanness

Dreaming
6.

Consent

Request

Night-journey

Weeping

Guidance

Piety

7.

Laughing

Playing

Lying

Depriving

286
I

Swearing

Stealing

Choking

Heaviness

Satisfaction

Satisfaction

Littleness

Annihilation

Greatness

Thickness

Richness

Plumpness

Shortness

*B

9.

Compassion
Going forth

Setting (sun, moon, or

star)

Subjection, obedience

Going forth

Palpitation

Rising (sun)

Obscureness

Reaching, maturity

Entering

Firmness

Approaching

Sitting

Returning

Solidity

Settling

Madness

Firmness

Happening

Worship, prostration

Arriving

Gladness

Presence

Falling

Staying, falling

Jy

287

Heat

Failing

Silence

Sitting

Quietness

Hiding

Consolation

Descending

Exaltation

Growing, beginning

Rising (sun)

Execution

Proceeding

Aversion

Ascending

&+JL6

Growth

Rising

Blowing (wind)

Crossing

Falling

Height

Attacking

Setting (sun)

Arriving

v.

Deception

Coming

Languor, lukewarmness

Standing

Coming

10.

sJ

Manhood

Harshness

Manliness

Tenderness

Saltiness

Dampness

Softness

Heat

Ruggedness

Ease

Ruggedness

Difficulty

Dryness

Sweetness

Sourness

^.w.J

'

288
11.

Protection

Swimming

Avoidance

Office of a butler

Weaving

Authority

Lectureship

Ruling, politics

Caliphate

Travelling

s.ll~

Treachery

Accusation

'&&'

Sewing

Dyeing

xcLLo

Knowledge

Exchanging (money)

Prefecture

Handcraft

Building

Goldsmith's art

Merchandise

Hospitality

Reciting

SpkS

Tribute

Worship

a.

Divination

Ploughing

Perfumery (trade)

Guarding

Building
j

Indication, auctioneer-

ing

iitlo

Porterage

Surgery

Relating

ill LI

Providence, care

Husbandry
Reading

Headship

Leading

Suckling

Writing

Agriculture

Sufficience

8*13

289
Navigation

Protection

Carpentry

Stewardship

Guidance

Birth

Inheritance

Governorship

SJIT

Office of Vizier

Safety

Honour, regard

Kindness

Foulmouthedness

Courage

KftUfiJk

Skilfulness

Misery

Simplicity

Testimony

Kindness,cheerfulness x-iLxiJ

Chivalry

Stupidity

Friendliness

Cowardice

Hardness

Boldness

Cheerfulness

Ignorance

Purity

Youthfulness

Comeliness

Skilfulness

Freshness

Sweetness

Stupidity

Foolishness

Vileness

Depravity

Holiness

Losing

Contentedness

Delicacy

Denseness

Meaness, badness
19

290

Happiness

Vigilance

Easiness of style
v

Repentance

Stability

Cleanliness

Inaccessibility

kill*

Innocency

Meekness

Skilfulness

13.

Depravity

**5llL

14.

Weeping
Singing to camels

Cough
Idi Consumption
Headache

Bellowing
Choking, diphtheria

Crying
,

>

Praying

Shouting

Giddiness

Sneezing

Bleeding (nose)

oLcj

Hiccough, gasp

Grumbling (camel)

Great thirst

Hard breathing

Mewing

Chatter (monkey)

Crowing

Rheum

Drowsiness

Asking

Lamentation

291

Passionate love

Shouting
Leaness
15.

Affliction

JLii
*

Generosity

Splendour

Permission

Firmness

Misery

Reward

Straying

Dryness

Costliness

Clearness, emigration

Corruption

Beauty

Vanishing

Crossing, license

Lapse, missing

Reaping

Fatigue

Destruction

Perfection

Losing

Success

Secrecy

Growing

Abundance

Fulfilment of promise
16.

Jlii

Shouting

Returning

Light, brightness

Veiling

Fleeing

Counting

Rising, standing

Meeting, finding

|.LIj'

"UiJ

'Us

Conclusion, end

Nursing

Shunning

Healing

Refusing

Fasting

i.

292

17.

Sighing

Departure

*A*}

Snoring

Roaring

Braying, hiccough

Neighing

Trumpeting (elephant)

Buzzing

Shouting

Clamoui*,roaring(sea)

Gnashing

Hissing

ob*

Creaking

Praising

Barking

Whistling
Noise of boiling water

Lamentation

jjvl
't.

Groaning

Crowing

Rustling (leaves)

Braying

Longing

Roaring

Murmur

Sound of thunder

(water)

Creeping

18.

Estrangement

^i?V

Scorn, zeal

Touthfulness

Advice
Supplication

AM>>

Accusation

Slander

Deteimination

Prevention

Plunder

Rancour

Judgment

^.jt

293

19.

Request

Suddenness

Completion

Tarrying
20.

Disclosing

Order

Development

Result

Preserving, wateh

xxi'Lc

Siesta

21.

Scoffing

Experience

Haste

Preaching

Brownish

r~
^

Auburn

Pace

sJLi

Sight

Companionship

Roughness

Nakedness

Power

Emigration

Freshness, consolation

Desire, request

Power

Boldness

Grammatical error

**

o'

Excellence

idii

22.
i

Power

Return

Distress, ill-luck

SySJtl

Attack

x!_. *

Inattention

Absence

294
.

Zeal, jealousy

Failure

Surprise

Invitation

Hardness

Mercy

Sorrow

xsCs-

Mercy

Abundance

*F

Desire

Curse

Dread

Rheum

Slipping

Ampleness

Growth

Repentance

Revenge

Perplexity

Slip, error

Fear

Fear

Solitude

Old age
23.

Chastity

Relationship

Living

Luxuriousuess

Might

Intention

Desire, blessedness

Xkxt

Seduction

ixi

Prudence

llki

Supremacy, empire
Impetuosity

Wisdom

Littleness, rarity

Experience

Writing

Service

Praising

Betrothal

Bounty, (reproachful

Lightness

for favours)

ko Fear

295
Dignity

Partnership,

Tenderness, thinness

Conduct

commu-

nion
B*JUN

Soundness

24.

Pity

U&&

Haste
Victory

Security
Affability

iiJU

Contempt

Possessing, talent

Motion

Deliverance

Life

25.

Nearness

Misfortune

Dwelling

Vision

Blessedness

Returning

Encounter

IxaJ

Claim

Confidential whisper

Accusation

27

Remembrance

Desire

.^.
xiil

296

28.

Reproof

Reckoning

Forgiveness

Sweetness

Losing

Carrying

Reading

Losing

Approaching

Over-weighing

Denying, ingratitude

Consolation

Decrease

Thankfulness

Vanity

Overflowing,injustice

Slander

29.

Knowing

Forgetting

Forsaking

Losing

Finding

Returning, arriving

Coming

Concealing

Depriving, forbidding

30.

Flowing

Shining

Rambling, flowing

Inclination

Flying

Raving

Boiling

Agitation,

Boiling

Overflowing

tion

Longing

commo-

297

Wandering

Palpitation

Agitation

Revolving

Running

Trembling

Wandering

Passing

away

Avoidance

31.

Croaking

Sprinkling

Paying ready money

Sipping, sucking

Sleep

Asking

Remembrance

Pouring

..j

Departing

32.

Perishableness

Senility

Spreading news

.JL*XJ.

Separation, remoteness

Becoming
Siesta

sjjlii

uj

Avoidance

Existence

Continuation

Inclining

Deviation

Lordship

33.

Difficult

\MMJM

Subject, placing

Understanding

Promise

Temptation

Easiness

J..AAJ

298

Oath

Patience

Exertion

0,?*"*

Produce

Return
Restoring

ADJECTIVES RESEMBLING THE AGENT.

1.

Easy

Deficient,

Clever, energetic

Righteous

Aged

&j>

low

(price)

Smiling

Difficult

Firm, steady

Hard

Chaste (language)

Thick, bulky

Alive

Straight,

narrow

Deceiver

Sweet

Meek

Tender, sappy

Ragged

Rough

Broad

Thick (beard)

Soft, flexible

Pure

Ignoble

Soft, brittle

Tender

Rugged

Luxurious

Compliant

2.

Thin
Filthy

Rude
Fertile

**

299

Pure

Saltish

Inexperienced

3.

Hard

Easy, (style)

Unsociable

Greedy

Harsh tempered

Merry
Thirsty
Difficult

Fragrant
Turbid
Blind

Drowned

Jii

300
Eloquent

301

Crooked

Having the

tip of the

nose cut off

One-eyed
-"?
;<*'

Dust-coloured

Hairy

of

Auburn

Blaze-faced

1*1
^Joil

Flat-nosed

Having the teeth apart

Under

lip

Stiff-handed

Juil

Hoary
Gray

chapped
,06

Bald-headed

6"

Red-tinged, (pupil)

Yellow

Hook-nosed

Having brown eyelids

Born blind

JkivS!
s+S!

Partially bald

Deaf

of

Deaf

Long- bearded
U

Red-lipped

C-

U-^l

Lame
Left-handed

Blue-eyed, gray-eyed
L- rf

Eyes wide apart

Night-blind

Clipped (bird's

Tongue-tied

Hasty

tail)

>*'

Hare-lipped

Slender

^_AA!

Blear-eyed
Blind

Right-handed

Long-necked

7.

Evil

Clear

Narrow

Good

Pleasant

Religious

r
*.jJo\

302

Dying

Intelligent

Soft

8.

Merciful
Evil,

re;

Polite, learned

Faithful

bad

Companion

Stingy

Weak-minded

Slow

Swift

Far

Happy

Stupid

Foolish

Thick

Safe

New

Stout

Worthy

Strong

JuJu

Important, large

Noble

Great, glorious

UgU

Sharp

Sound

Greedy

Small

Sorrowful

Weak

Wise

Long

Vile

Beautiful

Light, agile

Old

Fine, thin

Wonderful

Low

lt-*frAA*u*i_^

303

304

305

Repentant

Choked

Forgetful

Angry

Giddy (from wine)

Heedless

Sleepy

Joyous

Fearful

Cripple

Slumbering

Grieved

Dejected

Full

11. Jlii

Chaste (woman)

Coward

Incurable

Liberal

12. Jlii

Incurable

Brackish

Incurable

Fatal

Sweet (water)

Magnanimous

T
1

oLe\ and

Clear (water)

Brave

Bulky

20

L:

306

MEASURES OF THE NOUNS OF EXCESS.

J&

10

&KSi 2

11

J4*i 3

12

J^i

Juou
14

Jj^U

JlxJu

kJbu

l- >

LAJ

6
7

JLi

16

NOUNS OF EXCESS. *JUJf j.^

1.

Jlii

Learned

Penitent

Perfidious

Smiling

Deceiver

Weeper

Impostor

Forgiving (God)

Pardoner (God)

Giant

Bountiful

Traveller

Murderer

JUs Traitor

Subduer (God)

Fosterer (God)

Liar

Thief

Benefactor

Bloodthirsty

Timid

Drunkard

Giver

One who
Covetous

fasts

307

Learned

Traveller

Genealogist

Traveller

Timid

Clamorous
3

Veracious

Silent
S

Holy

Tippler

Xv

Drunkard

Playful

Wicked

4.

Chaste

Brave

Hasty

Ignorant

Forgiving

Merciful

Zealous

Silent

Fearful

Thankful

Affectionate

Veracious

5.

Sorrowful

Merciful

Thick (beard)

Of close texture
Omniscient

6.

Very timid

Silent

Jy^Mt

308
7.

Jolly

*,

309
'

13.

'

Fickle

Changeable

Deceitful
**

jt

14.

Everlasting

*JAS

Jjju

Holy

15 and 16. xjlxjw.

-7

JlxjiJ'

Humorist

Humorist

Glutton

UJb

NOUNS OF INSTEUMENT.
1.

JoiAX

Slaking trough

Needlecase

Cooking-pot

File

Spindle

Lancet

Bath

Microscope

Handle

Syringe

Scissors

Awl

O.A/3

*.^OAX!

Cannon

Cutter
c

Frying-pan

Telescope

Halter

Fire-brand

Press,

(hand or

hydraulic)

Tongs

Grindstone

Whetstone
Fork

JtW

310

Beak

j*L**

311

Broom

Filter

Flat or box iron

Squirt

Press

fauLo

Hand-mill

Spoon

Mallet

Duster

Umbrella

Salt-cellar

Wine

Towel

Ladle

Girdle

or olive press

Sv^ajL*

xsJuo

UUut Pen- case

WITH THE MEANING OF NOUN OF INSTRUMENT.

Shackle

JliD

woman's covering

Swaddling clothes

Shoe

Head- veil

Girth, girdle

Muffler

Blanket

Bridle, rein

Bandage

Quilt

Wine-skin

Belt

Curtain

Golden girdle

Bandage

WITH THE MEANING OF NOUN OF INSTRUMENT.

Bandage

Sword

Bandage

Support

belt

312
Stick

Support

Pillow

Suspender

Turban

THE IRREGULAR MEASURES,

*lii&

Sieve

Pestle

Soda or soap box

Oil bottle

Antimony box

Snuff-box

and

PRIMITIVE NOUNS OF INSTRUMENT.

Net

xXli

jQ B

*>

V -^

313

PROFESSIONS AND TRADES.

Thrasher

Tiller

Auctioneer

Greengrocer

Oil

Builder

merchant

Sower

e';)

Door-keeper

Oil-dealer

Salesman

Jailer

Surgeon

Water

Butcher

carrier

Butter dealer

Shearer

Beggar

Executioner

Dyer

Camel-driver

Money changer

Smith

Sportsman

Ploughman

Cook

Reaper

Printer

Wood-cutter

Drummer

Barber

Miller

Donkey-driver

Porter

JLxi

Porter

Grocer, perfumer

Baker

Spinner

Potter

Sheep owner

Tailor

Miner

Horseman

Husbandman

Tanner

'V*

314
Carpenter

Butcher

Sculptor, stone-

Bleacher

dresser

Copper-smith

(j

Vine-dresser

Wheat measurer

Carder

Butcher

Engraver, stone-cutter

Sailor

JOS'

MEASURES OF THE PLURAL OF PAUCITY.

JliiT 2
i

MEASURES OF THE PLURAL OF MULTITUDE

Li

19

315

PLURAL OF PAUCITY,
1.

Jjtil

alajf

316
Eyelid

(jL^>!

^-^

317
Malice

Button

Edge

Husband or

Child

JUJof

jlio

wife

Bird

Cause

Nail

Tribe

Number

Screen

Enemy

Current price

JtUum

Book

Wedding

Grass

Fish

Nests

Name

Arm

Tooth

Whip
Market

Flag

Work

JL^f

Sword

oLLlf

Paternal uncle

Tree

Neck

Poetry

Year

Bu3iness,workjl**i

Branch

Kind, sort

Scabbard

Longing

Joy

Thorn

Individual

Thing

Mare

Echo

Mouth

Country

Filth

Voice

ySlLfb

JlXif

JJC4

'

lJLof

*JUO

318

319
Pillar

Foetus

Bridle

Apparatus

Food

Answer

Crow

Shoes

Coverings

Phantasm

Heart

Invocation

Mattress

Proof

Shirt

Brain

Measurement

Medicine

Garment

Handmill

Dress

Loat

Counterpane

"

,)

Porch

xi:

Reins

Goods

juLuot

Example

xJlixil

Time

^
xijCol

Question

Ubl

Place

Woven
Portion

ks\*j!

J>.A<

Mirage

'

Bed

s.j!~t

Aii-

Den

r-r

Armour,arms*s!JLJ
_

of wild

beasts

Camel's

hump

SU

Spear head

Valley

Beverage

Jugular vein

Sun's rays

Vessel

Spleen

Food

JliJo

320

321

322

Window

ty$

'if

'

323
"

Paragraph

JLs

iiyJii

324

325

326

Calumniator

sLL

jiti

327

328
Hand-writi

Tower

Wine

Lightning

Seed

String, thread -fcyU

9

Lesson

Belly

Debt

House

Male

Border-

Head

land

Spring-camp

Hill

Thunder

Breast

Seed

Snow

Flower

Bridge

Prison

Eyelid

Saddle

Skin

Roof

Side

Line,

row

h |W

J^

Army

Roof

Pocket

Poison

Grain

>

!-). AS

a,

Affair

Limit,

Explanation

boundary

Haii-

War

Doubt

Particle

Sun

Fortress

Witness

Field

Month

Cheek

Plate, dish

,.

Adversary

Jyia.

329

330

13.

xlyii

331

332

333

334

335

Clergyman

Boy

Stick

Cross

Flock

JBABJI

Back

Beehive

Blind

Shirt

Pool

Hill

Horseman

Weaned

22.

Brother

Leg
Sparrow-

hawk

(friend)
(>rffl

Crown

Eagle

Ox, bull

Wood, rod

Rat

Crow

Neighbour

Gazelle

Whale

Lad

Wall

Mouse

Sheep

Youth

Worm

Fire

Fly,

flies

23.

Pregnant
Sorrowful

Widow,
widower

336
i

Virgin

Law-suit

Penitent

Satisfied

Orphan

I****

Pure

24.

Unique, one

Intoxi-

by one

cated

Lazy

25.

Chair

^A'Js

Night

JLJ

Land
People, family

Interior angle

JbM

Desert

of the eye

Bottle

aJjuLJ

26.

Upper Room

Desert

Chair

Chameleon

Fleet camels

Concubine
Desert

ja.

337

PLURAL OF PLURALS.
"

6
7

10

PLURAL OF PLURALS.
1.

JJlii

Black

-f

Hare

lOCUSt

Head

fc

veil

Stocking

Isthmus

Substance,

Bud

jewel, pearl

Veil

Fish scales

ocs.

7" Dragoman,
*.

__

Colocynth JJoLii.

jJbJj*

Large Knife y.lIL

yi^*-^

interpreter

Fox

Silver coin

Breast of

Copy-book,

man
v

register

White

silk

Wild

calf

Army

cloth

Brook,

Bracelet

Skull
Cix-

list

6Li

338

339

340
,6

Bracelet

Scorpion
Relative

Greatest

Mostgenerous,,

Goat

S\
k_j'

Smallest
Nails

'

Foreigner

Song

,.iUI

.'f
LUAl

4.

Palace, arched

Path,

method

hall

Nails

Song

Vanity
-f

fcu&t

Enigma

District

Story

Saying

See-saw

Falsehood

Poem

Crown

Week

Poem,decla

Handwri-

mation

ting

Cards

Throne

Lining of

Deer

clothes

Amulet
News-pa

yJUC.

jCS! 'l
;

Joljt

Creature(^jG)

Good news,
Gospel

'

j*r

GC

341

Curtain

Crime

Cloud

Crime

Secret, heart j*\y~

Small

Body

of troops

garden
Trap, net

Insult

Nature

Fruit

garden

Miracle

Sheepfold

Old Woman OLS

Ditch

Resolution

Provision-

Gift

Reality

affair

Treasury

Turban

Loss

Wonderful

Sin

ile

hive

Booty

Minute

Prey

Victim

Muscle

Savings

Precept

merit

|'N_=>.

Bee-

event

Virtue,

JixAs*.

bag

Important

Instinct

JoUl

Subjects

.3

342
Defect, vice <jai

Memory

Present

Necklace

JvS

Squadron
Deposit

Church

Pillow

Quiver

Means

Nicety of

Means

MM

Commandment

language

JLftjJaJ

Roll

Death
Event, fight

)*

Maid

jv

Result

Vessel

Mosque

Hastiness

Side

Man-of-war

Prize

Jar

Eye-brow

Cause

Accident

Spice

Senses

Fixed (star)

Marginal

Penetrating

notes

(mind)

Hoof

Want

Second

Bird of prey

5vi

343

344

345

Anchor

Censer
>

Pastorage

Origin, prin-

Bed

ciple

File

Mosque
Paper-ruler

Beneficence

,.

Llio

Dwelling

Water-course^Lsvi

Evil deed

Council

Difficulty

Ink-pot

Bed

Orbit of

Damage

ij_ix
^

the eye

place

Store

jliixi

Mine

Claw

Exhibition

School

Battle

^,lii
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Manger

t_Jlix

5*Ju

Buryingplace

ManufactureJxLixi

Rite, sect

Meaning

Mirror

,jLi*

aTli

iilyo
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Resort

High rank

Defect

Spindle

*7*

Meeting

Printing-

Plantation

CT

Kitchen

press

5..AXJ

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Lix

Mercy

(^jli*
JvLii

Dirge, elegy

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x/

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Cemetery

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Joll*

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Watering-

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place

school

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Library

Refuge

Gain

Place of

Broom

Time of
meeting

SxLo

pose

Shoulder

peril

Lodging

Virtue

SJIJLo

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Stratagem
Delight

L>iLc

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Place

Spoon

Gift

Nostril

Famous

1 '/2

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door

Dirhem

Juki'lio

Psalm

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Money-

Bishop

changer
Caesar

Angel

Cardinal

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titty

TR1LITERAL VERBS ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THEIR MEDIAL RADICAL IN THE
PRETERITE AND AORIST, WITH THEIR NOUNS
OF ACTION IN COMMON USE.
o^

Juub

^o,
JULAJ

JOLS

Joub

Juii 4

Ji*

To be fulfilled LoUiwander
form, mix

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its

cut (a pen)

LJ

seek

weep
exert one-

pass the

self

night

draw

sell

run

be distant &yi

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351

To

incline

^^Ii

JLo

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'

To envy

--

fiXm*

- - ,j.*^=>.

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To return

b^e

<>le

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JxJ

To be hot

To permit
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be sleepless L^l

enra^

*^?.

live

s'Lli.

Uvl

approach

*,*

be ashamed SLsxi.

regret

lose

be ac-

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customed

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snatch

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be secure

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be amazed

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innocent *Lj

fear

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depart

suck

be ugly

desire

remain

ascend gra-

dually

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hear

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be worn out ib
follow

trade

be tired

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keep awake

spoilt,
^-

be

>4

at night

UJLj

perish

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# ^^

satisfied \ji+&

witness

<>L<t.

get drunk ikii

be grieved bia.

ascend

keep, learn

be annoyed Uss

by heart

laugh

praise

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llaa

ta,aa>

358

To

To be restless,
anscious
despair

Jli

lCi^>

quer

be content

wonder

with

lack

6 -

&

bite

&

perish

be lazy

thirst

be complete,

know

perfect

sweat

y>

become old
dislike

**

be thirsty

be strong

gain, con-

CJu

work

9 US'

abide

L.^J3

be drowned l^i

UuJ

insist

pay a

upon

or tax

lick

cover

overtake Ulsxf

be angry

be neces-

slip,

sary

take booty Ule

stick

rejoice

*3

lI*J

play
f-

be sick

err

finish,

Lkii

La.Cs

be

meet, find blliJ

gulp

fine

empty
pass

f
,

Ul^i

away

understand

359

To desire, love ^yc

^yc

360

361
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To be

To pillage

distant

succeed Li-Lso

flow

,,hew

rise

hurry, flow

slay

fast

grow up

L&3
_

,,

place

advise

,,

sprinkle

,,lap

grant

croak

Ulai

marry

U.LXJ

<&
To be well educated,

Tobeelegantxi^?
lib

heavy
,,

be strong,

cowardlyLu*>

brave

cou.11"
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cious

harden,
freeze

Ll,lj

be avari-

rageous
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LJO!

refined

JJii'

excel in

be young,

knowledge

fresh

be simple xLU*i

be resolute iLIC&.

see

t-i?
to

be slow

of noble
birth

be beau-

gallant

distant

,,

&

tiful

Lk*

,,

stupid

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JJU

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to

be renowed kscUS

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