Machine Design

GATE-ME
Previous Years Solved Paper
Machine Design
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GATE Previous Year Papers Solved by Team GATESCORE

GATE SOLVED PAPER - ME
year 2013
Machine Design
ONe mark
Q. 1
A metric threads of pitch 2 mm and thread angle 60c is inspected for its pitch
diameter using 3-wire method. The diameter of the best size wire in mm is
(A) 0.866
(B) 1.000
(C) 1.154
(D) 2.000
Q. 2
Two threaded bolts A and B of same material and length are subjected to
identical tensile load. If the elastic strain stored in bolt A times of bolt B and the
mean diameter of bolt A is 12 mm, the mean diameter of bolt B in mm is
(A) 16
(B) 24
(C) 36
(D) 48
year 2013 two marks
Common
Data For
Q3 and 4
A single riveted lap joint of two similar plates as shown in the figure below has
the following geometrical and material details.
width of the plate w = 200 mm , thickness of the plate t = 5 mm , number of rivets

n = 3 , diameter of the rivet dr = 10 mm , diameter of the rivet hole dh = 11 mm
, allowable tensile stress of the plate sp = 200 MPa , allowable shear stress of the
rivet ss = 100 MPa and allowable stress of the rivet sc = 150 MPa .
Q. 3
If the plates are to be designed to avoid tearing failure, the maximum permissible
load P in kN is
(A) 83 (B) 125
(C) 167 (D) 501
Q. 4
If the rivets are to be designed to avoid crushing failure, the maximum permissible
load P in kN is
(A) 7.50 (B) 15.00
(C) 22.50 (D) 30.00
year 2012 two marks
Q. 5
A fillet welded joint is subjected to transverse loading F as shown in the figure.

Both legs of the fillets are of 10 mm size and the weld length is 30 mm. If the
allowable shear stress of the weld is 94 MPa, considering the minimum throat
area of the weld, the maximum allowable transverse load in kN is
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(A) 14.44
(C) 19.93
Q. 6
(B) 17.92
(D) 22.16
A force of 400 N is applied to the brake drum of 0.5 m diameter in a band-brake

system as shown in the figure, where the wrapping angle is 180c. If the coefficient
of friction between the drum and the band is 0.25, the braking torque applied, in
Nm is
(A) 100.6
(C) 22.1
Q. 7
Machine Design
(B) 54.4
(D) 15.7
A solid circular shaft needs to be designed to transmit a torque of 50 Nm. If the

allowable shear stress of the material is 140 MPa, assuming a factor of safety of
2, the minimum allowable design diameter is mm is
(A) 8
(B) 16
(C) 24
(D) 32
year 2011 two marks
Q. 8
Two identical ball bearings P and Q are operating at loads 30 kN and 45 kN

respectively. The ratio of the life of bearing P to the life of bearing Q is
(A) 81 (B) 27
16
8
(C) 9 (D) 3
2
4
year 2010 two marks
Q. 9
A band brake having band-width of 80 mm, drum diameter of 250 mm, coefficient
of friction of 0.25 and angle of wrap of 270 degrees is required to exert a friction
torque of 1000 Nm. The maximum tension (in kN) developed in the band is
(A) 1.88
(B) 3.56
(C) 6.12
(D) 11.56
Q. 10
A bracket (shown in figure) is rigidly mounted on wall using four rivets. Each
rivet is 6 mm in diameter and has an effective length of 12 mm.
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Machine Design
Direct shear stress (in MPa) in the most heavily loaded rivet is
(A) 4.4
(B) 8.8
(C) 17.6
(D) 35.2
Q. 11
A lightly loaded full journal bearing has journal diameter of 50 mm, bush bore of
50.05 mm and bush length of 20 mm. If rotational speed of journal is 1200 rpm
and average viscosity of liquid lubricant is 0.03 Pa s, the power loss (in W) will be
(A) 37
(B) 74
(C) 118
(D) 237
year 2009 two marks
Q. 12
A forged steel link with uniform diameter of 30 mm at the centre is subjected to

an axial force that varies from 40 kN in compression to 160 kN in tension. The
tensile (Su), yield (Sy) and corrected endurance (Se) strengths of the steel material
are 600 MPa, 420 MPa and 240 MPa respectively. The factor of safety against
fatigue endurance as per Soderbergs criterion is
(A) 1.26
(B) 1.37
(C) 1.45
(D) 2.00
Common
Data For
Q 13 and 14
A 20c full depth involute spur pinion of 4 mm module and 21 teeth is to transmit
15 kW at 960 rpm. Its face width is 25 mm.
Q. 13
The tangential force transmitted (in N) is

(A) 3552
(B) 2611
(C) 1776
(D) 1305
Q. 14
Given that the tooth geometry factor is 0.32 and the combined effect of dynamic
load and allied factors intensifying the stress is 1.5; the minimum allowable stress
(in MPa) for the gear material is
(A) 242.0
(B) 166.5
(C) 121.0
(D) 74.0
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Machine Design
YEAR 2008
TWO MARKS
Q. 15
A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 40 mm and a length of 40 mm. The

shaft is rotating at 20 rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is 20 mPa-s . The
clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss of torque due to the viscosity of the lubricant is
approximately.
(A) 0.040 N-m
(B) 0.252 N-m
(C) 0.400 N-m
(D) 0.652 N-m
Q. 16
A clutch has outer and inner diameters 100 mm and 40 mm respectively. Assuming
a uniform pressure of 2 MPa and coefficient of friction of liner material is 0.4, the
torque carrying capacity of the clutch is
(A) 148 N-m
(B) 196 N-m
(C) 372 N-m
(D) 490 N-m
Q. 17
A spur gear has a module of 3 mm, number of teeth 16, a face width of 36 mm
and a pressure angle of 20c. It is transmitting a power of 3 kW at 20 rev/s.
Taking a velocity factor of 1.5 and a form factor of 0.3, the stress in the gear
tooth is about.
(A) 32 MPa
(B) 46 MPa
(C) 58 MPa
(D) 70 MPa
Q. 18
One tooth of a gear having 4 module and 32 teeth is shown in the figure. Assume
that the gear tooth and the corresponding tooth space make equal intercepts on
the pitch circumference. The dimensions a and b, respectively, are closest to
(A) 6.08 mm, 4 mm

(C) 6.28 mm, 4.3 mm
Q. 19
(B) 6.48 mm, 4.2 mm

(D) 6.28 mm, 4.1 mm
Match the type of gears with their most appropriate description.

Type of gear
Description
Helical
1.
Axes non parallel and non intersecting
Spiral Bevel
2.
Axes parallel and teeth are inclined to the

axis
Hypoid
3.
Axes parallel and teeth are parallel to the

axis
Rack and pinion
4.
Axes are perpendicular and intersecting, and

teeth are inclined to the axis.
5.
Axes are perpendicular and used for large

speed reduction
6.
Axes parallel and one of the gears has

infinite radius
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(A) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-6
(C) P-2, Q-6, R-4, S-2
Common
Data For
Machine Design
(B) P-1, Q-4, R-5, S-6
(D) P-6, Q-3, R-1, S-5
Q 20 and 21
A steel bar of 10 # 50 mm is cantilevered with two M 12 bolts (P and Q) to

support a static load of 4 kN as shown in the figure.
Q. 20
The primary and secondary shear loads on bolt P, respectively, are

(A) 2 kN, 20 kN
(B) 20 kN, 2 kN
(C) 20 kN, 0 kN
(D) 0 kN, 20 kN
Q. 21
The resultant shear stress on bolt P is closest to

(A) 132 MPa
(B) 159 MPa
(C) 178 MPa
(D) 195 MPa
YEAR 2007
Q. 22
ONE MARK
A ball bearing operating at a load F has 8000 hours of life. The life of the bearing,
in hours, when the load is doubled to 2F is
(A) 8000
(B) 6000
(C) 4000
(D) 1000
YEAR 2007
TWO MARKS
Q. 23
A thin spherical pressure vessel of 200 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness is

subjected to an internal pressure varying form 4 to 8 MPa. Assume that the
yield, ultimate and endurance strength of material are 600, 800 and 400 MPa
respectively. The factor of safety as per Goodmans relation is
(A) 2.0
(B) 1.6
(C) 1.4
(D) 1.2
Q. 24
A natural feed journal bearing of diameter 50 mm and length 50 mm operating at

20 revolution/ second carries a load of 2 kN. The lubricant used has a viscosity of
20 mPas. The radial clearance is50 m . The Sommerfeld number for the bearing
is
(A) 0.062
(B) 0.125
(C) 0.250
(D) 0.785
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Q. 25
Machine Design
A bolted joint is shown below. The maximum shear stress, in MPa in the bolts
at A and B , respectively are
(A) 242.6, 42.5

(B) 42.5, 242.6
(C) 42.5, 42.5
(D) 18.75, 343.64
Q. 26
A block-brake shown below has a face width of 300 mm and a mean co-efficient
of friction of 0.25. For an activating force of 400 N, the braking torque in Nm is
(A) 30
(B) 40
(C) 45
(D) 60
Q. 27
The piston rod of diameter 20 mm and length 700 mm in a hydraulic cylinder is

subjected to a compressive force of 10 kN due to the internal pressure. The end
conditions for the rod may be assumed as guided at the piston end and hinged
at the other end. The Youngs modulus is 200 GPa. The factor of safety for the
piston rod is
(A) 0.68
(B) 2.75
(C) 5.62
(D) 11.0
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Common
Data For
Machine Design
Q 28 and 29
A gear set has a pinion with 20 teeth and a gear with 40 teeth. The pinion runs
at 30 rev/s and transmits a power of 20 kW. The teeth are on the 20c full-depth
system and have a module of 5 mm. The length of the line of action is 19 mm.
Q. 28
The center distance for the above gear set in mm is

(A) 140
(B) 150
(C) 160
(D) 170
Q. 29
The contact ratio of the contacting tooth is

(A) 1.21
(B) 1.25
(C) 1.29
(D) 1.33
Q. 30
The resultant force on the contacting gear tooth in N is

(A) 77.23
(B) 212.20
(C) 2258.1
(D) 289.43
YEAR 2006
TWO MARKS
Q. 31
A disc clutch is required to transmit 5 kW at 2000 rpm. The disk has a friction
lining with coefficient of friction equal to 0.25. Bore radius of friction lining is
equal to 25 mm. Assume uniform contact pressure of 1 MPa. The value of outside
radius of the friction lining is
(A) 39.4 mm
(B) 49.5 mm
(C) 97.9 mm
(D) 142.9 mm
Q. 32
Twenty degree full depth involute profiled 19 tooth pinion and 37 tooth gear are
in mesh. If the module is 5 mm, the centre distance between the gear pair will be
(A) 140 mm
(B) 150 mm
(C) 280 mm
(D) 300 mm
Q. 33
A cylindrical shaft is subjected to an alternating stress of 100 MPa. Fatigue

strength to sustain 1000 cycles is 490 MPa. If the corrected endurance strength
is 70 MPa, estimated shaft life will be
(A) 1071 cycles
(B) 15000 cycles
(C) 281914 cycles
(D) 928643 cycles
Q. 34
A 60 mm long and 6 mm thick fillet weld carries a steady load of 15 kN along the
weld. The shear strength of the weld material is equal to 200 MPa. The factor of
safety is
(A) 2.4
(B) 3.4
(C) 4.8
(D) 6.8
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Machine Design
YEAR 2005
Q. 35
ONE MARK
Which one of the following is criterion in the design of hydrodynamic journal

bearings ?
(A) Sommerfeld number
(B) Rating life
(C) Specific dynamic capacity
(D) Rotation factor
YEAR 2005
Common
Data For
TWO MARKS
Q 36 and 37
A band brake consists of a lever attached to one end of the band. The other end
of the band is fixed to the ground. The wheel has a radius of 200 mm and the
wrap angle of the band is 270c. The braking force applied to the lever is limited
to 100 N and the coefficient of friction between the band and the wheel is 0.5. No
other information is given.
Q. 36
The maximum tension that can be generated in the band during braking is
(A) 1200 N
(B) 2110 N
(C) 3224 N
(D) 4420 N
Q. 37
The maximum wheel torque that can be completely braked is

(A) 200 Nm
(B) 382 Nm
(C) 604 Nm
(D) 844 Nm
YEAR 2004
ONE MARK
Q. 38
Two mating spur gears have 40 and 120 teeth respectively. The pinion rotates at
1200 rpm and transmits a torque of 20 Nm. The torque transmitted by the gear is
(A) 6.6 Nm
(B) 20 Nm
(C) 40 Nm
(D) 60 Nm
Q. 39
In terms of theoretical stress concentration factor (Kt) and fatigue stress

concentration factor (K f ), the notch sensitivity q is expressed as
(K f - 1)
(B)
(Kt - 1)
(K - 1)
(C) t
(D)
(K f - 1)
(A)
Q. 40
(K f 1)
(Kt + 1)
(K f + 1)
(Kt + 1)
The S-N curve for steel becomes asymptotic nearly at

(A) 103 cycles
(B) 10 4 cycles
(C) 106 cycles
(D) 109 cycles
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Machine Design
YEAR 2004
Q. 41
TWO MARKS
In a bolted joint two members are connected with an axial tightening force of
2200 N. If the bolt used has metric threads of 4 mm pitch, the torque required for
achieving the tightening force is
(A) 0.7 Nm
(C) 1.4 Nm
Q. 42
(B) 1.0 Nm
(D) 2.8 Nm
Match the following

Type of gears
Arrangement of shafts
P.
Bevel gears
1.
Non-parallel off-set shafts
Q.
Worm gears
2.
Non-parallel intersecting shafts
R.
Herringbone gears
3.
Non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts
S.
Hypoid gears
4.
Parallel shafts
(A) P-4 Q-2 R-1 S-3

(B) P-2 Q-3 R-4 S-1
(C) P-3 Q-2 R-1 S-4
(D) P-1 Q-3 R-4 S-2
YEAR 2003
Q. 43
ONE MARK
A wire rope is designated as 6 # 19 standard hoisting. The numbers 6 # 19

represent
(A) diameter in millimeter # length in meter
(B) diameter in centimeter # length in meter
(C) number of strands # numbers of wires in each strand
(D) number of wires in each strand # number of strands
YEAR 2003
Q. 44
Q. 45
TWO MARKS
Square key of side d/4 each and length l is used to transmit torque T from
the shaft of diameter d to the hub of a pulley. Assuming the length of the key
to be equal to the thickness of pulley, the average shear stress developed in the
key is given by
(A) 4T (B) 16T
ld
ld 2
(C) 8T2 (D) 16T3
ld
pd
In a band brake the ratio of tight side band tension to the tension on the slack
side is 3. If the angle of overlap of band on the drum is 180c, the coefficient of
friction required between drum and the band is
(A) 0.20
(B) 0.25
(C) 0.30
(D) 0.35
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Common
Data For
Machine Design
Q 46 and 47
The overall gear ratio in a 2 stage speed reduction gear box (with all spur gears)
is 12. The input and output shafts of the gear box are collinear. The counter shaft
which is parallel to the input and output shafts has a gear (Z2 teeth) and pinion
(Z 3 = 15 teeth) to mesh with pinion (Z1 = 16 teeth) on the input shaft and gear
(Z 4 teeth) on the output shaft respectively. It was decided to use a gear ratio of
4 with 3 module in the first stage and 4 module in the second stage.
Q. 46
Q. 47
Z2 and Z 4 are
(A) 64 and 45
(C) 48 and 60
(B) 45 and 64
(D) 60 and 48
The centre distance in the second stage is

(A) 90 mm
(B) 120 mm
(C) 160 mm
(D) 240 mm
year 2002 one mark
Q. 48
The minimum number of teeth on the pinion to operate without interference in

standard full height involute teeth gear mechanism with 20c pressure angle is
(A) 14
(B) 12
(C) 18
(D) 32
year 2002 two marks
Q. 49
The coupling used to connect two shafts with large angular misalignment is
(A) a flange coupling
(B) an Oldhams coupling
(C) a flexible bush coupling
(D) a Hookes joint
Q. 50
A static load is mounted at the centre of a shaft rotating at uniform angular

velocity. This shaft will be designed for
(A) the maximum compressive stress (static)
(B) the maximum tensile (static)
(C) the maximum bending moment (static)
(D) fatigue loading
Q. 51
Large speed reductions (greater than 20) in one stage of a gear train are possible
through
(A) spur gearing
(B) worm gearing
(C) bevel gearing
(D) helical gearing
Q. 52
If the wire diameter of a closed coil helical spring subjected to compressive load
is increased from 1 cm to 2 cm, other parameters remaining same, the deflection
will decrease by a factor of
(A) 16
(B) 8
(C) 4
(D) 2
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Machine Design
year 2001 one mark

Q. 53
Bars AB and BC , each of negligible mass, support load P as shown in the figure.
In this arrangement,
(A) bar AB is subjected to bending but bar BC is not subjected to bending.

(B) bar AB is not subjected to bending but bar BC is subjected to bending.
(C) neither bar AB nor bar BC is subjected to bending.
(D) both bars AB and BC are subjected to bending.
year 2001 two marks
Q. 54
Two helical tensile springs of the same material and also having identical mean
coil diameter and weight, have wire diameters d and d/2. The ratio of their
stiffness is
(A) 1
(B) 4
(C) 64
(D) 128
*********
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Machine Design
Solution
Sol. 1
Option (C) is correct.

For 3-wire method, the diameter of the best size wire is given by
p

d =
2 cos a2
where
Hence
Sol. 2
p = pitch = 2 mm , a = 60c
2
d D =
= 1.154 mm
2 cos 30c
Option (B) is correct.

Stain Energy is given by
2
2
2

U = s V = F 2 # AL = F L
2E
2E
2AE
A
Given
UA = 4UB
2
F A LA = 4F B2 LB

2AA EA
2AB EB
Since bolts of same material and length and subjected to identical tensile load,
i.e.

EA = EB , LA = LB , FA = FB
1 = 4
So that
AA
AB
1 = 4

A = p d2
4
d A2
d B2
2
2
or
d B = 4d A
or
dB = 2dA = 2 # 12 = 24 mm
Sol. 3

If the rivets are to be designed to avoid crushing failure, maximum permissible
load

P = sp # A
where for crushing failure A = ^w 3dhole h # t
So that
P = ^w 3dhole h # t # sp

= ^200 3 # 11h # 5 # 200

= 167000 N = 167 kN
Sol. 4

For Design against tearing failure, maximum permissible load

P = n.drivet # t # sc

= 3 # 10 # 5 # 150

= 22500 N = 22.5 kN
Sol. 5

Given : Width of fillets s = 10 mm , l = 30 mm , t = 94 MPa
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Machine Design
The shear strength of the joint for single parallel fillet weld is,

P = Throat Area # Allowable stress

= t#l#t
From figure
t = s sin 45c = 0.707 s

P = 0.707 # s # l # t

= 0.707 # (0.01) # (0.03) # (94 # 106)

= 19937 N or 19.93 kN
Sol. 6

T1 = 400 N, = 0.25, = 180c = 180c # = rad.
180c

D = 0.5 m, r = D = 0.25 m
2
For the band brake, the limiting ratio of the tension is given by the relation,
T1 = e

T2
400 = e0.25 # p = 2.19

T2

T2 = 400 = 182.68 N
2.19
Given :
For Band-drum brake, Braking Torque is

TB = (T1 T2) # r

= (400 182.68) # 0.25 = 54.33 Nm , 54.4 Nm
Sol. 7

F.O.S = Allowable shear stress
Design shear stress
Design shear stress for solid circular shaft
3

t = 16T3 = 16 # 50 3# 10 From T = t
r
J
pd
pd
3
Therefore
F.O.S = 140 # pd 3
16 # 50 # 10
3
or,
2 = 140 # pd 3
16 # 50 # 10
3

d 3 = 2 # 16 # 50 # 10
140 # p

Sol. 8
d = 15.38 mm , 16 mm

Given : WP = 30 kN , WQ = 45 kN
Life of bearing,
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L = b C l # 106 revolutions
W
k


For ball bearing, k = 3 . Thus
Machine Design
C = Basic dynamic load rating = Constant
L = b C l # 106 revolutions
W
These are the identical bearings. So for the Life of P and Q.
LP = WQ 3 = 45 3 = 3 3 = 27

b 30 l
b2l
c LQ m cWP m
8
Sol. 9
Sol. 10
Sol. 11
Option (D) is correct.

Given : b = 80 mm , d = 250 mm , = 0.25 , q = 270c, TB = 1000 Nm
Let,
T1 " Tension in the tight side of the band (Maximum Tension)

T2 " Tension in the slack side of the band (Minimum Tension)
Braking torque on the drum,

TB = (T1 T2) r

T1 - T2 = TB = 1000 = 8000 N ...(i)
r
0.125
We know that limiting ratio of the tension is given by,
p
T1 = e = ea0.25 # 180
# 270k

= 3.246
T2

T2 = T1
3.246
Substitute T2 in equation (i), we get

& 3.246T1 - T1 = 25968
T1 - T1 = 8000
3.246

2.246T1 = 25968 & T1 = 25968 = 11.56 kN
2.246
Given : d = 6 mm , l = 12 mm , P = 1000 N
Each rivets have same diameter, So equal Load is carried by each rivet.
Primary or direct force on each rivet,

F = P = 1000 = 250 N
4
4
Shear area of each rivet is,

A = p ^6 # 103h2 = 28.26 # 106 mm2
4
Direct shear stress on each rivet,
250
6

t = F =
6 = 8.84 # 10 - 8.8 MPa
A
28.26 # 10
Option (A) is correct.
Given : d = 50 mm , D = 50.05 mm , l = 20 mm , N = 1200 rpm , = 0.03 Pa s
Tangential velocity of shaft,
3

u = pdN = 3.14 # 50 # 10 # 1200 = 3.14 m/ sec
60
60
And Radial clearance,
y = D d = 50.05 50 = 0.025 mm
2
2
Shear stress from the Newtons law of viscosity,
3.14
2

t = # u = 0.03 #
3 = 3768 N/m
y
0.025 # 10
Shear force on the shaft,

F = t # A = 3768 # (p # d # l)
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Machine Design

= 3768 # 3.14 # 50 # 103 # 20 # 103 = 11.83 N
T = F # d = 11.83 # 50 # 103 = 0.2957 Nm
2
2
We know that power loss,

P = 2pNT = 2 # 3.14 # 1200 # 0.2957
60
60
Torque,

= 37.13 W - 37 W
Sol. 12

Given : Su or su = 600 MPa , Sy or sy = 420 MPa , Se or se = 240 MPa ,
d = 30 mm Fmax = 160 kN (Tension), Fmin = 40 kN (Compression)
3
Maximum stress,
smax = Fmax = 160 # 10 = 226.47 MPa
p (30) 2
A
4
3
Minimum stress,
smin = Fmin = 40 # 10 = 56.62 MPa
p
A
(30) 2
4#
Mean stress,
sm = smax + smin = 226.47 56.62 = 84.925 MPa
2
2
226.47 ( 56.62)
Variable stress,
sv = smax smin =
= 141.545 MPa
2
2
From the Soderbergs criterion,
1 = sm + sv

sy se
F .S .
1 = 84.925 + 141.545 = 0.202 + 0.589 = 0.791

420
240
F .S .
So,
F.S. = 1 = 1.26
0.791
Sol. 13

Given : m = 4 mm , Z = 21, P = 15 kW = 15 # 103 W N = 960 rpm
b = 25 mm , f = 20c
Pitch circle diameter,
D = mZ = 4 # 21 = 84 mm
Tangential Force is given by,

FT = T ...(i)
r
Power transmitted,
& T = 60P
P = 2pNT
60
2pN
Then
FT = 60P # 1
r = Pitch circle radius
r
2pN
3
1

= 60 # 15 # 10 #
2 # 3.14 # 960
42 # 103

= 3554.36 N - 3552 N
Sol. 14

From Lewis equation
FT pd
FT

=
by
b#y#m
3552

=
25 # 103 # 0.32 # 4 # 103

sb = 111 MPa
Minimum allowable (working stress)

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sb =
pd = p = p = 1
pc
pm m


Sol. 15
Machine Design
sW = sb # Cv = 111 # 1.5 = 166.5 MPa

Given : d = 40 mm , l = 40 mm , w = 20 rad/ sec
Z () = 20 mPa s = 20 # 103 Pa s , c (y) = 0.020 mm
Shear stress,
From the Newtons law of viscosity...(i)
t = u
y
u = rw = 0.020 # 20 = 0.4 m/ sec
3

t = 20 # 10 # 03.4 = 400 N/m2
0.020 # 10
Shear force is generated due to this shear stress,

F = t A = # dl
A = pdl = Area of shaft

= 400 # 3.14 # 0.040 # 0.040 = 2.0096 N
Loss of torque,
T = F # r = 2.0096 # 0.020

= 0.040192 Nm - 0.040 N-m

Sol. 16

Given : d1 = 100 mm & r1 = 50 mm , d2 = 40 mm & r1 = 20 mm
p = 2 MPa = 2 # 106 Pa , n = 0.4
When the pressure is uniformly distributed over the entire area of the friction
faces, then total frictional torque acting on the friction surface or on the clutch
is given by,
(r ) 3 (r2) 3

T = 2p ; 1
E
3

= 2 # 3.14 # 0.4 # 2 # 106 6(50) 3 (20) 3@ # 109
3

= 195.39 Nm - 196 N-m
Sol. 17

Given : m = 3 mm , Z = 16 , b = 36 mm , f = 20c, P = 3 kW
N = 20 rev/ sec = 20 # 60 rpm = 1200 rpm , Cv = 1.5 , y = 0.3
Module,
m = D
Z

Power,

D = m # Z = 3 # 16 = 48 mm
P = 2pNT
60
3
T = 60P = 60 # 3 # 10
2 # 3.14 # 1200
2pN

= 23.88 Nm = 23.88 # 103 Nmm
3
Tangential load,
WT = T = 2T = 2 # 23.88 # 10 = 995 N
48
R
D
From the lewis equation Bending stress (Beam strength of Gear teeth)
p
p
1

sb = WT Pd = WT
:Pd = PC = pm = m D
by
bym
995

=
36 # 103 # 0.3 # 3 # 103
995

sb =
= 30.70 # 106 Pa = 30.70 MPa
3.24 # 105
Permissible working stress

sW = sb # Cv = 30.70 # 1.5 = 46.06 MPa , 46 MPa
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Sol. 18
Machine Design
Given : m = 4 , Z = 32 , Tooth space = Tooth thickness = a

We know that,
m = D
Z
Pitch circle diameter,
D = mZ = 4 # 32 = 128 mm
And for circular pitch,
Pc = pm = 3.14 # 4 = 12.56 mm
We also know that circular pitch,

Pc = Tooth space + Tooth thickness

= a + a = 2a

a = Pc = 12.56 = 6.28 mm
2
2
From the figure,
or
b = addendum + PR
PQ a/2 3.14
sin f =
=
=
64
64
OQ

f = sin1 (0.049) = 2.81c

OP = 64 cos 2.81c = 63.9 mm

PR = OR OP = 64 63.9 = 0.1 mm

OR = Pitch circle radius
And
b = m + PR = 4 + 0.1 = 4.1 mm
Therefore, a = 6.28 mm and b = 4.1 mm
Sol. 19

Types of Gear
Description
P. Helical
2. Axes parallel and teeth are inclined to the axis
Q. Spiral Bevel
4. Axes are perpendicular and intersecting, and

teeth are inclined to the axis
R. Hypoid
1. Axes non parallel and non-intersecting
S.
Rack and pinion 6. Axes are parallel and one of the gear has infinite
radius
So, correct pairs are P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-6

Sol. 20

In given figure WS represent the primary shear load whereas WS1 and WS2 represent
the secondary shear loads.
Given : A = 10 # 50 mm2 , n = 2 , W = 4 kN = 4 # 103 N
We know that primary shear load on each bolt acting vertically downwards,

Ws = W = 4 kN = 2 kN
2
n
Since both the bolts are at equal distances from the centre of gravity G of the two
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Machine Design
bolts, therefore the secondary shear load on each bolt is same.

For secondary shear load, taking the moment about point G ,

Ws1 # r1 + Ws2 # r2 = W # e

r1 = r2 and Ws1 = Ws2
So,
2r1 Ws1 = 4 # 103 # (1.7 + 0.2 + 0.1)

2 # 0.2 # Ws1 = 4 # 103 # 2
3

Ws1 = 8 # 10 = 20 # 103 = 20 kN
2 # 0.2
Sol. 21
Sol. 22
Sol. 23

From the figure, resultant Force on bolt P is

F = Ws2 Ws = 20 2 = 18 kN
Shear stress on bolt P is,
18 # 103

t = F =
= 159.23 MPa - 159 MPa
p
Area
(12 # 103) 2
#
4
Given : W1 = F , W2 = 2F , L1 = 8000 hr
We know that, life of bearing is given by
k

L = b C l # 106 revolution
W
3
For ball bearing, k = 3 ,
L = b C l # 106 revolution
W
For initial condition life is,
3

L1 = bC l # 106
F
3

8000 hr = bC l # 106 ...(i)
F
3
3
For final load, L2 = b C l # 106 = 1 # bC l # 106
8
2F
F

From equation (i)
= 1 (8000 hr) = 1000 hr
8
Given : d = 200 mm , t = 1 mm , su = 800 MPa , se = 400 MPa
Circumferential stress induced in spherical pressure vessel is,
p r
p 100

s = # = #
= 50p MPa
2t
2#1
Given that, pressure vessel is subject to an internal pressure varying from 4 to
8 MPa.
So,
smin = 50 # 4 = 200 MPa
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Mean stress,
Variable stress,
Sol. 24
Machine Design
smax = 50 # 8 = 400 MPa
sm = smin + smax = 200 + 400 = 300 MPa
2
2
sv = smax smin = 400 200 = 100 MPa
2
2
From the Goodman method,

1 = sm + sv = 300 + 100 = 3 + 1 = 5 & F.S.

8
su se
800 400
8 4
F .S .
8
= = 1. 6
5
Given : d = 50 mm , l = 50 mm , N = 20 rps ,
Z = 20 mPa sec = 20 # 103 Pa sec
Radial clearance = 50 m = 50 # 103 mm , Load = 2 kN
We know that,
p = Bearing Pressure on the projected bearing area
Load on the journal

=
l#d
3

= 2 # 10 = 0.8 N/mm2 = 0.8 # 106 N/m2
50 # 50
2
c = diameteral clearance

Sommerfeld Number = ZN b d l
p c
= 2 # radial clearance

3
2
50

S.N. = 20 # 10 #6 20 # b
3 l
0.8 # 10
100 # 10
3
2

= 20 # 10 #6 20 # b 1 l # 106 = 0.125
2
0.8 # 10
Sol. 25
Given : Diameter of bolt d = 10 mm , F = 10 kN , No. of bolts n = 3

Direct or Primary shear load of each rivet
3

FP = F = 10 # 10 N = 3333.33 N
n
3
The centre of gravity of the bolt group lies at O (due to symmetry of figure).

e = 150 mm (eccentricity given)
Turning moment produced by the load F due to eccentricity

= F # e = 10 # 103 # 150 = 1500 # 103 Nmm
Secondary shear load on bolts from fig. rA = rC = 40 mm and rB = 0
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Machine Design
F # e = FA [(rA) 2 + (rB) 2 + (rC ) 2]

rA

= FA # [2 (rA) 2] (rA = rC and rB = 0 )
rA

1500 # 103 = FA # [2 (40) 2] = 80FA
40
We know that
FA = 1500 # 10 = 18750 N
80
FB = 0
(rB = 0)
FC = FA # rC = 18750 # 40 = 18750 N
rA
40
From fig we find that angle between

FA and FP = qA = 90c

FB and FP = qB = 90c

FC and FP = qC = 90c
Resultant load on bolt A,

R A =
(FP ) 2 + (FA) 2 + 2FP # FA cos qA

= (3333.33) 2 + (18750) 2 + 2 # 3333.33 # 18750 # cos 90c

RA = 19044 N
Maximum shear stress at A

tA = RA = 19044 = 242.6 MPa
p (d) 2
p (10) 2
4
4
Resultant load on Bolt B ,

RB = FP = 3333.33 N
(FB = 0)
Maximum shear stress at B ,

tB = p RB 2 = p3333.33 2 = 42.5 MPa
4 (d)
4 # (10)
Sol. 26
Given : P = 400 N , r = 300 mm = 150 mm , l = 600 mm

2
x = 200 mm , = 0.25 and 2q = 45c
Let,
RN " Normal force pressing the brake block on the wheel

Ft "Tangential braking force or the frictional force acting at the

contact surface of the block & the wheel.
Here the line of action of tangential braking force Ft passes through the fulcrum
O of the lever and brake wheel rotates clockwise. Then for equilibrium, Taking
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Machine Design
the moment about the fulcrum O ,

R N # x = P # l

RN = P # l = 400 # 0.6 = 1200 N
x
0.2
Tangential braking force on the wheel,

Ft = RN
Braking Torque,
TB = Ft # r = RN # r

= 0.25 # 1200 # 0.15 = 45 Nm
Sol. 27

Given : d = 20 mm , l = 700 mm ,
E = 200 GPa = 200 # 109 N/m2 = 200 # 103 N/mm2
Compressive or working Load = 10 kN
According to Eulers theory, the crippling or buckling load (Wcr ) under various
end conditions is given by the general equation,
2

Wcr = cp 2EI ...(i)
l
Given that one end is guided at the piston end and hinged at the other end.
So,
c = 2
From equation (i),
2
2

Wcr = 2p 2EI = 2p2E # p d 4
I = p d4
64
64
l
l
3
# 10 # 3.14 # (20) 4

= 2 # 9.81 # 200
64
(700) 2

= 62864.08 N = 62.864 kN
We know that, factor of safety (FOS)
Crippling Load

FOS =
= 62.864 = 6.28
10
Working Load
The most appropriate option is (C).

Sol. 28

Given : ZP = 20 , ZG = 40 , NP = 30 rev/ sec , P = 20 kW = 20 # 103 W ,
m = 5 mm
Module,
m = D = DP = DG
Z
ZP
ZG
DP = m # ZP = 5 # 20 = 100 mm
DG = m # ZG = 5 # 40 = 200 mm
Centre distance for the gear set,

L = DP + DG = 100 + 200 = 150 mm
2
2
Given :
Length of line of action,
L = 19 mm
Pressure angle,
f = 20c
Length of path of contact (L)

Length of arc of contact =
cos f

= 19 = 20.21 mm
cos 20c

or,
Sol. 29
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Machine Design
Contact ratio or number of pairs of teeth in contact,

Length of arc of contact
= 20.21 = 20.21 = 1.29

pm
3.14 # 5
circular pitch
Sol. 30
Let,
T " Torque transmitted in N - m
We know that power transmitted is,

P = T = T # 2N
60
3
T = 60P = 60 # 20 # 10 = 106.157 Nm
2 # 3.14 # 1800
2pN

Tangential load on the pinion
FT = T
RP
= 106.157 = 2123.14 N

0.05
From the geometry, total load due to power transmitted,

F = FT = 2123.14 - 2258.1 N
cos f
cos 20c
Given : P = 5 kW , N = 2000 rpm , = 0.25 , r 2 = 25 mm = 0.025 m ,
p = 1 MPa
Power transmitted,
P = 2pNT
60
Sol. 31
3
T = 60P = 60 # 5 # 10
= 23.885 Nm
2 # 3.14 # 2000
2pN
When pressure is uniformly distributed over the entire area of the friction faces, then
total frictional torque acting on the friction surface or on the clutch,
(r1) 3 (r2) 3

T = 2p ;
E
3
Torque,

Sol. 32
23.885 # 3 = 2 # 3.14 # 0.25 # 1 # 106 # [r 13 (0.025) 3]

23.885 # 3
r 13 - (0.025) 3 =
2 # 3.14 # 0.25 # 106
r 13 - 1.56 # 10-5 = 45.64 # 106 = 4.564 # 105
r 13 = (4.564 + 1.56) # 105 = 6.124 # 105
r1 = (6.124 # 105) 1/3 = 3.94 # 102 m = 39.4 mm

Given : ZP = 19 , ZG = 37 , m = 5 mm
Also,
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m = D
Z

Sol. 33
Machine Design
For pinion, pitch circle diameter is,

DP = m # ZP = 5 # 19 = 95 mm
And pitch circle diameter of the gear,

DG = m # ZG = 5 # 37 = 185 mm
Now, centre distance between the gear pair (shafts),

L = DP + DG = 95 + 185 = 140 mm
2
2
2
We know that in S-N curve the failure occurs at 106 cycles (at endurance strength)
We have to make the S-N curve from the given data, on the scale of log 10 .
Now equation of line whose end point co-ordinates are
6

^log 10 1000, log 10 490h and ^log 10 10 , log 10 70h
or ^3, log 10 490h and ^6, log 10 70h,

y - log 10 490
log 10 70 log 10 490
=

x-3
63
y - 2.69
= 1.845 2.69
x-3
3
y y1 y 2 y 1
b x x1 = x 2 x1 l

y - 2.69 = 0.281 (x 3) ...(i)
Given, the shaft is subject to an alternating stress of 100 MPa
So,
y = log 10 100 = 2
Substitute this value in equation (i), we get

2 - 2.69 = 0.281 (x 3)

- 0.69 = 0.281x + 0.843

x = 0.843 0.69 = 5.455
0.281
And
log 10 N = 5.455

N = 105.455 = 285101
The nearest shaft life is 281914 cycles.
Sol. 34

Given : l = 60 mm = 0.06 m , s = 6 mm = 0.006 m , P = 15 kN = 15 # 103 N

Shear strength = 200 MPa
We know that, if t is the allowable shear stress for the weld metal, then the shear
strength of the joint for single parallel fillet weld,

P = Throat Area # Allowable shear stress = t # l # t

P = 0.707s # l # t
t = s sin 45c = 0.707s
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Sol. 35
Machine Design
15 # 103
P
= 58.93 MPa
=
0.707 # 0.006 # 0.06
0.707 # s # l
Shear strength
FOS =
= 200 MPa = 3.39 - 3.4
58.93 MPa
Allowable shear stress
t =

The coefficient of friction for a full lubricated journal bearing is a function of
three variables, i.e.

= f b ZN , d , l l
p c d
ZN
Here,
=Bearing characteristic Number, d =Diameter of the bearing
p
l =Length of the bearing, c =Diameteral clearance
2

Sommerfeld Number = ZN b d l
p c
It is a dimensionless parameter used extensively in the design of journal bearing.
i.e. sommerfeld number is also function of b ZN , d l. Therefore option (A) is
p c
correct.
Sol. 36
Given : r = 200 mm = 0.2 m , = 270c = 270 # = 3 radian , = 0.5

180
2
At the time of braking, maximum tension is generated at the fixed end of band
near the wheel.
Let,
T2 " Tension in the slack side of band

T1 "Tension in the tight side of band at the fixed end
Taking the moment about the point O ,

& T2 = 200 N
T2 # 1 = 100 # 2
For the band brake, the limiting ratio of the tension is given by the relation
T1 = e

& T1 = T2 # e
T2
3p

T1 = 200 # e0.5 # 2 = 200 # 10.54 = 2108 N - 2110 N
So, maximum tension that can be generated in the band during braking is equal
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Machine Design
to 2110 N
Sol. 37

Maximum wheel torque or braking torque is given by,

TW = (T1 T2) r = (2110 200) # 0.2 = 382 Nm
Sol. 38
Given : ZP = 40 teeth , ZG = 120 teeth , NP = 1200 rpm , TP = 20 Nm

ZP = NG
ZG
NP

NG = ZP # NP = 40 # 1200 = 400 rpm
120
ZG
Power transmitted is same for both pinion & Gear.

P = 2pNP TP = 2pNG TG
60
60
Velocity Ratio,
NP TP = NG TG
TG = NP TP = 1200 # 20 = 60 Nm
400
NG
So, the torque transmitted by the Gear is 60 N-m

Sol. 39

When the notch sensitivity factor q is used in cyclic loading, then fatigue stress
concentration factor may be obtained from the following relation.

K f = 1 + q (Kt 1)

K f - 1 = q (Kt 1)
K 1

q = f
Kt 1
Sol. 40

The S-N curve for the steel is shown below :
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Machine Design
We can easily see from the S-N curve that, steel becomes asymptotic nearly at
106 cycles .
Sol. 41

Given : Ft = 2200 N , p = 4 mm = 0.004 m
Torque required for achieving the tightening force is,

T = Ft # r = Ft # Pitch = 2200 # 0.004 = 1.4 Nm
2p
2 # 3.14
Sol. 42

Type of Gears
Arrangement of shafts
P.
Bevel gears
2.
Non-parallel intersecting shafts
Q.
Worm gears
3.
Non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts
R.
Herringbone gears
4.
Parallel shafts
S.
Hypoid gears
1.
Non-parallel off-set shafts
So, correct pairs are P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1.

Sol. 43

The wire ropes are designated by the number of strands multiplied by the number
of wires in each strand. Therefore,

6 # 19 = Number of strands # Number of wires in each strand.
Sol. 44

Given :
Diameter of shaft = d

Torque transmitted = T

Length of the key = l
We know that, width and thickness of a square key are equal.
i.e.
w = t = d
4
Force acting on circumference of shaft

F = T = 2T
r
d
Shearing Area,
A = width # length = d # l = dl
4
4
2T/d
Force
Average shear stress,
t =
=
= 8T2
shearing Area
dl/4
ld
Sol. 45
(r = d/2)

Let,
T1 " Tension in the tight side of the band,

T2 " Tension in the slack side of the band

q "Angle of lap of the band on the drum
T
1
Given :
= 3 , = 180c = # 180 = radian
180
T2
For band brake, the limiting ratio of the tension is given by the relation,
T1 = e or 2.3 log T1 =

bT2 l
T2

2.3 # log (3) = #

2.3 # 0.4771 = # 3.14
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= 1.09733 = 0.349 - 0.35

3.14

Sol. 46
Machine Design
Let N1 , N2 , N 3 and N 4 are the speeds of pinion 1, gear 2, pinion 3 and gear 4
respectively.
Given : Z1 = 16 teeth , Z 3 = 15 teeth and Z 4 = ? , Z2 = ?
N1 = Z2 /Z1
Velocity ratio
N \ 1/Z
N4
Z 3 /Z 4

= Z2 # Z 4 = 12 ...(i)
Z3
Z1
N1 = Z2 = 4 ...(ii)
But for stage 1,
N2
Z1
So,
from eq. (i)
4 # Z 4 = 12
Z3
Z 4 = 3 ,

& Z 4 = 3 # 15 = 45 teeth
Z3
From equation (ii),
Sol. 47
Sol. 48
Z2 = 4 # Z1 = 4 # 16 = 64 teeth

Let centre distance in the second stage is D .

D = R 4 + R 3 = D 4 + D 3
2
D 4 = D 3 = 4
But,
Z4
Z3

Or,
D 4 = 4 # Z 4 = 4 # 45 = 180
D 3 = 4 # Z 3 = 4 # 15 = 60
So,
D = 180 + 60 = 120 mm
2
m = D/Z module

In standard full height involute teeth gear mechanism the arc of approach is not
be less than the circular pitch, therefore
Maximum length of arc of approach = Circular pitch
...(i)
where Maximum length of the arc of approach
Max. length of the path of approach
r sin f
=

= r tan f
cos f
cos f
Circular pitch,
PC = pm = 2pr
m = 2r
Z
Z
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Machine Design
Hence, from equation (i), we get

r tan f = 2pr
Z

Z = 2 = 2
= 17.25 - 18 teeth
tan tan 20c
Sol. 49

(A) Flange coupling :- It is used to connect two shaft having perfect coaxial
alignment and no misalignment is allowed between them.
(B) Oldhams coupling :- It is used to join two shafts which have lateral misalignment.
(C) Flexible bush coupling :- It is used to join the abutting ends of shafts when
they are not in exact alignment.
(D) Hooks joint :- It is used to connect two shafts with large angular
misalignment.
Sol. 50

When the shaft rotates, the bending stress at the upper fibre varies from maximum
compressive to maximum tensile while the bending stress at the lower fibres
varies from maximum tensile to maximum compressive. The specimen subjected
to a completely reversed stress cycle. This is shown in the figure.
When shaft is subjected to repeated stress, then it will be designed for fatigue
loading.
Sol. 51

For a worm gear the velocity ratio ranges between 10 : 1 to 100 : 1. So, Large
speed reductions (greater than 20) in one stage of a gear train are possible through
worm gearing.
Sol. 52

For Helical spring, deflection is given by,
3
3

d = 64PR4 n = 8PD4 n
Gd
Gd
where,
P = Compressive load

d = Wire diameter

R = Coil diameter

G = Modulus of rigidity
From the given conditions
d \ 14
d
Given d1 = 1 cm and d2 = 2 cm
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Machine Design
d2 = d1 4
d1 b d2 l
d2 = 1 4 = 1

16
d1 b 2 l

d2 = d1
16
So, deflection will decrease by a factor of 16.

Sol. 53

Bars AB and BC have negligible mass. The support load P acting at the free
end of bars AB and BC . Due to this load P , In bar AB compressive stress and
in bar BC tensile stress are induced.
However, none of these bars will be subjected to bending because there is no
couple acting on the bars.
Sol. 54

Let L1 & L2 are lengths of the springs and n1 & n2 are the number of coils in both
the springs.
Given :
W1 = W2

m1 g = m 2 g

1 g = 2 g
m =

A 1 # L 1 # rg = A 2 # L 2 # r g
p d 2 pD n = p d 2 pD n

L = pDn
1 1
2 2
4 1#
4 2#

Given :
d 12 # n1 = d 22 # n2
d1 = d & d2 = d
2
2
d 2 # n1 = d # n 2
4
or,
n1 = n 2
4
The deflection of helical spring is given by,
3

d = 8PD4 n
Gd
4
Spring stiffness,
k = P = Gd3
d
8D n
From the given conditions, we get
4

k \ d
n
k 1 = d1 4
n2
So,
k 2 b d 2 l # a n1 k
k1 = d 4
n2

k2 c d/2 m # n2 /4
k1 = 16 4 = 64

#
k2

***********
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