Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Basics of Geometry
Points, Lines, and Planes
Measuring and Constructing Segments
Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas
Perimeter and Area in the Coordinate Plane
Measuring and Constructing Angles
Describing Pairs of Angles
SEE the Big Idea
Alamillo
Alamil
Al
illlo Bridge
Brid
idge (p.
(p. 53
53))
( 49))
Soccer (p.
Shed (p.
( 33))
Skateboard (p.
(p 20)
Sulfur
Hexafluoride
S
ulf
lfur H
exafl
fluorid
ide ((p.
p. 7)
Mathematical Practices: Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems
arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
(6.NS.C.7c, 7.NS.A.3)
Simplify 7 1 .
7 1 = 7 + (1)
= 8
Add.
=8
7 1 = 8
8 12
2.
6 5
3.
4 + (9)
4.
13 + (4)
5.
6 (2)
6.
5 (1)
7.
8 (7)
8.
8 13
9.
14 3
(6.G.A.1)
A = 12 bh
= 2 (18)(5)
= 2(90)
Multiply 18 and 5.
= 45
11.
12.
7 yd
22 m
24 yd
16 in.
25 in.
14 m
13. ABSTRACT REASONING Describe the possible values for x and y when x y > 0. What does it
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.OP.indd 1
5/28/14 3:15 PM
Mathematical
Practices
Core Concept
Customary Units of Length
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 5280 feet = 1760 yards
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 meter = 1000 millimeters
1 kilometer = 1000 meters
in.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
cm
2 in.
SOLUTION
6 in.
Use the formula for the area of a rectangle. Convert the units of length from customary units
to metric units.
Area = (Length)(Width)
= (6 in.)(2 in.)
[ (
2.54 cm
= (6 in.)
1 in.
Multiply.
77.42 cm2
Monitoring Progress
Find the area of the polygon using the specified units. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
1. triangle (square inches)
2 cm
2 cm
2 in.
2.5 in.
3. The distance between two cities is 120 miles. What is the distance in kilometers? Round your answer
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
1.1
COMMON
CORE
Learning Standard
HSG-CO.A.1
Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw several points. Also,
draw some lines, line segments, and rays. What is the difference between a line, a line
segment, and a ray?
Sample
B
A
G
F
C
UNDERSTANDING
MATHEMATICAL
TERMS
To be proficient in math,
you need to understand
definitions and previously
established results.
An appropriate tool, such
as a software package,
can sometimes help.
Section 1.1
1.1
Lesson
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
undefined terms, p. 4
point, p. 4
line, p. 4
plane, p. 4
collinear points, p. 4
coplanar points, p. 4
defined terms, p. 5
line segment, or segment, p. 5
endpoints, p. 5
ray, p. 5
opposite rays, p. 5
intersection, p. 6
Core Concept
Undefined Terms: Point, Line, and Plane
Point
Line
Plane
M
C
Collinear points are points that lie on the same line. Coplanar points are points that
lie in the same plane.
SOLUTION
Q
T
V
S
Monitoring Progress
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
Core Concept
Defined Terms: Segment and Ray
line
B
segment
endpoint
endpoint
ray
endpoint
same side of A as B.
B
endpoint
A C
Segments and rays are collinear when they lie on the same line. So, opposite rays are
collinear. Lines, segments, and rays are coplanar when they lie in the same plane.
.
a. Give another name for GH
COMMON ERROR
In Example 2,
JG and
JF
have a common endpoint,
but they are not collinear. So,
they are not opposite rays.
G
J
SOLUTION
is HG
.
a. Another name for GH
b. The rays with endpoint J are
JE ,
JG ,
JF , and
JH . The pairs of opposite rays
Monitoring Progress
K
P
.
2. Give another name for KL
3. Are
KP and
PK the same ray? Are
NP and
NM the same ray? Explain.
Section 1.1
Sketching Intersections
Two or more geometric figures intersect when they have one or more points in
common. The intersection of the figures is the set of points the figures have in
common. Some examples of intersections are shown below.
m
n
The intersection of two
different lines is a point.
SOLUTION
a.
b.
c.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Draw a vertical plane. Shade the plane.
Step 2 Draw a second plane that is horizontal.
Shade this plane a different color.
Use dashed lines to show where one
plane is hidden.
Step 3 Draw the line of intersection.
Monitoring Progress
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
k
P
M A
E
r
F
C
SOLUTION
Electric utilities use sulfur hexafluoride
as an insulator. Leaks in electrical
equipment contribute to the release of
sulfur hexafluoride into the atmosphere.
1. Understand the Problem In the diagram, you are given three lines, p, q, and r,
that intersect at point B. You need to name two different planes that contain line r.
2. Make a Plan The planes should contain two points on line r and one point not
on line r.
3. Solve the Problem Points D and F are on line r. Point E does not lie on line r.
So, plane DEF contains line r. Another point that does not lie on line r is C. So,
plane CDF contains line r.
Note that you cannot form a plane through points D, B, and F. By definition,
three points that do not lie on the same line form a plane. Points D, B, and F are
collinear, so they do not form a plane.
4. Look Back The question asks for two different planes. You need to check
whetherplane DEF and plane CDF are two unique planes or the same plane
nameddifferently. Because point C does not lie on plane DEF, plane DEF and
plane CDF are different planes.
Monitoring Progress
Section 1.1
Exercises
1.1
AB
FG
plane CDE
HI
S
C
A
D
W
Q
R
V
16. Name one pair of rays that are not opposite rays.
7.
and NX
20. MN
Chapter 1
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.01.indd 8
Basics of Geometry
5/28/14 3:20 PM
C
A
X
Y
25.
26.
36.
AD and
AC are opposite rays.
37.
38.
and YE
are opposite rays.
YC
D
F
39. N, K, and L
40. P, Q, and N
E
42. R, K, and N
43. P, S, and K
44. Q, K, and L
andH.
30. Name a point that is not collinear with points B and I.
41. P, Q, and R
R
Section 1.1
53. x 5 or x 2
54.
x 0
P
N
Apple Ave
Cherry Ct.
Rose
Rd.
Daisy Dr.
determine a plane.
MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 5154,
51. x 3
52. 7 x 4
6 + 2
66.
3 9
67.
8 2
68.
7 11
10
Chapter 1
70. 36 + x = 20
Basics of Geometry
71. x 15 = 7
72. x 23 = 19
11
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
H
INC
3
2
1
29
30
To be proficient in math,
you need to explain to
yourself the meaning of
a problem and look for
entry points to its solution.
6
5
4
MAKING SENSE
OF PROBLEMS
8
7
10
Learning Standards
HSG-CO.A.1
HSG-CO.D.12
Essential Question
line segment?
COMMON
CORE
in.
paper clip
d. A straightedge is a tool that you can use to draw a straight line. An example of a
straightedge is a ruler. Use only a pencil, straightedge, paper clip, and paper to draw
another line segment that is 6 inches long. Explain your process.
Section 1.2
11
CM
1.2
1.2 Lesson
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
postulate, p. 12
axiom, p. 12
coordinate, p. 12
distance, p. 12
construction, p. 13
congruent segments, p. 13
between, p. 14
Postulate
names of points
x1
x2
coordinates of points
AB
x2
x1
AB = x2 x1
SOLUTION
Align one mark of a metric ruler with S. Then estimate the coordinate of T. For
example, when you align S with 2, T appears to align with 5.4.
S
cm
ST = 5.4 2 = 3.4
Ruler Postulate
Monitoring Progress
Use a ruler to measure the length of the segment to the nearest 18 inch.
1.
3.
12
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
2.
4.
Copying a Segment
Use a compass and straightedge to construct a line segment
.
that has the same length as AB
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Core Concept
Congruent Segments
READING
In the diagram, the
red tick marks indicate
AB
CD . When there
is more than one pair of
congruent segments, use
multiple tick marks.
Line segments that have the same length are called congruent segments. You
is equal to the length of CD
, or you can say AB
is
can say the length of AB
AB
is equal to
is congruent to
SOLUTION
y
J(3, 4)
K(2, 4)
L(1, 3)
2
JK = 2 (3) = 5
Ruler Postulate
To find the length of a vertical segment, find the absolute value of the difference of the
y-coordinates of the endpoints.
2
Plot the points, as shown. To find the length of a horizontal segment, find the absolute
value of the difference of the x-coordinates of the endpoints.
4 x
M(1, 2)
LM = 2 3 = 5
Ruler Postulate
Monitoring Progress
5. Plot A(2, 4), B(3, 4), C(0, 2), and D(0, 2) in a coordinate plane. Then
and CD
are congruent.
determine whether AB
Section 1.2
13
D
B
E
F
Point B is between
points A and C.
Postulate
Postulate 1.2 Segment Addition Postulate
If B is between A and C, then AB + BC = AC.
AC
B
AB
C
BC
23
b. Find GH.
35
36
F
21
SOLUTION
a. Use the Segment Addition Postulate to write an equation. Then solve the equation
to find DF.
DF = DE + EF
DF = 23 + 35
DF = 58
Add.
b. Use the Segment Addition Postulate to write an equation. Then solve the
equation to find GH.
FH = FG + GH
36 = 21 + GH
15 = GH
Monitoring Progress
14
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
23
X
50
Y
S
St. Louis
738 mi
T Tulsa
377 mi
L Lubbock
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given the distance from Lubbock to St. Louis
and the distance from Lubbock to Tulsa. You need to find the distance from Tulsa
to St. Louis.
2. Make a Plan Use the Segment Addition Postulate to find the distance from
Tulsa to St. Louis.
3. Solve the Problem Use the Segment Addition Postulate to write an equation.
Then solve the equation to find TS.
LS = LT + TS
738 = 377 + TS
361 = TS
So, the distance from Tulsa to St. Louis is about 361 miles.
4. Look Back Does the answer make sense in the context of the problem? The
distance from Lubbock to St. Louis is 738 miles. By the Segment Addition
Postulate, the distance from Lubbock to Tulsa plus the distance from Tulsa to
St. Louis should equal 738 miles.
377 + 361 = 738
Monitoring Progress
9. The cities shown on the map lie approximately in a straight line. Find the distance
Provo
P
680 mi
Albuquerque
A
231 mi
C
Section 1.2
Carlsbad
15
1.2
Exercises
Find AC + CB.
Find BC AC.
Find AB.
Find CA + BC.
14
3.
4.
16.
5.
7
19
6.
F
17.
12
11
18.
F
4
G
15
19.
37
H
13
16
Chapter 1
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.02.indd 16
Basics of Geometry
5/28/14 3:21 PM
20.
22
F
15
21.
F
42
H
22
G
22.
North
America
G
53
40
B
A
Europe
C
601 mi
1282 mi
Atlantic Ocean
23.
24.
AB = 1 4.5 = 3.5
H
F
a. B is between A and C.
AB = 1 + 4.5 = 5.5
b. C is between B and E.
c. D is between A and H.
a. AC
A x+2 B
thorax
7x 3
b. QR
13y + 25
4
8y + 5
12 13 14
18 19 20 21
abdomen
d. E is between C and F.
Section 1.2
17
b. RS = 3x 16
ST = 4x 8
RT = 60
c. RS = 2x 8
ST = 11
RT = x + 10
d. RS = 4x 9
ST = 19
RT = 8x 14
Wins
Losses
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
107
113
109
111
10
12
117
22 ft
105
Number of games
86 ft
101
115
119
121
BC
, AC
CD
, and AD = 12. Find the
AB
lengths of all segments in the diagram. Suppose you
choose one of the segments at random. What is the
probability that the measure of the segment is greater
than 3? Explain your reasoning.
39. 20 + 5
38.
40. 25 + 9
7+6
2
41.
18
Chapter 1
3+y
2
43. = 6
Basics of Geometry
5 + x
2
44. = 9
45. 6x 13 = x 23
1.3
COMMON
CORE
Learning Standard
HSG-CO.D.12
Preparing for Standard
HSG-GPE.B.7
MAKING SENSE
OF PROBLEMS
To be proficient in math,
you need to check your
answers and continually
ask yourself, Does this
make sense?
A(3, 4)
B(5, 2)
15
14
13
12
11
10
A(3,
3 4)
9
8
7
6
5
4
2
cm
34
4
2
2
B(
B(5,
5,
2)
2)
2
2
2
C(3, 2)
2
plane?
4. Find the coordinates of the midpoint M and the length of the line segment whose
19
1.3 Lesson
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
midpoint, p. 20
segment bisector, p. 20
Core Concept
Midpoints and Segment Bisectors
The midpoint of a segment is the point that divides the segment into two
congruent segments.
READING
M is the midpoint of AB .
A segment bisector is a point, ray, line, line segment, or plane that intersects the
segment at its midpoint. A midpoint or a segment bisector bisects a segment.
C
M
.
CD is a segment bisector of AB
bisects XY
at point T, and XTT = 39.9
I the skateboard design, VW
In
39 9 cm.
cm
Find
F
XY.
SOLUTION
XY = XT + TY
= 39.9 + 39.9
Substitute.
= 79.8
Add.
is 79.8 centimeters.
So, the length of XY
T
W
2.
18
P
Q
N
20
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
27
P
3x + 3
M
SOLUTION
Step 1 Write and solve an equation. Use the fact that VM = MW.
VM = MW
4x 1 = 3x + 3
Substitute.
x1=3
x=4
Check
Because VM = MW, the length of
MW should be 15.
MW = 3x + 3 = 3(4) + 3 = 15
is 15.
So, the length of VM
Monitoring Progress
.
3. Identify the segment bisector of PQ
5x 3
P
11 2x
M
4x + 3
Q
6x 12
M
Bisecting a Segment
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
AM = MB = 12 AB
Section 1.3
21
Core Concept
The Midpoint Formula
The coordinates of the midpoint of a segment
are the averages of the x-coordinates and of
the y-coordinates of the endpoints.
If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are points in a
coordinate plane, then the midpoint M
has coordinates
of AB
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
, .
2
2
y
y2
B(x2, y2)
y1 + y2
2
y1
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
, 2
2
A(x1, y1)
x1 + x2
2
x1
x2
) (
5
1
1 + 4 3 + 2
M , = M ,
2
2
2
2
S(4, 2)
)
(
2
2
Step 2 Find y.
4+y
=1
2
4+y=2
Monitoring Progress
5.
R(1, 3)
y
4
J(1, 4)
y = 2
x=3
M(?, ?)
M(2, 1)
2
K(x, y)
8. The midpoint of VW is M(1, 2). One endpoint is W(4, 4). Find the coordinates
of endpoint V.
22
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
Core Concept
The Distance Formula
READING
The red mark at the corner
of the triangle that makes
a right angle indicates a
right triangle.
B(x2, y2)
y2 y1
A(x1, y1)
The Distance Formula is related to the Pythagorean Theorem, which you will see
again when you work with right triangles.
Distance Formula
(AB)2
= (x2 x1
)2
Pythagorean Theorem
+ (y2 y1
)2
B(x2, y2)
c 2 = a2 + b 2
y2 y1
A(x1, y1)
x2 x1
C(x2, y1)
x
SOLUTION
You can model the situation using a coordinate plane with your apartment at the origin
(0, 0). The coordinates of the recycling center and the school are R(2, 3) and S(4, 1),
respectively. Use the Distance Formula. Let (x1, y1) = (2, 3) and (x2, y2) = (4, 1).
= (4 2)2 + (1 3)2
READING
The symbol means is
approximately equal to.
Distance Formula
Substitute.
= 22 + (4)2
Subtract.
= 4 + 16
Evaluate powers.
= 20
Add.
4.5
Use a calculator.
R(2, 3)
2
2
S(4, 1)
S
So, the distance between the recycling center and your school is about 4.5 miles.
Monitoring Progress
9. In Example 4, a park is 3 miles east and 4 miles south of your apartment. Find the
23
1.3
Exercises
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE To find the length of AB , with endpoints A(7, 5) and B(4, 6),
9.
17
R
3x + 1
8x 24
4.
A
R
10.
5.
5x + 8
X
22
R
6.
n
9x + 12
M
12
R
11.
A
12.
7x + 5
J
13.
8x
M
14.
8.
G
3x + 15
J
8x + 25
M
24
Chapter 1
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.03.indd 24
Basics of Geometry
5/28/14 3:22 PM
13
60
42
22
AB = (6 1)2 + [ 2 (4) ]2
= 52 + 62
= 25 + 36
= 61
32.
y
16
AB = (6 2)2 + [ 1 (4) ]2
= 42 + 52
= 16 + 25
= 41
Distance (m)
31.
(24, 14)
12
Player B
(18, 7)
Player A
6.4
33.
Player C
(8, 4)
0
12
16
20
24
28 x
Distance (m)
34.
EF : E(1, 4), F(5, 1) and
GH : G(3, 1), H(1, 6)
Section 1.3
25
located at (a, c) and (b, c). Find the midpoint and the
distance between the two points.
park, as shown.
Distance (yd)
A
y
60
b. AC and MB
c. MC and MD
20
d. MB and DB
R
Q
0
20
40
60
80
Distance (yd)
is
45. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS The length of XY
is M, and C is on
24 centimeters. The midpoint of XY
so that
XM so that XC is 23 of XM. Point D is on MY
3
Find the perimeter and area of the figure. (Skills Review Handbook)
46.
47.
48.
49.
5m
3m
10 ft
13 yd
12 yd
4m
5 cm
5 yd 5 yd
3 ft
26
a. AM and MB
40
Chapter 1
51. y 5 8
Basics of Geometry
52. 3x > 24
z
4
53. 12
1.11.3
Core Vocabulary
undefined terms, p. 4
point, p. 4
line, p. 4
plane, p. 4
collinear points, p. 4
coplanar points, p. 4
defined terms, p. 5
coordinate, p. 12
distance, p. 12
construction, p. 13
congruent segments, p. 13
between, p. 14
midpoint, p. 20
segment bisector, p. 20
Core Concepts
Section 1.1
Undefined Terms: Point, Line, and Plane, p. 4
Defined Terms: Segment and Ray, p. 5
Section 1.2
Postulate 1.1 Ruler Postulate, p. 12
Congruent Segments, p. 13
Section 1.3
Midpoints and Segment Bisectors, p. 20
The Midpoint Formula, p. 22
Mathematical Practices
1.
2.
Explain how you arrived at your answer for Exercise 35 on page 18.
3.
What assumptions did you make when solving Exercise 43 on page 26?
Study Skills
Keeping Your
Mind Focused
Keep a notebook just for vocabulary, formulas, and
core concepts.
Review this notebook before completing homework
and before tests.
27
1.11.3
Quiz
shaded green.
H
G
A
L
B
and CD
are congruent. (Section 1.2)
Plot the points in a coordinate plane. Then determine whether AB
11. A(3, 3), B(1, 3), C(3, 2), D(3, 2)
13
26
14.
62
A
11
Find the coordinates of the midpoint M and the distance between the two points. (Section 1.3)
15. J(4, 3) and K(2, 3)
3x + 7
youto stop at the post office and the grocery store, which are both on the same straight
road between your school and your house. The distance from your school to the post
office is 376 yards, the distance from the post office to your house is 929 yards, and the
distance from the grocery store to your house is 513 yards. (Section 1.2)
a.
b.
c.
d.
8
6
(0, 6)
(6, 6)
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
(3, 3)
2
0
(0, 0)
0
(6, 0)
4
8 x
1.4
COMMON
CORE
Learning Standard
HSG-GPE.B.7
HSG-MG.A.1
B(3, 1)
D(4, 0)
LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE
To be proficient in math,
you need to visualize
single objects as being
composed of more than
one object.
A(1, 4)
C(0, 3)
A(1, 4)
B(3, 1)
P
D(4, 0)
2
2
Q 2
C(0, 3)
vertices are E(3, 6), F(7, 3), G(1, 5), and H(3, 2).
Section 1.4
29
1.4 Lesson
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
Classifying Polygons
Previous
polygon
side
vertex
n-gon
convex
concave
Core Concept
Polygons
In geometry, a figure that lies in a plane is
called a plane figure. Recall that a polygon
is a closed plane figure formed by three or
more line segments called sides. Each side
intersects exactly two sides, one at each
vertex, so that no two sides with a common
vertex are collinear. You can name a polygon
by listing the vertices in consecutive order.
C
side BC
vertex D
D
A
E
polygon ABCDE
The number of sides determines the name of a polygon, as shown in the table.
You can also name a polygon using the term n-gon, where n is the number of sides.
For instance, a 14-gon is a polygon with 14 sides.
Number of
sides
Type of
polygon
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Nonagon
10
Decagon
12
Dodecagon
n-gon
interior
convex polygon
interior
concave polygon
Classifying Polygons
Classify each polygon by the number of sides. Tell whether it is convex or concave.
a.
b.
SOLUTION
a. The polygon has four sides. So, it is a quadrilateral. The polygon is concave.
b. The polygon has six sides. So, it is a hexagon. The polygon is convex.
Monitoring Progress
Classify the polygon by the number of sides. Tell whether it is convex or concave.
1.
30
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
2.
REMEMBER
Triangle
Square
Rectangle
P=a+b+c
1
A = bh
2
P = 2 + 2w
A = w
P = 4s
A = s2
READING
You can read the notation
ABC as triangle A B C.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Draw the triangle in a coordinate plane. Then find the length of each side.
Side
AB
A(2, 3)
= [3 (2)]2 + (3 3)2
= 52 + (6)2
2
4 x
C(2, 3)
Distance Formula
B(3, 3)
Substitute.
Subtract.
= 61
Simplify.
7.81
Use a calculator.
Side
BC
BC = 2 3 = 5
Side
CA
CA = 3 (3) = 6
Monitoring Progress
Section 1.4
31
SOLUTION
Step 1 Draw the triangle in a coordinate plane by plotting the vertices and
connecting them.
y
4
D(1, 3)
4 x
F(4, 3)
E(4, 3)
length of FE .
FE = 4 (4)
= 8
Subtract.
=8
Simplify.
. By counting
The height is the distance from point D to line segment FE
grid lines, you can determine that the height is 6 units.
Step 3 Substitute the values for the base and height into the formula for the
area of a triangle.
A = 12 bh
=
1
2 (8)(6)
= 24
Monitoring Progress
32
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
G(2, 7)
H(8, 7)
K(2, 2)
J(8, 2)
6
4
2
1 ft
2
8 x
1 ft
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given the coordinates of a shed. You need to
find the area of the floor of the shed.
2. Make a Plan The shed is rectangular, so use the coordinates to find the length
and width of the shed. Then use a formula to find the area.
3. Solve the Problem
Step 1 Find the length and width.
Length GH = 8 2 = 6
Width GK = 7 2 = 5
= (6)(5)
Substitute.
= 30
Multiply.
4. Look Back Make sure your answer makes sense in the context of the problem.
Because you are finding an area, your answer should be in square units. An
2
M(2, 2) N(6, 2)
1 ft
Monitoring Progress
11. You are building a patio in your schools courtyard. In the diagram at the left, the
R(2, -3)
P(6, -3)
coordinates represent the four vertices of the patio. Each unit in the coordinate
plane represents 1 foot. Find the area of the patio.
1 ft
Section 1.4
33
Exercises
1.4
4.
14. J(3, 4), K(4, 4), L(3, 3)
15. W(0, 0), X(0, 3), Y(3, 3), Z(3, 0)
5.
6.
A(5, 4)
4
2
F(2, 1)
4
11.
L(1, 4)
N(2, 0)
2
12.
E(2, 3)
D(4, 5)
D(0, 2)
Chapter 1
A(0, 4)
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.04.indd 34
6 x
C(4, 1)
F(2, 4)
34
M(4, 0)
P(1, 2)
E(2, 2)
2
4
B(0, 3)
B(2, 0)
4x
C(2, 2)
Basics of Geometry
5/28/14 3:22 PM
P = 2+ 2w
= 2(4) + 2(3)
= 14
J(0, 4)
G(2, 2)
F(0, 2)
K(4, 4)
L(4, 0)
E(0, 0)
26.
A(4, 3)
2
2
2
6x
C(1, 1)
b = 5 1 = 4
h=
H(2, 0)
B(5, 1)
(5 4)2 + (1 3)2
= 5
2.2
A = 12 bh 12(4)(2.2) = 4.4
14
12
Q(1, 13)
R(7, 13)
10
P(2, 1)
Q(2, 1)
4
U(1, 4) V(4, 4)
x
2
10 x
A R(2, 0)
B S(2, 1)
C T(1, 0)
D U(2, 2)
Section 1.4
35
L(2, 2)
P(2, 2)
3 x
N(2, 2)
M(2, 2)
2
4
Q(2, 1)
y1 = 2x 6, y2 = 3x + 4, and y3 = 2x + 4 are
the sides of a right triangle.
R(2, 2)
S(2, 2)
39. 5x + 9 = 4
40. x + 4 = x 12
41. 4x 9 = 3x + 5
42. 11 2x = 5x 3
43. = 4x 3
x+1
2
44. Use a compass and straightedge to construct a copy of the line segment.
36
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
(Section 1.2)
1.5
COMMON
CORE
Learning Standards
HSG-CO.A.1
HSG-CO.D.12
0 10
180 170 1 20 3
60
15 0 4
01 0
40
a. AOB
e. COE
170 180
60
0 1 20 10 0
15
0 30
14 0
4
80 90 10 0
70 10 0 90 80 110 1
70
2
0
60 0 11
60 0 13
2
0
1
5 0
50 0
13
b. AOC
f. COD
c. BOC
g. BOD
d. BOE
h. AOE
ATTENDING
TO PRECISION
To be proficient in math,
you need to calculate and
measure accurately
and efficiently.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
120
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
c. The sum of the angle measures of a polygon with n sides is equal to 180(n 2).
Do the angle measures of your hexagons agree with this rule? Explain.
d. Partition your hexagons into smaller polygons, as shown below. For each hexagon,
find the sum of the angle measures of the smaller polygons. Does each sum equal
the sum of the angle measures of a hexagon? Explain.
Section 1.5
37
1.5 Lesson
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
angle, p. 38
vertex, p. 38
sides of an angle, p. 38
interior of an angle, p. 38
exterior of an angle, p. 38
measure of an angle, p. 39
acute angle, p. 39
right angle, p. 39
obtuse angle, p. 39
straight angle, p. 39
congruent angles, p. 40
angle bisector, p. 42
Naming Angles
C
vertex
1
Previous
protractor
degrees
sides
exterior
interior
Naming Angles
COMMON ERROR
When a point is the vertex
of more than one angle,
you cannot use the vertex
alone to name the angle.
J
ligh
lighthouse
htho
o
ouse
SOLUTION
JMK or KMJ
KML or LMK
L
JML or LMJ
Monitoring Progress
2.
38
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
E
2
3.
X
1
Z
Y
F
80 90 10 0
70 10 0 90 80 110 1
70
2
60 0 110
60 0 1
2
3
50 0 1
50 0
13
170 180
60
0 1 20 10 0
15
0 30
14 0
4
Core Concept
Types of Angles
acute angle
Measures greater
than 0 and less
than 90
right angle
obtuse angle
straight angle
Measures 90
Measures 180
c. LHK
SOLUTION
a.
HG lines up with 0 on the outer
scale of the protractor.
HK passes
through 125 on the outer scale. So,
mGHK = 125. It is an obtuse angle.
K
H
170 180
60
0 1 20 10 0
15
0 30
14 0
4
a. GHK
80 90 10 0
70 10 0 90 80 110 1
70
2
60 0 110
60 0 1
2
3
50 0 1
50 0
13
0 10
180 170 1 20 3
60
15 0 4
01 0
40
Postulate
0 10
180 170 1 20 3
60
15 0 4
01 0
40
COMMON ERROR
b.
HJ lines up with 0 on the inner scale of the protractor.
HL passes through 90.
So,mJHL = 90. It is a right angle.
c.
HL passes through 90.
HK passes through 55 on the inner scale. So,
mLHK = 90 55 = 35. It is an acute angle.
Monitoring Progress
Use the diagram in Example 2 to find the angle measure. Then classify the angle.
4. JHM
5. MHK
Section 1.5
6. MHL
39
Copying an Angle
Use a compass and straightedge to construct an angle that has the same measure as
A. In this construction, the center of an arc is the point where the compass point
rests. The radius of an arc is the distance from the center of the arc to a point on the
arc drawn by the compass.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
C
Step 4
C
C
A
F
D
F
E
Two angles are congruent angles when they have the same measure. In the
construction above, A and D are congruent angles. So,
mA = mD
A D.
and
G
H
E
SOLUTION
READING
In diagrams, matching arcs
indicate congruent angles.
When there is more than
one pair of congruent
angles, use multiple arcs.
ADC EFG.
C
D
Monitoring Progress
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
Postulate
Postulate 1.4 Angle Addition Postulate
R
Words
If P is in the interior of
RST, then the measure of RST is
equal to the sum of the measures of
RSP and PST.
mRST
mRSP
mPST
RST, then
T
M
(2x + 10)
L
(4x 3)
K
SOLUTION
145 = 6x + 7
138 = 6x
23 = x
Monitoring Progress
(2x + 2)
(10x 5) (4x + 3)
K
(x + 1)
M
F
Section 1.5
41
Bisecting Angles
Bisecting an Angle
Construct an angle bisector of A with a compass and straightedge.
SOLUTION
Step 2
15
cm
14
13
12
11
10
Step 3
in.
Step 1
AG bisects A.
QS bisects PQR, and mPQS = 24. Find mPQR.
SOLUTION
24
= 24 + 24
= 48
Add.
Monitoring Progress
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
Exercises
1.5
your reasoning.
B
3
BCA
BAC
CAB
80 90 10 0
70 10 0 90 80 110 1
70 20
60 0 110
60 13
2
0
1
5 0
50 0
13
0 10
180 170 1 20
60
G
H
5.
6.
Q
S
8
H
K
11. mCOD
12. mEOD
13.
14.
J
F
Section 1.5
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.05.indd 43
10. mBOD
G
N
9. mAOC
8.
170 180
60
0 1 20 10 0
15
0 30
14 0
4
3
15 0 4
01 0
40
3.
mBOC = 30
mDOE = 65
43
5/29/14 10:22 AM
15.
16.
(2x + 23)
D
(9x 5)
Z
(10x + 65)
(6x + 44)
E
X
W
D
B
85
21
23
N
(14x + 70) (20x + 8)
V
R
R
72
S
(8x + 18)
S
79
G
13x
D
44
37
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
32.
Malcom Way
Park
ey
Sydn
et
Stre
Road
R
L
38.
A (6x + 14)
B (7x 18) C
(3x + 29)
B
(3x + 6)
39.
40.
(4x + 33)
A
D
A
A
(8x + 35) D
G
D
(2x + 81)
B
(11x + 23)
B
a. mDEF
b. mABG
c. mCBG
d. mDEG
45
W
V
b. right angle
c. obtuse angle
d. straight angle
a. acute angle
b. right angle
c. obtuse angle
d. straight angle
a. acute angle
b. right angle
c. obtuse angle
d. straight angle
46
58. x + 67 = 180
59. x + 58 = 90
60. 16 + x = 90
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
1.6
COMMON
CORE
Learning Standard
HSG-CO.A.1
y and z
y z w
x 108
x and z
b. Find the values of the indicated
variables. Do not use a protractor
to measure the angles.
x=
y=
z=
w=
v=
Explain how you obtained each answer.
c and e
c
d
a
b
c=
d=
e=
Explain how you obtained each answer.
ATTENDING TO
PRECISION
To be proficient in math,
you need to communicate
precisely with others.
47
1.6
Lesson
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
complementary angles, p. 48
supplementary angles, p. 48
adjacent angles, p. 48
linear pair, p. 50
vertical angles, p. 50
Previous
vertex
sides of an angle
interior of an angle
opposite rays
Core Concept
Complementary and Supplementary Angles
A
C
115
3 4
20
2
70
65
1 and 2
A and B
3 and 4
complementary angles
Two positive angles whose measures
have a sum of 90. Each angle is the
complement of the other.
C and D
supplementary angles
Two positive angles whose measures
have a sum of 180. Each angle is the
supplement of the other.
Adjacent Angles
Complementary angles and supplementary angles can be adjacent angles or
nonadjacent angles. Adjacent angles are two angles that share a common vertex
and side, but have no common interior points.
common side
5
common vertex
COMMON ERROR
In Example 1, DAC and
DAB share a common
vertex and a common
side. But they also share
common interior points.
So, they are not adjacent
angles.
SOLUTION
D
C
127
A
37
53
S
48
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
COMMON ERROR
Do not confuse angle
names with angle
measures.
SOLUTION
a. Draw a diagram with complementary adjacent angles
to illustrate the relationship.
62
m2 = 90 m1 = 90 62 = 28
Monitoring Progress
F
41
131
49
L
Real-Life Application
W
When
viewed from the side, the frame of a
bball-return net forms a pair of supplementary
aangles with the ground. Find mBCE
and
a mECD.
E
(x + 2)
(4x + 8)
C
SOLUTION
S
Step 1 Use the fact that the sum of the measures of supplementary angles is 180.
S
mBCE + mECD = 180
Write an equation.
(4x + 8) + (x + 2) = 180
5x + 10 = 180
x = 34
Monitoring Progress
5. LMN and PQR are complementary angles. Find the measures of the angles
49
Core Concept
Linear Pairs and Vertical Angles
Two adjacent angles are a linear pair
when their noncommon sides are
opposite rays. The angles in a linear
pair are supplementary angles.
common side
3
4
5
1 2
noncommon side noncommon side
COMMON ERROR
In Example 4, one side of
1 and one side of 3
are opposite rays. But the
angles are not a linear
pair because they are
nonadjacent.
SOLUTION
1
2
4
3
5
SOLUTION
Step 1 Draw a diagram. Let x be the measure of one angle. The measure of the
other angle is 5x.
5x
Step 2 Use the fact that the angles of a linear pair are supplementary to write
an equation.
x + 5x = 180
6x = 180
x = 30
Write an equation.
Combine like terms.
Divide each side by 6.
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
Monitoring Progress
2
5
3
4
Concept Summary
Interpreting a Diagram
There are some things you can conclude from a diagram, and some you
cannot. For example, here are some things that you can conclude from the
diagram below.
D
BC
.
AB
DBE EBC.
ABD is a right angle.
To make such conclusions, the following information must be given.
D
Section 1.6
51
Exercises
1.6
1 2
50
40
65
25
12.
M
H
56 34 N
49
J
P
124
41
G
E
Findm2.
8. 3 is a complement of 4, and m3 = 46.
Findm4.
9. 5 is a supplement of 6, and m5 = 78.
Findm6.
(15x 2)
C
(7x + 4)
A
include 1.
16. Identify the linear pair(s) that
include 7.
17. Are 6 and 8 vertical angles?
1 2
3
5
4
6
7
9
8
Findm8.
11.
(3x + 5)
Q
52
(10x 7)
R
Chapter 1
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.06.indd 52
itscomplement.
Basics of Geometry
5/29/14 10:23 AM
complement.
3
1
24.
B. 9
C. 36
D. 18
its complement.
33. The measure of an angle is 12 more than twice the
A. 42
B. 138
C. 48
D. 90
a complement.
Section 1.6
53
S
angle of
angle of
incidence reflection
130
W
y
A
AF
.
a. CA
D
E
b. Points C, A, and
F are collinear.
c. CAD EAF.
AE
.
d. BA
,
e. CF
BE, and
AD intersect at point A.
L
x
J
N
Determine whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
(Skills Review Handbook)
54
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
1.41.6
Core Vocabulary
angle, p. 38
vertex, p. 38
sides of an angle, p. 38
interior of an angle, p. 38
exterior of an angle, p. 38
measure of an angle, p. 39
acute angle, p. 39
right angle, p. 39
obtuse angle, p. 39
straight angle, p. 39
congruent angles, p. 40
angle bisector, p. 42
complementary angles, p. 48
supplementary angles, p. 48
adjacent angles, p. 48
linear pair, p. 50
vertical angles, p. 50
Core Concepts
Section 1.4
Classifying Polygons, p. 30
Finding Perimeter and Area in the Coordinate Plane, p. 31
Section 1.5
Postulate 1.3 Protractor Postulate, p. 39
Types of Angles, p. 39
Postulate 1.4 Angle Addition Postulate, p. 41
Bisecting Angles, p. 42
Section 1.6
Complementary and Supplementary Angles, p. 48
Adjacent Angles, p. 48
Linear Pairs and Vertical Angles, p. 50
Interpreting a Diagram, p. 51
Mathematical Practices
1.
How could you explain your answers to Exercise 33 on page 36 to a friend who
ho is unable to hear?
2.
What tool(s) could you use to verify your answers to Exercises 2530 on pagee 44?
3.
Your friend says that the angles in Exercise 28 on page 53 are supplementary angles.
Explain why you agree or disagree.
Performance Task
ask
Chapter Review
1.1
Use the diagram at the right. Give another name for plane P.
Then name a line in the plane, a ray, a line intersecting the plane,
and three collinear points.
m
D
You can find another name for plane P by using any three points in the
plane that are not on the same line. So, another name for plane P is
plane FAB.
1.2
a. Find AC.
AC = AB + BC
12
25
= 12 + 25
= 37
Add.
So, AC = 37.
b. Find EF.
57
D
DF = DE + EF
39
57 = 39 + EF
18 = EF
So, EF = 18.
Find XZ.
7.
17
24
8.
38
A
27
9. Plot A(8, 4), B(3, 4), C(7, 1), and D(7, 3) in a coordinate plane.
and CD
are congruent.
Then determine whether AB
56
Chapter 1
HSCC_GEOM_PE_01.EOC.indd 56
Basics of Geometry
5/28/14 3:26 PM
1.3
are A(6, 1) and B(3, 5). Find the coordinates of the midpoint M.
The endpoints of AB
Then find the distance between points A and B.
Use the Midpoint Formula.
6 + 3 1 + 5
9
M , = M , 2
2
2
2
) ( )
B(3, 5)
4
2
= (3 6)2 + [5 (1)]2
= (3)2 + 62
Distance Formula
2
2
Substitute.
A(6, 1)
Subtract.
= 9 + 36
Evaluate powers.
= 45
Add.
6.7 units
Use a calculator.
( )
is M(6, 3). One endpoint is J(14, 9). Find the coordinates of endpoint K.
12. The midpoint of JK
where AM = 3x + 8 and MB = 6x 4. Find AB.
13. Point M is the midpoint of AB
1.4
Find the perimeter and area of rectangle ABCD with vertices A(3, 4),
B(6, 4), C(6, 1), and D(3, 1).
Draw the rectangle in a coordinate plane. Then find the length
and width using the Ruler Postulate (Postulate 1.1).
Length
Width
AB = 3 6 = 9
BC = 4 (1) = 5
Substitute the values for the length and width into the formulas
for the perimeter and area of a rectangle.
P = 2 + 2w
= 2(9) + 2(5)
= 18 + 10
= 28
A = w
= (9)(5)
= 45
Chapter 1
Chapter Review
57
1.5
(6x + 13)
G
(2x + 10)
(3x + 22)
D
(10x + 58)
D
(5x 17)
B
(6x + 41)
B
1.6
54
1
2
20. m1 = 83
58
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
22. m3 = 56
68
4 3
Chapter Test
12
19
2.
59
Q
47
Find the coordinates of the midpoint M. Then find the distance between the two points.
3. A(4, 8) and B(1, 4)
and
7. BW
AT are lines.
RT
8.
BR and
RT are opposite rays.
Find the perimeter and area of the polygon with the given vertices. Explain how you found your answer.
10. P(3, 4), Q(1, 4), R(3, 2), S(3, 2)
12. In the diagram, AFE is a straight angle and CFE is a right angle.
27
39
14. Sketch a figure that contains a plane and two lines that intersect the plane at one point.
15. Your parents decide they would like to install a rectangular swimming pool in the
backyard. There is a 15-foot by 20-foot rectangular area available. Your parents request a
3-foot edge around each side of the pool. Draw a diagram of this situation in acoordinate
plane. What is the perimeter and area of the largest swimming pool that willfit?
16. The picture shows the arrangement of balls in a game of boccie. The object of the
game isto throw your ball closest to the small, white ball, which is called the pallino.
The greenball is the midpoint between the red ball and the pallino. The distance
between the green ball and the red ball is 10 inches. The distance between the yellow
ball and the pallino is 8 inches. Which ball is closer to the pallino, the green ball or
the yellow ball? Explain.
Chapter 1
Chapter Test
59
Standards Assessment
1. Use the diagram to determine which segments, if any, are congruent. List all congruent
segments. (HSG-CO.A.1)
y
A
I
E
F
G
Qx
K
L
2. Order the terms so that each consecutive term builds off the previous term. (HSG-CO.A.1)
plane
segment
line
point
ray
3. The endpoints of a line segment are (6, 13) and (11, 5). Which choice shows the correct
( , 4 ); 18.8 units
( , 9 ); 18.8 units
( , 4 ); 9.4 units
( , 9 ); 9.4 units
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
4 x
5. Plot the points W(1, 1), X(5, 1), Y(5, 2), and Z(1, 2) in a coordinate plane. What
type of polygon do the points form? Your friend claims that you could use this figure to
represent a basketball court with an area of 4050 square feet and a perimeter of 270 feet.
Do you support your friends claim? Explain. (HSG-GPE.B.7)
60
Chapter 1
Basics of Geometry
6. Use the steps in the construction to explain how you know that
AG is the angle bisector
Step 2
Step 3
15
14
13
12
1
11
10
in.
of CAB. (HSG-CO.D.12)
Step 1
9
2
8
7
6
3
5
4
1
cm
3
2
7. The picture shows an aerial view of a city. Use the streets highlighted in red to identify all
A
G
55
H
J
47
55
47
8. Three roads come to an intersection point that the people in your town call Five Corners,
rte
W
ay
Ca
an
rH
ill
lts
N
Buffalo Road
Sa
J
P
KJM
KJN
KJP
LJM
LJN
LJP
MJN
MJP
NJP
Chapter 1
Standards Assessment
61