Engineering Mechanics - Introduction

The Engineering Mechanics is that branch of Engineering-science which deals with the
principles of mechanics along with their applications to engineering problems. It is subdivided into the following two main groups:
(a) Statics, and (b) Dynamics
The Statics is that branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and their
effects, while acting upon the bodies at rest.
The Dynamics is that branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and their
effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion. It is further sub-divided into the following
two branches:
(i) Kinetics, and (ii) Kinematics
The Kinetics is that branch of Dynamics, which deals with the bodies in motion due to the
application of forces.
The Kinematics is that branch of Dynamics which deals with the bodies in motion without
taking into account the forces which are responsible for the motion.

Force - Basic Definition

Force may be defined as an agent which produces or tends to produce, destroy or tends to
destroy the motion of a body. A force while acting on a body may
(a) change the motion of a body,
(b) retard the motion of a body,
(c) balance the forces already acting on a body, and
(d) give rise to the internal stresses in a body.
In order to determine the effects of a force acting on a body, we must know the following
characteristics of a force:
(i) The magnitude of the force,
(ii) The line of action of the force,
(iii) The nature of the force, i.e. push or pull, and
(iv) The point at which the force is acting.
In M. K. S. system of units, the magnitude of the force is expressed in kilogram-force
(briefly written as kgf) and in S.I. system of units, the force is expressed in newtons (briefly
written as N). It may be noted that
1 kgf = 9.81 N

Resultant Force
Resultant Force - It is a single force which produces the same effect as produced by all the
given forces acting on a body. The resultant force may be determined by the following three
laws of forces :
1. Parallelogram law of forces. It states that if two forces, acting simultaneously on a
particle, be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of a parallelogram which passes through their points of intersection.
For example, let us consider two forces P and Q acting at angle at point O as shown in Fig.
1.1. The resultant is given by,

2. Triangle law of forces. It states that if two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle, be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken
in opposite order.
3. Polygon law of forces. It states that if a number of forces, acting simultaneously on a
particle, be represented in magnitude and direction by sides of a polygon taken in order, then
their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon
taken in opposite order.
Notes :
1. The resultant of more than two intersecting forces may be found out by resolving all the
forces horizontally and vertically. In such cases, resultant of the forces is given by
If the resultant (R) makes an angle with the horizontal, then
2. If the resultant of a number of forces, acting on a particle, is zero then the particle will be
in equilibrium. Such a set of forces, whose resultant is zero, are known as equilibrium forces.
The force, which brings the set of forces in equilibrium is called an equilibriant. It is equal to
the resultant force in magnitude but opposite in direction.
3. A number of forces acting on a particle will be in equilibrium when:

System of Forces
When two or more than two forces act on a body, they are said to form a system of forces.
Following are the various system of forces:
1. Coplanar forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane are known as
coplanar forces.
2. Concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, are known as concurrent
forces.
3. Coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point and their lines of
action also lie on the same plane, are called coplanar concurrent forces.
4. Coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point but
their lines action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces.
5. Non-coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point but their lines
of action do not lie on the same plane are known as non-coplanar concurrent forces.
6. Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point and
their lines of actions do not lie on the same plane are called non-coplanar nonconcurrent forces.

Lami's Theorem
Lami's Theorem states that if three coplaner forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, then
each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.
Mathematically
where P, Q and R are the three forces and , and are the angles as shown in Fig 1.2.