12/11/2015

Batteries and Cables

Electrical Wiring
(Elements of Electrical Engineering)

Prof. Chintan Patel

Department of Electrical Engineering

G. H. Patel College of Engineering and
Technology V V Nagar (Gujarat)
Email : chintanpatel@gcet.ac.in
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When the current is passed through the electrolyte

solution, electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.

Similarly, the chemical energy can be converted to the
electrical energy.

The device which converts the chemical energy into the
electrical energy is called a cell.

The cell is made up of two metal plates (electrodes) of
different materials immersed in a suitable solution.

The magnitude of e.m.f. produced by the cell depends up
on the nature of electrodes and solution.

To get more output, the size of the plates is increased.

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

130904-Electrical Machine-1

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Batteries

The battery is a combination of two or more than two cells.

A battery or cell is also called an accumulator as it
accumulates charge.
Grouping of Cells:

The e.m.f. of a single cell is very small-about 1.2 V to 2 V.

To get the desired amount of voltage, number of cells are
connected suitably.

This is called grouping of cells.

Following are the types of grouping of cells.
1) Series Grouping
2) Parallel Grouping
3) Mixed Grouping

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

1) Series Grouping

In this method, more than two cells are connected in series
with each other.
Let,
E =e.m.f. of one cell
n = total no. of cells
R = Load resistance
r = Internal resistance of one cell
Total Voltage = n.E volts
Total internal resistance = n.r ohms
Total resistance of the circuit = (R + n.r) ohms
Current

I =

n. E
Amp .
( R + n .r )

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

130904-Electrical Machine-1

12/11/2015

2) Parallel Grouping

In this method, all the cells are connected in parallel to
each other.
Let,
E =e.m.f. of one cell
n = total no. of cells
R = Load resistance
r = Internal resistance of one cell
Total voltage = E volts
Total internal resistance =

r
n

Total resistance of the circuit =

Current I =

E
r

R +
n

Ohms
r

R + Ohms
n

Am p .

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

3) Mixed Grouping

In this method, few cells are connected in series in branch,
and few such braches are connected in parallel.

It is also called series-parallel grouping.
Total voltage
of one branch = n.E volts
Total internal resistance of
one branch = n.r ohms
Total internal resistance of all the cells=
Total resistance of the circuit= R + n.r

n. E
n.m.E
I=
=
n.r m. R + n.r

R+

n.r
m

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

130904-Electrical Machine-1

12/11/2015

Rating of the Battery:

There are two important ratings for a battery.
1)Ampere-hour (AH) rating
2)Watt-hour (WH) rating
1)Ampere-hour (AH) Rating

If the capacity of battery is 120 AH, then it can supply
12 Amp. Current for 10 hours
10 Amp. Current for 12 Hours
6 Amp. Current for 20 hours

2) Watt-hour (WH) Rating

Lets assume that the battery has 120 AH capacity

If the average discharge voltage is 2 V, then Watt-hour
rating is
WH=120 x 2 = 240 WH

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

Charging Methods of Batteries:

For charging of the batteries, DC supply is needed which
can be obtained from
DC motor-generator set
Rectifier
Battery charger

Following are the methods of battery charging
(1)Constant current method
(2)Constant voltage method
(3)Modified constant voltage method

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

130904-Electrical Machine-1

12/11/2015

(1) Constant current method

1-phase
230 volt
supply

In this method, the charging current is kept constant

throughout the charging process.
Disadvantages:

Longer time for charging

Charger of higher rating is needed to charge more batteries.

Circuit must be interrupted while connecting or
disconnecting batteries.
Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

(2) Constant voltage method

In this method, the charging voltage is kept constant

throughout the charging process.

No. of batteries can be connected in parallel for charging.

As batteries are in parallel, there is no need to interrupt the
circuit completely.

This method is faster than the constant current method.
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130904-Electrical Machine-1

12/11/2015

(3) Modified Constant voltage method

Here, the resistance is used to limit the initial high

charging current.

When the current is reduced, the resistance is removed.

This method is also faster than the constant current
method.

It is safer than the constant current method as resistance
is used.
Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Types of Charging:
(1) Initial Charging
(2) Normal Charging
(3) Float Charging
(4) Trickle Charging

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Cables:

The cable is made from several wires stranded together.

The function of the cable is to conduct the electricity
efficiently, cheaply and safely.

Any cable has three sections.
(1) Core: Metal wire or strands of wires
(2) Insulation: To prevent leakage of current from conductors
(3)Cover: To protect the insulation from any damage

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Cables:

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Electric Wiring

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Wiring Systems or Wiring Schemes:

(1) Wooden Casing & Capping:

It is carried out in grooves of wooden casing.

The casing has the no. of grooves equal to no. of wires.

After the conductors are fixed
in the grooves, they are
covered with the wooden
capping.

Such type of wiring is used for
voltages up to 250 volts.
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(2) Cabtyre Sheathed Wire : (CTS)

In this type of wiring CTS wires are used.

These wire are laid down on the teak wood battens which
are fixed on the walls or ceiling by screws or wooden plugs.

Such wires are not much affected by chemicals and steam.

They have better appearance and longer life.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

(3) Cleat Wiring:

It used for taking a temporary connections like for
functions, parties, etc.

In this wiring method, the VIR (Vulcanized Indian Rubber)
wire is used.

The PVC wires are also used.

The wires run on the ceiling or walls with the help of
porcelain cleats.

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(4) Lead Sheathed Wire:

Here VIR wires are used.

An outer sheath made up of lead-aluminum alloy
containing 95 % lead and 5 % aluminum is used to cover the
insulated conductor.

This sheath protects the wiring from mechanical damage,
moisture and atmospheric conditions.

The overall cost of the cable or wire is very high.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

(5) Conduit Wiring :

The wires are carried in the mild steel tube which are
called conduits.

These conduits are either mounted on the walls or are
concealed under the surface of the wall.

This is the best wiring scheme for commercial and
domestic applications..

The wiring is protected from fire hazards, mechanical
damage, dampness, etc.

This type of wiring has the longer life.

It is the costliest method of wiring.

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Conduit Wiring :

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Tube Light Wiring

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