IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 22, NO.

3, AUGUST 2007

937

A Large Wind Power System in Almost Island

OperationA Danish Case Study
Vladislav Akhmatov and Peter Brre Eriksen

AbstractIn Denmark, incorporation of wind power into the

power system is increasing whereas power generation from the
large conventional power plants is reducing. The common concern
has become maintenance of reliable and stable operation of the
Danish power system with a large amount of wind powerthe
large wind power system. At present, maintaining the voltage stability of such a large wind power system relies on strong ac connections to neighboring power systems with sufficient reactive power
and voltage control and on control of central power plants in Denmark. This paper presents the results of a stability investigation
carried out by the Danish transmission system operator (TSO), Energinet.dk, for the case of almost island operation of the Western
Danish wind power system. The main ac lines connecting Western
Denmark to the synchronous area of the Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) were out of service and
the wind power generation was high. The investigation has shown
that the reactive power and voltage control of the domestic power
plants is essential for maintaining short-term voltage stability of
the Western Danish wind power system and becomes even more
relevant when ac connections to the strong transmission system of
the UCTE are out of service. The results presented in this paper
may also be relevant for the operators of the power systems that
are in island ac operation and with plans for significant commissioning of wind powerGreat Britain, Ireland, Tasmania, etc.
Index TermsIsland operation, power system, reactive power
and voltage control, voltage stability, wind power.

same time, the power supply from the large central power plants
responsible for reactive power and voltage control and maintaining power system stability has to be reduced to keep the active power balance in the grids. In several European countries,
there are also plans for substituting such central power plants by
large offshore wind farms [1], [2].
Therefore, this paper focuses on maintaining short-term
voltage stability of the large wind power systems with a
possible lack of reactive-power and voltage control due to displacement of domestic power plants [1][3]. In such situations,
stable and reliable operation of the large wind power systems
may rely on strong ac connections to the neighboring power
systems with a sufficient amount of such control.
This paper is inspired by a stability investigation performed
by the Danish TSO, Energinet.dk, for the Western Danish wind
power system being in (almost) island ac operation. The investigation is carried out for a realistic case study where the strong ac
connections to the UCTE synchronous area were out of service
for a period. This paper gives a brief introduction to the Western
Danish wind power system and outlines the main outcomes of
the investigation performed. The results presented in this paper
might particularly be addressed to the operators of power systems that are in island ac operation and with plans for massive
incorporation of wind powerGreat Britain, Ireland, Tasmania,
etc. [4], [5].

I. INTRODUCTION

HE Western Danish transmission system is characterized

by significant incorporation of wind power. At the end of
the year 2006, the amount of grid-connected wind power approached 2460 MW corresponding to more than 30% of the
power capacity installed in this system.
The amount of grid-connected wind power must be seen in
comparison with minimum and maximum peak load during a
year, which for the year 2006 have been 1250 and 3700 MW,
respectively. Situations in which the power generated by electricity-producing wind turbines exceeded power consumption
have already been observed. The Western Danish transmission
system has become a realistic case of a large wind power system.
The amount of wind power in Denmark and worldwide continues to increase. Electricity-producing wind turbines have in
many countries gained prioritized access to the grid. At the

Manuscript received August 29, 2006; revised December 14, 2006. Paper no.
TPWRS-00586-2006.
V. Akhmatov is with Siemens Wind Power A/S, DK-7330 Brande, Denmark
(e-mail: vladislav.akhmatov@siemens.com).
P. B. Eriksen is with Energinet.dk, Transmission System Operator of Denmark, Fjordvejen 1-11, DK-7000 Fredericia, Denmark (e-mail: pbe@energinet.
dk).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.901283

II. WESTERN DANISH POWER SYSTEM

The Western Danish transmission system is operated at
400 kV and 150 kV. The map of the transmission system and
the main central (thermal) power plants is shown in Fig. 1. The
system key figures are in Table I.
To the south, the Western Danish power system is connected
to the UCTE synchronous area via two 400-kV and two 220-kV
ac lines to Germany. To the north, it is connected to the Nordel
synchronous area via high voltage direct current (HVDC) links
to Norway and Sweden. The German power system is based
on thermal, nuclear, and wind power generation, whereas the
Norwegian and Swedish systems are hydro-power based. The
Western Danish transmission system links these two different
generation systems together. Hence, it is often subject to
significant active power transports through the 400-kV system
requiring strong ac connections to the UCTE synchronous area
[6].
All the Danish central power plants have excitation and
governor control, and the largest plants also have power system
stabilizers. Continuous reactive power and voltage control is
provided by the central power plants and the two synchronous
compensators commissioned at the 150-kV substations at the
connection points of the HVDC links.

0885-8950/$25.00 2007 IEEE

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TABLE II
WIND TECHNOLOGY BY INSTALLED WIND POWER IN DENMARK

Fig. 1. Transmission system of Western Denmark. Connections to the UCTE

synchronous area are shown with relation to the presented investigation.

TABLE I
KEY FIGURES OF THE WESTERN DANISH POWER SYSTEM

ommendations KR-111 requiring tripping of such wind turbines

in the event of abnormal grid operation [3], [7]. Distributed wind
turbines commissioned after July 2004 must comply with the
Danish Grid Code [8] requiring ride-through capability for a
specified voltage profile at the point of common coupling with
the transmission grid.
The large offshore wind farm Horns Rev A was commissioned in the year 2002. Its power rating is 160 MW
divided among 80 variable-speed wind turbines equipped with
doubly-fed induction generators with independent control of
active and reactive power (type C in Table II).
The large offshore wind farm can be set to support frequency
and voltage in the vicinity of the connection point to the transmission system [6], [9]. However, the controllability with respect to voltage support, especially during and after voltage dips
in the transmission system, is limited due to the current rating
of the wind turbine converters.
B. Simulation Tool and Models

The largest central power plant has a power rating of

630 MW and the smallest one 295 MW. The MVA ratings of
the synchronous compensators are 160 MVA at the HVDC link
to Norway and 100 MVA at the HVDC link to Sweden.
A. Wind Technologies
The massive incorporation of wind power in Denmark began
in the early 1980s and continued through the 1990s until
today. Table II gives the classification of the wind technologies
commissioned in Denmark by installed power capacity. For
historical reasons, there is a significant over-representation of
distributed wind turbines with induction generators, which are
types A and B in Table II.
Such wind turbine generators do not control reactive power.
They are magnetized from the grid and equipped with capacitor
banks for static reactive compensation. The distributed wind turbines connected before July 2004 are subject to the Danish rec-

In dynamic stability investigations, the Danish TSO, Energinet.dk, uses the simulation tool PowerFactory from the
supplier DigSilent, Gmaringen, Germany. The transmission
system model contains all the 400-kV and 150-kV substations,
the transmission lines and transformers in Western Denmark
and part of Northern Germany, the distribution transformers
and equivalents of the underlying distribution networks with
distributed generation and consumption. Furthermore, Energinet.dk has implemented detailed, unit-specific, dynamic
models of all the central power plants, the offshore wind farm
Horns Rev A, and the HVDC links. In this investigation, the
distributed wind turbines are represented as fixed-speed wind
turbine equivalents. The models of distributed combined heat
and power (CHP) units relevant for this investigation are given
by suitable generic equivalents [3].
The models applied by Energinet.dk are partly validated from
measured events in the transmission system (see the Appendix).
III. MOTIVATION
The UCTE synchronous area provides about two thirds of
the short-circuit capacity of the Western Danish transmission

AKHMATOV AND ERIKSEN: LARGE WIND POWER SYSTEM IN ALMOST ISLAND OPERATION

system. The strong 400-kV ac connections to Northern Germany account for about 80% of the active power transport
between Western Denmark and the UCTE synchronous area.
This underlines the importance of these 400-kV ac connections
for reliability and stability of the Western Danish wind power
system.
In summer 2006, the 400-kV substation at Wilster in Northern
Germany was planned for renovation. Thus, one of the two
400-kV ac connections to the UCTE system was planned to
be out of service. During the planned period of renovation, the
400-kV system of Western Denmark would be connected to the
UCTE system through a single 400-kV tie (see Fig. 1).
Operational situations in which this 400-kV tie could also
be out of service (forced) were also taken into consideration.
The 220-kV ac connections to Northern Germany were still in
service. In that case, the Western Danish wind power system
would be in almost island ac operation.
Stability of the Western Danish wind power system may not
be jeopardized despite such an unusual operational situation.
The Danish TSO, Energinet.dk, performed a voltage stability
investigation to specify the arrangements needed to maintain
stable operation of the Western Danish wind power system.

IV. STABILITY INVESTIGATION

Throughout the planned renovation period, the active power
transport between Western Denmark and the UCTE synchronous area should be kept at about 0 MW.
In the investigation performed by the Danish TSO, the total
active load was 1900 MW (about 50% of the maximum load).
The power generated by the distributed CHP units and the wind
turbines was 300 MW (20% of the installed power capacity) and
2185 MW (95% of 2300 MW wind power installed on-land),
respectively. These figures for the load and the active power
supply from the distributed CHP units correspond (statistically)
to a summer day, i.e., the first week of June during last five years
in Western Denmark.
The Horns Rev A offshore wind farm was at rated operation (160 MW). In order to maintain voltage stability and balance fluctuating power generation from the Horn Rev A offshore
wind farm [6], a number of central power plants should also be
in operation.
The active power surplus was exported through the HVDC
links to the Nordel synchronous area. The HVDC-links to the
Nordel area were also applied to balance the active power in
Western Denmark in studies of situations with a smaller number
of central power plants.

A. Grid Disturbance
The grid disturbance for this investigation is a three-phase,
short-circuit fault applied to a 400-kV line in the Western Danish
system. The fault duration is 100 ms, and the fault is cleared
by tripping the line. The investigation is carried out for several
400-kV lines subject to such a short-circuit fault.
This paper presents the results for a three-phase fault on the
400-kV line between the substations Tjele and Ferslev, shown
in Fig. 1, which is among the most critical events.

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Fig. 2. Voltage at 400-kV substation Tjele when the 400-kV tie to the UCTE
area is in service. Number of domestic central power plants in operation is a
parameter of the investigation.

B. Success Criterion
The success criterion must be formulated to see if the goal of
the investigation is reached. For this investigation, the success
criterion consists of the following requirements.
1) Voltage in the transmission system must be re-established
within a specified range and stabilized, e.g., all possible
voltage fluctuations must be damped out.
2) Since the wind turbines have prioritized access to the
grid, all the possible alternatives without reduction of the
power generation from the wind turbines must be taken
into account and investigated before such reduction can
be proposed.
For Western Denmark, this means that a certain number of
central power plants must be in operation to maintain short-term
voltage stability, although reduction of the power supply from
wind turbines (for example, by ordering some of the wind turbines to stop during a critical period) would have a positive effect on voltage stability.
Note that the use of more central power plants to stabilize
operation of the Western Danish wind power system without reducing the wind power generation or increasing the power consumption results in increased export to the Nordel area through
the HVDC links.
C. The 400-kV Tie to Germany in Service
Simulation results illustrating short-term voltage stability of
the Western Danish system with the number of domestic central
power plants in operation as a parameter of the investigation are
shown in Fig. 2.
When the 400-kV ac tie to Northern Germany is in service,
the German power plants contribute to the voltage reestablishment in the Western Danish wind power system. However,
maintaining short-term voltage stability does not seem possible
without use of domestic central power plants.
This investigation has shown that at least three domestic central power plants must be in operation to maintain short-term
voltage stability.
Note that the grid voltage recovers when at least two central
power plants are in operation. The third power plant is required

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the reactive power and voltage control in the transmission

system compared to that from central power plants.
V. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES

Fig. 3. Voltage at 400-kV substation Tjele when the 400-kV connections to

the UCTE area are out of service. Number of domestic central power plants in
operation is a parameter of the investigation.

to provide a safety margin in the case of forced outage of one

of the three power plants. When such forced outage occurs, the
power system will still be stable with the two remaining power
plants until one more power plant is brought into operation.
D. The 400-kV Tie to Germany Out of Service
Simulation results illustrating short-term voltage stability of
the Western Danish system in almost island operation are shown
in Fig. 3. The number of domestic central power plants in operation is a parameter of the investigation.
When the 400-kV ac tie to Northern Germany is out of service, the grid voltage must be re-established with the use of the
domestic central power plants. This investigation has shown that
at least five domestic central power plants must be in operation
to maintain short-term voltage stability in the Western Danish
wind power system.
Note that the grid voltage re-establishes when at least four
central power plants are in operation. The fifth power plant is
required to provide a safety margin in the case of unexpected
outage of one of the five power plants. If such unexpected outage
occurs, the power system will still be stable with the four remaining power plants until one more power plant is brought into
operation.
E. Offshore Wind Farm
The investigation shows that the Horns Rev A offshore wind
farm rides through the short-circuit fault when the grid voltage
re-establishes. In low-voltage operation, the offshore wind farm
contributes to grid voltage support. However, the effectiveness
of this voltage support is limited by several factors.
When the grid voltage is low, the reactive power and voltage
control of the wind farm is limited by the current rating of the
wind turbine converters.
The power rating of the offshore wind farm is 160 MW,
which is only half the size of the smallest central power plant
in Western Denmark. Furthermore, the offshore wind farm is
connected to the 150-kV system through a 50-km-long ac cable.
This makes it difficult to provide a significant contribution to

The share of wind power in the Danish power generation mix

will continue to increase. The major increase of wind power to
be commissioned in Denmark will come from large offshore
wind farms.
The commissioning of two large offshore wind farms, Horns
Rev B and Rdsand 2, has been announced by the Danish Energy Authority. These two wind farms will each have a rated
power of 215 MW (200 MW of commercial wind turbines and
15 MW of experimental wind turbines).
The commissioning of the Horns Rev B offshore wind farm
will take place by the year 2009. The contractor is the Danish
company DONG Energy A/S.
The commissioning of the Rdsand 2 offshore wind farm will
be by the years 2008-2010. The contractor is E.ON Sweden AB.
A. Repowering
At present, most on-land sites in Denmark with good wind
conditions are already occupied by existing distributed wind turbines. An increase of on-land wind power will be achieved by
the Danish replacement scheme, e.g., replacement of smaller,
older wind turbines by newer, more powerful (MW class) units
(repowering) [10].
This replacement effort may provide up to 350 MW more
distributed wind power in the whole country with the major development in Western Denmark. It is expected that fixed-speed,
induction generator-based wind turbines will be replaced by
turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generators and
turbines with fully-rated converter-connected generators with
advanced frequency and voltage control.
B. German Plans for Wind Power
In Germany, the installed wind power capacity has already
reached 18 GW. By the year 2020, it is expected to increase
to up to 50 GW, which is more than 50% of the German peak
load [1]. The largest development, up to 30 GW, is expected to
take place in Northern Germany due to commissioning of large
offshore wind farms in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea [11].
As planned, these large offshore wind farms will displace central
power plants, especially those located in Northern Germany up
to the Danish border [11].
This development in Germany may also influence operation
of the Western Danish power system. Reliability and stability of
the Western Danish power system shall rely on more efficient,
domestic frequency and voltage control and become less dependent on the strong ac connections to the UCTE synchronous
area.
If some of the domestic central power plants in Western Denmark are displaced by wind power, frequency and voltage control may, when possible, be provided by other units, including
large offshore wind farms, dispersed wind turbines, and combined heat and power units.
C. Danish Grid Codes
All large wind farms and distributed wind turbines to be
commissioned in Denmark must comply with the Grid Codes
of Energinet.dk [8], [12]. The Danish Grid Codes require the

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Fig. 4. Specified voltage profile for the fault-ride-through test according to the
Danish Grid Codes [8], [12].

fault-ride-through capability of wind turbines to be verified

with respect to specified voltage profiles. Fig. 4 shows the
specified voltage profile at the common connection point of
the wind turbines in the transmission system for a three-phase,
short-circuit fault.
The Danish Grid Codes also specify that grid-connected wind
turbines must contribute to frequency and voltage control in
the power system. With regard to performing stability investigations, the Danish Grid Codes require that the wind turbine
models and their descriptions be delivered to the Danish TSO,
Energinet.dk.
Formulation of the Grid Codes is an important step for
the development of fault-ride-through solutions for electricity
producing wind turbines and improvement of power system
stability.
D. Retrofitting
The term retrofitting implies that older wind turbines
without fault-ride-through capability can be upgraded with a
device providing such fault-ride-through to the wind turbines
[1], [13]. Regarding future plans to substitute central power
plants by large offshore wind farms in Germany and also,
perhaps, in Denmark, retrofitting may become relevant for the
Danish power system containing a significant amount of such
older wind turbines with conventional induction generators
without fault-ride-through.
E. Cell Controller Pilot Project
In situations with reduced power supply from central power
plants and increased dispersed generation, activation of the frequency and voltage control of such dispersed generation units
might become relevant for maintaining short-term voltage stability [14].
At present, the Danish TSO, Energinet.dk, is executing a
cell controller pilot project defining a demonstration area of a
real distribution network (cell), where a new concept implementing new communication systems and new controllers is to
be implemented and tested.
The idea behind the cell concept is that in emergency situations in the power system, the transmission system breaks up
into cells [14]. The cells must ride through the grid fault and
stay in autonomous island operation. In the case of a blackout,
the cells must be able to black-start [14], [15]. When the fault is
removed, the cells must synchronize, reconnect to the transmission system, and provide frequency and voltage control to the
power grid.

Fig. 5. Area of the Danish transmission system validated from the described
event at the 150-kV line between substations Herning and Sdr. Felding.

F. Dynamic Reactive Compensation

At present, there are two synchronous compensators in the
Western Danish transmission system. These two units provide
reactive-power compensation and increase short-circuit capacity at the connection points of the HVDC links to the Nordel
synchronous area.
Due to incorporation of more wind power and possible displacement of central power plants by large offshore wind farms,
application of more dynamic reactive-compensation units may
become advantageous for maintaining voltage stability. This
can be gained by incorporation of new compensation units or
use of existing domestic power plants with their excitation control as synchronous compensators.
It has been decided to incorporate a static VAR compensator
(SVC) unit at the connection point of the Nysted offshore wind
farm at the substation Radsted (Eastern Denmark). The SVC
unit is the first of its kind in the Danish power system and is financed from the Danish Public Service Obligation (PSO) fund
as part of a research program. This project is to demonstrate operation of dynamic reactive compensation together with a large
offshore wind farm. The contractor is the power distribution
company SEAS-NVE. The SVC unit is delivered from the manufacturer Siemens PTD, has a rating of 85 MVAr, and is brought
into operation at the end of 2006.
G. Reactive-Power Control Challenge
At present, the large central power plants are responsible for
control of reactive power and voltage in the transmission grid.
The excitation controllers of the Danish power plants are well
tuned and provide a coherent response for short-circuit faults in
the transmission system.
When such central power plants are displaced by large offshore wind farms of different technologies with voltage controllers and when the control of many dispersed generation units
(in the cells) is activated, there will be a risk that the controllers
of some units may show a tendency to hunting.

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Fig. 6. Voltage and current in three phases at the 150-kV substation Karlsgrde, the on-land connection point of the Horns Rev A wind farm. (a) Measured. (b)
Simulated.

This implies that some units may deliver reactive power to

the grid, while some other units absorb reactive power from the
grid, which could be critical for severe grid disturbances.
Grid-incorporation of large offshore wind farms and activation of the control of many dispersed generation units will require coordination of reactive-power controls. This task will
need more investigations in the years to come.
VI. CONCLUSION
The results of a voltage stability investigation for the Western
Danish transmission system in almost island ac operation are
presented. The investigation has shown that at the present level
and technology of wind power incorporated into Denmark, the
transmission system needs the reactive-power and voltage control of central domestic power plants and relies on strong ac
connections to the UCTE synchronous area. In the event of
insufficient control and connections and a significant level of
wind power generation, there is a risk of voltage instability for
a three-phase, short-circuit fault in the Western Danish transmission system.
With prioritized access of wind power to the grid and the requirement to have a certain number of domestic power units
in operation, this may require an increased power export to the
neighboring areas.

With the ambitious plans for commissioning of large offshore

wind farms in Northern Germany and Denmark and possible
substituting of central power plants by these large offshore wind
farms, the reactive-power and voltage control becomes a very
relevant issue and requires new thinking. If the central power
plants are substituted by large offshore wind farms, the reactivepower and voltage control must mainly be provided by these
wind farms. Additionally, the control of many dispersed generation units, repowered and retrofitted wind turbines, and dynamic reactive compensation units will be activated. The reactive-power control coordination between these new units might
be required.
APPENDIX
GRID MODEL VALIDATION EXAMPLE
The grid model validation is normally made using measurements of short-circuit faults or other events occurring in the
Danish transmission system. The measurements with a sufficient resolution are available for different sites in the transmission system, for example, from the substations, domestic power
plants, and wind farms. Hence, the Danish grid model will be set
up and initialized according to a snapshot, including operational
points of the central power plants, HVDC links, CHP units and
wind turbine clusters, loads under each substation, and the grid
configuration, as present in the system just before the moment

AKHMATOV AND ERIKSEN: LARGE WIND POWER SYSTEM IN ALMOST ISLAND OPERATION

of the disturbance. Single-phase short-circuit faults are the most

common events in the Danish transmission system.
The following presentation gives an example on validation
of part of the western Danish transmission system around the
on-land connection point of the Horns Rev A wind farm at the
substation Karlsgrde. The event is a single-phase short-circuit
fault at the 150-kV transmission line between the substations
Herning and Sdr. Felding (see Fig. 5).
At the moment of the event, the wind farm produced 89 MW.
The Esbjerg power plant with the power rating of 400 MW and
the Herning CHP unit with the power rating of 90 MW were also
in operation at that moment. The validated part of the Danish
transmission system is shown in Fig. 5.
The Danish TSO, Energinet.dk, monitored the voltage and
current in three phases at the substation Karlsgrde, which are
plotted in Fig. 6. The characteristic time constant of the measurements is 20 ms, which introduces a smoothing effect.
Then, Energinet.dk performed computations with the use of
the complete transmission system model, including the central
power plants, consumption, local wind turbines and CHP units,
and the dynamic model of the Horns Rev A wind farm. The
simulation results are plotted in Fig. 6. This gives a collective
response of the units and the grid in the vicinity of the substation
Karlsgrde (see Fig. 5). The measured and the simulation figures
are in good agreement.
Similar validation work has also been made for other parts of
the Danish transmission system.
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Vladislav Akhmatov received the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees from the Technical University of Denmark,
Lyngby, Denmark, in 1999 and 2003, respectively.
From 1998 to 2003, he was with the Danish power
company NESA A/S working on grid-connection of
large offshore wind farms in Eastern Denmark and
preparing his industrial Ph.D. From 2003 to 2007,
he has been with the Planning Department (Analysis
and Methods) of Energinet.dk, the Danish TSO for
natural gas and electricity. Since 2007, he is with
Siemens Wind Power A/S in Denmark. His interests
are power system analysis, wind power, and simulation tools (DigSilent).
Dr. Akhmatov received the Angelos Award in 2002 and the Electro Award
in 2006 (Elektroprisen-2006) from the Danish Engineers Society for grid-integration of wind power in Denmark.

Peter Brre Eriksen received the M.Sc. degree from

the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, in 1975.
From 1976 until 1990, he was working as a
consulting engineer, with his work focusing on
power plants and environmental consequences of
power production. Between 1990 and 1998, he was
employed in the System Planning Department of the
former Danish utility ELSAM. In 1998 he joined
Eltra, the independent transmission system operator
of Western Denmark. From 2000 until 2005, he
was head of Eltras Development Department. In 2005, the two regional
TSOs for power (Eltra and Elkraft) and the TSO for natural gas (Gastra) were
merged, forming the new national TSO: Energinet.dk, which bears the overall
responsibility for power and natural gas systems in Denmark. Today, he is head
of Analysis and Methods in Energinet.dk. He is author of numerous technical
papers on system modeling.