ME 221 / APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

Two marks:
1. Define thermodynamic system.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space,
on which the analysis of the problem is concentrated.
2. Name the different types of system.
1. Closed system (only energy transfer and no mass transfer)
2. Open system (Both energy and mass transfer)
3. Isolated system (No mass and energy transfer)
3. Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
If a system is in Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium then the system
is in thermodynamically equilibrium. (or)
If the system is isolated from its surrounding there will be no change in the
macroscopic property, then the system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium.
4. What do you mean by quasi-static process?
Equilibrium state
Quasi-static process

Infinite slowness is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process. A quasistatic process is that a succession of equilibrium states. A quasi-static process is
also called as reversible process.
5. Define Path function.
The work done by a process does not depend upon the end of the process. It
depends on the path of the system follows from state 1 to state 2. Hence work is
called a path function.

6. Define point function.

Thermodynamic properties are point functions. The change in a thermodynamic
property of a system is a change of state is independent of the path and depends
only on the initial and final states of the system.
7. Name and explain the two types of properties.
The two types of properties are intensive property and extensive property.
Intensive Property: It is independent of the mass of the system. Example:
pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific energy, density.
Extensive Property: It is dependent on the mass of the system. Example:
Volume, energy. If the mass is increased the values of the extensive properties
also increase.
8. Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous system.
The system consist of single phase is called homogeneous system and the system
consist of more than one phase is called heterogeneous system.
9. What is a steady flow process?
Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across the control
surface are constant.
10. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the
surroundings. There is no mass transfer and energy transfer. According to first
law of thermodynamics as dQ = dU + dW; dU = dQ dW; dQ = 0, dW = 0,
There fore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the
internal energy is constant for isolated system.
11. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.
1. Turbine, 2. Nozzle, 3. Condenser, 4. Compressor.
12. Define system.
It is defined as the quantity of the matter or a region in space upon which we
focus attention to study its property.
13. Define cycle.
It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with
the initial state.

14. Show that work is a path function and not a property.

1
C
B
p

V
With reference to the above figure, it is possible to take the system from 1 to 2
along many quasi-static paths such as A, B or C. Since the area under each curve
represents the work for each process, the amount of work involved in each case is
not a function of the end states of the process and it depends on the path of the
system, follows in going from state 1 to state 2. For this reason, work is a path
function and not a property.
15. Explain Mechanical equilibrium.
If the forces are balanced between the system and surroundings are called
Mechanical equilibrium
16. Explain Chemical equilibrium.
If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter form one part of the system to
another is called Chemical equilibrium
17. Explain Thermal equilibrium.
If the temperature difference between the system and surroundings is zero then it
is in Thermal equilibrium.
18. Define Zeroth law of Thermodynamics.
When two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system then
they themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
19. What is perpetual motion machine of first kind?

It is defined as a machine, which produces work energy without consuming an

equivalent of energy from other source. It is impossible to obtain in actual
practice, because no machine can produce energy of its own without consuming
any other form of energy.
20. Define Clausius statement.
It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process, to transfer
heat from a body at lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without
the aid of an external agency.
21. What is Perpetual motion machine of the second kind?
A heat engine, which converts whole of the heat energy into mechanical work is
known as Perpetual motion machine of the second kind.
22. Define Kelvin Planck Statement.
It is impossible to construct a heat engine to produce network in a complete cycle
if it exchanges heat from a single reservoir at single fixed temperature.
23. Define Heat pump.
A heat pump is a device, which is working in a cycle and transfers heat from
lower temperature to higher temperature.
24. Define Heat engine.
Heat engine is a machine, which is used to convert the heat energy into
mechanical work in a cyclic process.
25. What are the assumptions made on heat engine?
1. The source and sink are maintained at constant temperature.
2. The source and sink has infinite heat capacity.
26. State Carnot theorem.
It states that no heat engine operating in a cycle between two constant temperature
heat reservoir can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between
the same reservoir.
27. What is meant by reversible process?
A reversible process is one, which is performed in such a way that at the
conclusion of process, both system and surroundings may be restored to their
initial state, without producing any changes in rest of the universe.

28. What is meant by irreversible process?

The mixing of two substances and combustion also leads to irreversibility. All
spontaneous process is irreversible.
29. Explain entropy?
It is an important thermodynamic property of the substance. It is the measure of
molecular disorder. It is denoted by S. The measurement of change in entropy
for reversible process is obtained by the quantity of heat received or rejected to
absolute temperature.
30. What is absolute entropy?
The entropy measured for all perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero
temperature is known as absolute entropy.
31. Define availability.
The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final condition
of the system is the same as that of the surrounding is called availability of the
system.
32. Define available energy and unavailable energy.
Available energy is the maximum thermal useful work under ideal condition. The
remaining part, which cannot be converted into work, is known as unavailable
energy.
33. Explain the term source and sink.
Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and sink is a
thermal reservoir, which takes the heat from the system.
34. What do you understand by the entropy principle?
The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. It always increases and
remains constant only when the process is reversible. This is known as principle
of increase in entropy or entropy principle.
1. .
35. What is reversed carnot heat engine? What are the limitations of carnot cycle?
1. No friction is considered for moving parts of the engine.
2. There should not be any heat loss.

Six marks
1. Explain various thermodynamic systems with example
.
2. Write short notes on a)Refrigerator b)Heat pump
3.Write short notes on Clausius inequality?
4. What are the important characteristics of entropy?
5.What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?

Ten marks

1)

In a vessel 10 kg of O2 is heated in a reversible non-flow constant

volume process, so that the pressure of O2 is increased two times
that of initial value. The initial temperature is 20oC. Calculate
the final temperature, change in internal energy, change in
enthalpy, and heat transfer. Take R = 0.259 kJ/kg K and Cv
0.625 kJ/kg K for oxygen.

2)

Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air

compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95
m3/kg, volume and leaving at 5m/s, 700 kPa and 0.19 m 3 /kg.
The internal energy of the air leaving is 90kJ/kg greater than
that of the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets
absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 kW. (a) Compare the
rate of shaft work input to the air in kW. (b) Find the ratio of the
inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter.
3)

A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump.

The heat

transfer from the heat engine and from the heat pump is
used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of
building. The efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and COP
of the heat pump is 4. (i) Draw the neat diagram of the

arrangement and (ii0 evaluate the ratio of heat transfer to

the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.

4)

DERIVE THE EXPRESSION OF SFEE.

5) EXPLAIN THE WORKING OF CARNOT CYCLE WITH NEAT SKETCH

6) A vessel of capacity 3 m3 contains air at a pressure of 1.5 bar and a temperature of

25oc.Additional air is pumped into the vessel until the pressure rises to 30 bar
absolute and the temperature rises to 60oc.Determinemass of air pumped in and
also express this quantity as a volume at 1.02 bar and 20oc ?

Unit- II
Two marks
1. What are the assumptions made on air standard efficiency?
1. Air is the working fluid and it obeys the perfect gas laws.
2. The engine operates in a closed cycle. The cylinder is filled with constant
amount of working substance and the same fluid is used repeatedly and hence
mass remains constant.
3. The working fluid is homogeneous throughout at all times and no chemical
reaction takes place, inside the cylinder.
4. The compression and expansion processes are assumed to be adiabatic.
5. The values of specific heat (Cp and Cv) of the working fluid remains constant.
6. All processes are internally reversible and no mechanical or frictional losses to
occur throughout the process.
7. Combustion is replaced by heat addition process and exhaust is replaced by
heat rejection process.
2. Define compression ratio.
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of cylinder to the clearance volume.

3. Define mean effective pressure.

It is defined as the average pressure acting on the piston during the entire power
stroke that would produce the same amount of net work output during the actual
cycle. It is also defined as the ratio of work-done per cycle to swept volume.
4. Define Clearance Volume.
It is the minimum volume occupied by the fluid in the cylinder when the piston
reaches the top dead centre position.
5. What are the conditions for maximum work of an Otto cycle?
______
T2 = T4 = (T1XT3)
r k = (T3/T1)(-1)
6. Define Relative efficiency

Actual thermal eficiency

Air standardefficiency

7. Define cylinder bore : The diameter is known as bore and extreme positions of the
piston in the cylinder are known as top dead centre (TDC) position and bottom dead
centre (BDC) position.
8. Define stroke : The distance through which the piston can travel between the top dead
centre and bottom dead centre positions is known as stroke of the engine.
9. Define Swept Volume : The volume swept by the piston when it moves between top
dead centre and bottom dead centre is known as swept volume or stroke volume and
is denoted by vs.
10. Define explosion ratio : (Pressure ratio or explosion ratio)

11. Define expansion ratio : Re (Expansion ratio)

12. Define cut off ratio : (Cut-off ratio) =

v5
v4

v4
v3

v4
v3

13. Define work ratio of gas turbine.

It is the ratio of network to turbine work.
14. What is the function of push rod and rocker arm in IC engine?

The function of push rod and rocker arm in IC engine is to transmit motion of the
cam to the valve.
15. What is scavenging in IC engine?
The process of pushing out of exhaust gases from the cylinder by admitting the
fresh charge into the cylinder is known as scavenging.
Six marks
1) Differentiate spark ignition and compression ignition engine
2) Write short notes on abnormal combustion in IC engines
3) Explain various stages of normal combustion in IC engines
4) Compare two stroke and four stroke engine.
5) Expline the application of IC engine.

Ten marks:

1. An engine working on Otto-cycle has a volume of 0.5m3 pressure 1

bar and temperature 27oC at the beginning of the compression
stroke. At the end of the compression stroke, the pressure is 10 bar,
210 kJ of heat is added during constant volume heating process.
Calculate the pressures, temperatures and volumes at salient points
in the cycle. Also find the percentage clearance, efficiency, net work
done per cycle and mean effective pressure. If the number of
working cycles is 200 per second, find the power developed by the
engine.
2. An oil engine with 20cm cylinder diameter and 30 cm stroke works
on theoretical Diesel cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of
the air used are 1 bar and 30oC. The cut-off is 10% of the stroke.
Find the following:
1. Pressure and temperatures at all salient points.
2. Theoretical air standard efficiency.
3. Mean effective pressure.

4. The power developed by the engine if the working cycles per

minute are 400.
Assume the compression ratio is 16 and working fluid is air.
Take all ideal conditions.
3.

An oil engine works on mixed cycle. The following data is given:

Compression Ratio = 14:1
Cut off = 4% of the stroke
Maximum pressure limited = 50 bar
Initial pressure
Initial temperature

= 1 bar
= 47oC

Find the pressures and temperatures at all salient points. Also find
the air standard efficiency and men effective pressure of the cycle.
4) EXPLAIN THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE CYCLE
ENGINES.

5) EXPLAIN THE WORKING OF TWO STROKE- PETROL ENGINE

6) Derive the air standard efficiency of Duel cycle?