Land Governance Indicators Database

1 Contents
Land Governance Indicators Database
DRAFT
Prepared for the Global Land Tools Network

Author: Tim Bending
August 29, 2013
[Insert logos? Whose?]
Contents
This publication contains the following sheets:
1 Contents
- Notes are included at the bottom of this sheet
2 Categorical Framework
- Provides information on how indicators have been categorized by topic.
3 Data sources
- Describes systems and initiatives that produce primary data on land

governance issues - one source of the indicators catalogued in this
publication.
- Information is given on coverage and regularity of collection, focus,
methodology, and the abbreviation used in the tables.
- Relevance to different monitoring contexts is commented.
4 Other frameworks
- Describes published evaluation frameworks which may not have been used
for primary data collection, and indicator proposals made in relation to the
post-2015 development agenda - the other source of the indicators
catalogued in this publication.
- Information is given on piloting, focus, methodology, web-available reference,
and the abbreviation used in the tables.
- Relevance to different monitoring contexts is commented.
5 Indicators analysis
- For each indicator topic, indicators in the main table are listed by
abbreviation.
- Comments discuss the relevance of the topics to different monitoring
contexts, highlight possible key indicators and discuss methodological
issues.
6 Indicators main table
- Lists all indicators by topic.
7 LSMS surveys
- Shows the distribution on different topics in Living Standards Measurement

Study surveys published since 1995.
8 WCA 2010
- Shows the distribution of different topics in a sample of 10 World Census of

Agriculture 2010 round censuses/surveys.
Page 1
1 Contents
Notes
- Whilst an effort has been made to provide comprehensive coverage of
relevant initiatives and proposals, no guarantee can be made that all relevant
data collection initiatives and indicator proposals are represented. This
publication may be revised in the future to take account of changes and new
information.
- This publication assumes a very broad definition of indicator in order to
encompass usage across a wide range of initiatives. Many maybe properly
regarded as data items or variables. In some cases, evaluation questions
have been listed alongside indicators.
- Whilst an effort has been made to be comprehensive, some indicators from
some initiatives have been left out where they appeared to be beyond the
scope of this publication.
Page 2
2 Categorical framework
Land governance indicators database DRAFT
Categorization of land governance indicators

The tables of indicators in this document use a system of categorization that is based on standard evaluation
concepts and that has been developed with particular reference to the FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the
Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGT) and the Framework and
Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa. It is designed to help stakeholders select appropriate indicators for
different monitoring contexts, and to identify where there are gaps in coverage.
Dimension 1: Inputs to impacts

Indicators can be categorized according to the phase of the policy or project process that they assess:
Inputs Processes Outputs Outcomes Impacts
These phases are illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1: Illustrating the policy phase concept
Page 3
Different phases of the policy process require different data collection methodologies - Legal and
policy input indicators may just require desk-based analysis of documents. Key tools for assessing policy
implementation characteristics and outputs include administrative data, surveys of expert opinion, surveys of
users, and participatory evaluation and action research. Large sample surveys can be relevant for some
outputs such as possession of tenure documentation. Outcomes and impacts, by contrast, can usually only
be assessed though methods that gather information from affected people: censuses, household surveys and
small surveys, crowd-sourcing and action-research.
Different monitoring contexts require a focus on different policy phases - Inputs and outputs (in so far
as administrative data can be used) may thus be relatively easy to assess. Assessing outcomes can be more
expensive. But for a national policy evaluation process it can be essential to assess outcomes to determine if
policy itself is appropriate. For global contexts such as the MDGs, it can be essential to assess whether policy
goals (outcomes, impacts) are being achieved. However, it is also essential for national policy processes to
monitor whether policy is being implemented as intended, by assessing implementation process
characteristics and outputs.
Dimension 2: Different land governance processes

The land governance process involves different governance services and programmes. It can also be seen as
including activities of community-level institutions such as customary institutions, and also household-level
decision-making (something that is very important from a gender perspective). Different indicators are often
appropriate to different elements of land governance. Figure 1 illustrates the concept of different land
governance processes, drawing closely from the VGGT on categories of government services and transfers.
The list of main indicator topics is given in Table 2 below.
Figure 1: Land governance phases and processes
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Dimension 3: Different parameters for evaluating land governance

characteristics and outputs
Process characteristics There are a wide range of parameters that can be used to describe how land
policy is being implemented, of what any land governance process is like. In relation to policy implementation,
many key characteristics can be summarized in terms of constraints faced by users or by those charged with
implementation. These include:
- Cost constraints fees (formal and informal), legal and survey costs, time, travel, budget requirements.
- Procedural and cultural barriers required evidence of tenure, procedures for joint registration, cultural
acceptance of women as tenure holders.
- Capacity constraints requirements in terms of literacy, language, understanding of rights and procedures.
- Information constraints accessibility of government records, notification of changes, information for
effective participation.
- Accountability influence of vested interests, means of complaint and redress, participation in decisionmaking.
Page 5
Very many indicators also address whether best practice in different contexts is followed in order to counter
these constraints. For example: Is a clear schedule of fees for different services publicly accessible (LGAF
19i)? Is legal aid provided to potential evictees (LIFI 3.2)?
Process outputs Key outputs include tenure records created, tenure documents conferred, planning
decisions made and enforced, building permits issued, disputes resolved, large-scale leasehold contracts
negotiated and enforced, land consolidated, readjusted, restituted or redistributed, land expropriated,
compensation paid and households resettled. In evaluating these outputs there are a number of key crosscutting considerations:
- Coverage by land area, by population, and thereof by gender, ethnicity, income group, etc..
- Bias in adjudication, planning decisions and land allocation, by gender, ethnicity, income group, etc..
- Accuracy of tenure records, maps, valuations.
- Adequacy of compensation, of land restituted or distributed, of spatial development plans
Indicator topics, relationship to VGGT and F&G

In this publication, indicators have been categorized first by policy phase, then by main indicator topic. Under
inputs, outcomes and impacts, main topics and sub-topics have been selected based on the focus of the
indicators catalogued. Potential topics and sub-topics not found to be represented by any indicators have
been excluded. Under processes, main topics have been selected based on Chapters 12 to 21 of the VGGT,
with reference also to LGAF thematic areas. Process sub-topics have then been selected based on the focus
of the indicators catalogued. Many process characteristic and output parameters are represented under these
process subtopics. However, potential sub-topics have only been included where they are represented by
indicators.
Table 2 lists the main indicator topics used. Indicative references from important corresponding parts of the
VGGT and F&G are also given.
Table 2: Main indicator topics, relationship to VGGT and F&G
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3 Data sources
Data Sources Initiatives that produce primary land governance data

Organization
Initiative
Abbr. used
Censuses
National statistics Population and houPH-Census
FAO/National statiWorld Census of AgWCA
Data coverage
Regularity
200+ countries (2 10 years

140 countries (20 10 years
Short description
Enumeration of entire
Enumeration/sampling
National-level sample surveys

World Bank
Living Standards Me
LSMS
29 countries (199 No common sched
National household
UNICEF
Multiple Indicator MICS
52 countries (MIC 3 years (prev. 5) National household s
USAID
Demographic and HDHS
34 countries (DHS5 years (now 3?) National household s
National statistics National household and agricultur Not determined n/a
National household
UN-HABITAT
Urban Iniquities SuUIS
Piloted in several cn/a
City-wide household
Landesa, Renmin 17
U province China Landesa CS 17 provinces of C 2-4 years
An independent hous
Global surveys
World Bank/IFC Doing Business
DB
Transparency InterGlobal Corruption GCB
WEF
Executive Opinion EOS
185 countries
Annual
Global expert survey
107 countries (20 Annual or biannuaGlobal opinion surve
Global
Annual
Business opinion sur
Crowd-sourcing initiatives
CDE, CIRAD, GIGA
Land Matrix
Global
Land Matrix
n/a
An initiative to gath
Expert assessment frameworks (may also include use of secondary data and key informant interviews)
World Bank
Land Governance LGAF
17 completed, 18 iNo regular scheduA framework for natio
OECD
Social Institutions SIGI
100+ countries 3 years (2009, 20Framework for the ass
UN HABITAT/GLTLegal and Instituti LIFI
Piloted in several cNo fixed scheduleAn qualitative evalu
IFAD
Performance-BasedPBAS
Global
Annual
An expert evaluation
World Bank
Country Policy Inst CPIA
Global
Annual
A scoring system used
Habitat for HumaniGlobal Housing IndiGHI
Results published No
f fixed scheduleA detailed indicator f
CIPE/IRPF
International PropeIPMS
Results published No fixed scheduleA rapid expert assess
CEPII
Institutional Profil IPD
143 countries
3 years
Wide-ranging govern
Bertelsmann Stift Bertelsmann TransfBTI
128 countries
2 years
Wide-ranging govern
Economist Intellig Democracy Index EIU
Global
Annual
Wide-ranging govern
Heritage FoundatiIndex of Economic IEF
Global
Annual
A governance index pr
Project monitoring frameworks
MCC
Common IndicatorsMCC
World Bank
Core Sector IndicatCSI
IFAD
Results and Impac RIMS
MMC projects
Project limited
Word Bank land ad
Project limited
Global (IFAD pro Annual
Harmonized indicators
Harmonized indicators
A system of standard
Participatory assessment frameworks (may also include use of secondary data and key informant interviews)
GLTN
Gender Evaluation G
CEC
Sub-national use iNo fixed scheduleMulti-stakeholder ev
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3 Data sources
vernance data
Focus
Methodology
Comments
Reference
Basic demographic
Traditionally the Population censuses
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/pubs/gesgrid.asp?id=383
Basic indicators onIn the 2010 round Core topics promote
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-wca/en/; http://www.fao.org/econ
Household income,
Very detailed repr Data on tenure stathttp://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEA
Demographic, educa
A large scale repr A highly reliable d http://www.childinfo.org/mics.html
Demographic, educa
A large scale repr A highly reliable d http://www.measuredhs.com/What-We-Do/Survey-Types/DHS.cfm; htt
Often closely co Often closely com National household or agriculture surveys are also implemented by national statistics age
Includes questionsHousehold survey.Piloting has demons
See Bazogu et al. 2011, Monitoring Security of Tenure in Cities: People
Land governance T
ohis household surThis impressive surhttp://www.landesa.org/our-research-countries-and-regions/china/; http
The registering prA limited survey ofThe methodology has

http://www.doingbusiness.org/
Corruption in diffeGlobal opinion/perIncludes one indicahttp://www.transparency.org/research/gcb/
One indicator on pr
Opinion survey of The survey question
https://wefsurvey.org/index.php?sid=28226&intro=0
Large-scale land aThe initiative invo The Land Matrix aims

http://www.landmatrix.org/; http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080
The primary focusExpert assessmentLGAF has proven to

http://go.worldbank.org/TDR9FDC7M0
Includes indicator Expert legal assess
A source of data ofhttp://genderindex.org/
Legal and institut Expert legal analysiLIFI builds to a gr See Bazogu et al. 2011, Monitoring Security of Tenure in Cities: People
One section of se Expert assessmentThe
u PBAS is cost-ef
http://www.ifad.org/operations/pbas/; http://www.gaportal.org/resources
Land governance Qualitative
is
assessDifferent aspects ohttp://www.worldbank.org/ida/IRAI-2011.html
Detailed indicatorsLegal/policy analy The framework is de
http://globalhousingindicators.org/en
One section on pro
A mixture of refereRelevant chiefly to http://worldcitizenconsulting.net/images/Scorecard_Methodology_Cha
One indicator on pExpert assessmentHard to evaluate t http://www.cepii.fr/institutions/EN/ipd.asp
One indicator on pExpert assessmentThe indicator is harhttp://www.bti-project.org/index/methode/
One indicator on pScoring by countryHard to interpret b http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3
One indicator on pScoring based on sHard to interpret b http://www.heritage.org/index/property-rights
The land component

Project M&E, admin
Strong overlap withhttp://www.mcc.gov/documents/guidance/guidance-2012001109601-co
Cost of tenure regiProject M&E, admin
Strong overlap with MCC Common Indicators.
One indicator on tIndicators are ev The indicator on te http://www.ifad.org/operations/rims/
mant interviews)
Gender sensitivityA rapid evaluation An example of a tool
http://www.gltn.net/index.php/resources/publications/publications-list/fi
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3 Data sources
/gesgrid.asp?id=383
s/ess-wca/en/; http://www.fao.org/economic/the-statistics-division-ess/world-census-of-agriculture/world-programme-for-the-census-of-agric
ITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,menuPK:3359053~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:3358997,00.h
hat-We-Do/Survey-Types/DHS.cfm; http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-cr6-comparative-reports.cfm
implemented by national statistics agencies beyond the scope of programs such as LSMS, DHS and MICS, although they may be impleme
ring Security of Tenure in Cities: People, Land and Policies, UN-HABITAT, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID
earch-countries-and-regions/china/; http://www.landesa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/2007_01_NYU-17ProvSurvey.pdf
?sid=28226&intro=0
//www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03066150.2013.803071
ring Security of Tenure in Cities: People, Land and Policies, UN-HABITAT, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID
pbas/; http://www.gaportal.org/resources/detail/ifad-land-tenure-indicators; http://www.ifad.org/events/legal/doc/scoring.pdf
RAI-2011.html
/images/Scorecard_Methodology_Chapter_1.pdf; http://www.irpf.org/resource/score-card-reports2
ia/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf
roperty-rights
/guidance/guidance-2012001109601-common-indicators.pdf
sources/publications/publications-list/finish/3-gltn-documents/31-gender-evaluation-criteria-for-large-scale-land-tools-brief-eng-2012
Page 15
3 Data sources
programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-2010/en/
4168435~theSitePK:3358997,00.html; http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/EXTSURAGR
e-reports.cfm
CS, although they may be implemented with the support of actors such as the World Bank, UNICEF and USAID. The coverage of land issu
s/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3262
17ProvSurvey.pdf
s/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3262
l/doc/scoring.pdf
e-land-tools-brief-eng-2012
Page 16
3 Data sources
SEARCH/EXTLSMS/EXTSURAGRI/0,,menuPK:7420268~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:7420261,00.html
USAID. The coverage of land issues by these surveys has not been determined here. However, some can be seen as closely comparable
Page 17
3 Data sources
K:7420261,00.html
an be seen as closely comparable to LSMS surveys (e.g. Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2004/5 and the Uganda National Ho
Page 18
3 Data sources
004/5 and the Uganda National Household Survey 2005/06), while others are closely related to or based on DHS/MICS surveys (e.g. the Bo
Page 19
3 Data sources
on DHS/MICS surveys (e.g. the Botswana Core Welfare Indicators Survey). Separate agricultural and labour force surveys may closely rela
Page 20
3 Data sources
bour force surveys may closely relate to components of LSMS surveys. The coverage of LSMS-type and DHS/MICS-type surveys can thus
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3 Data sources
DHS/MICS-type surveys can thus be assumed to be better than that of surveys that strictly belong to the LSMS, DHS and MICS programm
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3 Data sources
e LSMS, DHS and MICS programmes. Core nutrition indicators are based on about one third each of DHS, MICS and other national survey
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3 Data sources
S, MICS and other national surveys. Coverage for all agricultural surveys is likely to be much more patchy.
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4 Other frameworks
Published indicator or evaluation frameworks and indicator proposals
Included are indicator and other evaluation frameworks that have not been significantly used to collect primary data, and prop
Organization
Initiative
Abbr. used
Piloted?
Short description Focus
Indicator/evaluation question frameworks

UN HABITAT
Urban IndicatoUI
Tenure security nIndicators devised Includes indicators o
ILC members
Land Watch AsiLWA
Piloted in 7 countA framework for assTenure-related confl
GCIF
Global City IndiGCIF
Initiative that allo Includes shelter indi
Landesa
Landesa PractiLandesa PG
Detailed frameworks
Land property rights
FAO
Governing landTGG
A guide to support Gender equity aspec
Indicator proposals
UN HABITAT/GL Proposed systeGLTN2011
World Bank
Indicators suggWB prop.
UN Women
A transformat UN Women
Namati
Justice 2015 CNamati
Largely piloted t 2011 proposal for m

Five core tenure sec
Indicators proposedLand governance ou
Proposal on a goal,Two indicators focu
Proposal on legal Access to justice, ri
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4 Other frameworks
ndicator proposals
sed to collect primary data, and proposals relating to post-2015

Methodology
Comments
Reference
The suggested metho

The tenure security http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/Urban_Indicators.pdf
The indicators haveThe Land Watch Asia
http://www.landcoalition.org/publications/cso-land-reform-monitoring-asia
Draws on secondary
More information onhttp://www.cityindicators.org/Default.aspx
Legal analysis, alt Practical Guides 2 ahttp://www.landesa.libguides.com/
The guide suggestsThis is the first in http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3114e/i3114e.pdf
For household levelThe proposal include

See Bazogu et al. 2011, Monitoring Security of Tenure in Cities: People, Land and Polic
All the indicators LGAF coordinators have suggested 6 indicators that all happen to be output indicators. They have a strong
None discussed, buIndicators on dwelli http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2013/6/un-women-launches-global-call-for-aThe suggested metho
The perception surve
http://www.namati.org/consultations/; http://www.namati.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/0
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4 Other frameworks
es: People, Land and Policies, UN-HABITAT, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3262

cators. They have a strong overlap to LGAF concerns but are not specifically LGAF indicators (or are not phrased in the same way. At the m
-launches-global-call-for-a-transformative-agenda-to-make-gender-equality-a-reality/
wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Justice-2015-Annex-I.pdf
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4 Other frameworks
ationID=3262
ot phrased in the same way. At the moment, the rationale given for these indicators and coordinators assessment of national-level data ava
Page 28
4 Other frameworks
ssessment of national-level data availability has not been reviewed.
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Summary and analysis of indicators by sub-topic

Phase
Inputs
Main topic
Sub-topic
Indicator/question
sources
Policy development Participation in land LGAF 6i. LIFI 1. GEC 2.
process
policy development TGG.
Monitoring of policy LGAF 6ii, 6iv. GEC 3-4.
implementation
Legal and policy
frameworks
Legal protection of
all legitimate land
rights and uses
Discrimination in
property rights
(general)
LGAF 1i-iv, LSLA10. UI

1.4 (2,6), 1.5 (1-2). LIFI
2, 3.1, 4.1-2, 5.4, 6.71.
PBAS A. GHI P1.4.
Namati. Landesa PG3.
GEC 11-12. ILC
UI 1.4.5, 1.5.6. LIFI 5.12, 5.4. PBAS B. SIGI.
GHI P1.1, 1.3, 1.5.
Landesa PG3. GEC 8.
TGG.
UI 1.4.6. LIFI 5.3. SIGI.
Landesa PG2. TGG.
Discrimination in
property rights
(inheritance)
Statutory regulation LGAF 1v, 2v. PBAS E.
of common an
customary properties
Discrimination in
non-statutory
laws/rules
Processes
Landesa PG3, PG2.
Resources
Adequacy of budget LGAF 6iii, 12iv, 18iii.

allocation
GEC 5.
Institutions
Clarity of institutional LGAF 5i-ii, 12iii.

mandates
Recording tenure
rights
Costs of tenure
registration
Other barriers to
tenure registration
LGAF 3iii-v, 18i. WB

CSI4. DB Registering
property. IPMS 1.2.3.
LIFI 6.5. GHI R5.1-2.
MCC L-7-8. LSMS.
LGAF 3i, 3v-vi. GHI P2.1,
3.1, 3.4. Landesa PG3,
PG2.
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Quality of tenure
records
Accessibility of
tenure records
LGAF 5iv, 16i-iii, 17i.

IPMS 1.2. LIFI 6.1.
GLTN2011 City1.
LGAF 5iv, 16 i-vi, LSLA3.
IPMS 1.2.1, 1.2.3.
Transparency/corrup
tion of tenure
administration
Institutional capacity
and efficiency
LGAF 3iv, 17i, 19i-ii. LIFI

6.6. GCB.
Recorded tenure
rights by land area/#
properties
Recorded tenure
rights by population
(gender)
LGAF 2i-iii, LSLA1. WB

CSI2-3. PBAS C. GHI
P2.2-3. MCC L-5.
LGAF 2iv, WB CSI1. UIS
2-10. GLTN2011 HH1,
ext2.1. GCIF. RIMS. GHI
3.2b. MCC L-6. Landesa
CS. LWA. LSMS.
Land valuation
Accuracy and
accessibility of
valuation records
LGAF 10i-ii
Land taxation
Scope, consistency LGAF 7iii, 11i-iv. LSMS

and efficiency of
taxation
Spatial planning
Public participation
in spatial planning
Extent/Appropriaten
ess of land use
regulations
Costs of planning
permissions
Enforcement of land
use decisions/
regulations
LGAF 7i-ii.
Clarity/non-overlap
of responsibilities
LGAF 20ii-iii. Landesa

PG3.
Accessibility of
dispute resolution
Gender sensitivity
(excluding general
access issues)
LGAF 20i-ii, iv. Landesa

PG3. TGG.
Landesa PG3. GEC 10.
TGG.
Dispute resolution
LGAF 18ii. LIFI 6.2-4.

MCC L-2.
LGAF 4i-ii, IPMS 1.1.3,

1.3.1. GHI R5.6.
LGAF 9i-ii. GHI R5.3-5.
LGAF 4i-ii. GHI P3..
Efficiency of dispute LGAF 21 ii-iii. MCC L-4.

resolution
LWA. LSMS. TGG.
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Public land
management and
management of
LSLA
Appropriateness of
public land
designations
LGAF 12i
Accessibility of
LGAF 12ii, v-vi.
information on pubic
lands
Assessment of
LGAF LSLA 14.
potential impacts of
public land
disposal/LSLA
Efficiency of public LGAF LSLA 11.
land disposal/LSLA
decisions
Land reforms
(Readjustment,
restitution,
redistribution)
Expropriation and
eviction
Community/
indigenous tenure
administration
Transparency of
public land
disposal/LSLA
LGAF 15i, iii, LSLA 4-9.
Monitoring and
contract
enforcement of
LSLA
LGAF 15ii, LSLA 12-16.
Eligibility and rights

of beneficiaries
Landesa PG3
Readjustment
outputs
Landesa CS. LSMS.
Treatment of
LGAF 2vi, 14ii.
affected land users,
by tenure status
Provision of
compensation and
other procedures
LGAF 14i, iii. UI 1.5.3.

GHI P4.1-b, d. Landesa
CS. LSMS.
Provision of means
of redress
LGAF 14iv-v. UI 1.5.,

1.5.5. LIFI 3.2, 6.7.2.
GLTN2011 City2.
Landesa CS.
Extent of
expropriation
WB prop 5
Justifiability of
expropriation,
eviction
LGAF 13i-ii. Namati.

Landesa CS.
Allocation and
transfers
Landesa PG3, PG2.

TGG.
Dispute resolution
LGAF 20ii. Landesa

PG3, PG2.
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Household decision- Household decision- Landesa PG2. LSMS.
making
making
Outcomes
Cross-cutting
characteristics
Gender-related
GEC 6-7, 9, 13-14, 17,

19-20, 22. TGG.
Tenure security
Prevalence/severity LGAF 21i, LSLA2. UI 1.7.

of disputes/ evictions UIS 11. GLTN2011ext
1.1. GHI P4.1, 5.2.
Landesa CS. LWA.
LSMS.
Perceptions of
UIS 12.GLTN2011 HH2,
tenure security
ext1.3. Namati3.
Landesa CS. LSMS.
History of
possession
GLTN2011ext 2.2, 3.
LSMS.
Perceptions of rights GLTN2011ext 4.1-4.

Landesa CS. LSMS.
Perceptions of
accountability
Accountability of
local land decisionmaking
Namati
Access to land
Access to land
(agricultural)
Namati. LWA. MICS

HC11-12. DHS 119-20.
LSMS. PH-Census.
WCA.
Access to land
(housing)
GCIF. MICS HC10. UIS

1. LSMS. PH-Census.
Land ownership by
gender
GHI P1.2. UN Women.

LSMS. PH-Census.
WCA.
Transfers
Rates of inheritance GHI P1.2. LSMS.

by gender
Market functionality PBAS D. Landesa CS.
Extent and nature of Matrix
LSLA
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Impacts
Land use
Conformity of land
use with decisions/
regulations
LGAF 7iv, 8i-v. UI 1.6.

GLTN2011 Sett-Com.
GHI P3.3.
Investment
Investments made
by farmers
Landesa CS. LSMS.
Unclassified
IEF. EIU 5. BTI 9.1. IPD

A600. EOS 1.01. PHCensus. WCA. GEC 1, 4.
Unclassified Unclassified
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ub-topic
Topic overview
Definitional issues
Data collection methodology
Participation in land policy

A key problem is assessing to what Records of participants, expert and
development, including legal
extent participation is really
participatory assessment. The
drafting and the development of
meaningful. In principle this can be meaningfulness and representativity
Tracking
is There
a key focus
of the
with any
of the policy
Expert
and participatory
procedures.
are very
many As
assessed
bypart
examining
the
of participation
can best be
F&G,
butofispolicy
relatively
overlooked
by development
process, a great
drawing
on M&E data,
aspects
development
best
outcomes of participation
in terms assessment,
assessed expert
and participatory
indicators.
Key
issues
include
number
of
best
practice
issues
policy
documents
and
procedures.
practice that can be assessed, but of the effect of stakeholder inputs assessment methodologies
that can
whether
implementation
is
could
be
assessed.
However,
it
the
single
issue
that
is
most
on
the
final
policies,
laws
and
draw
on
a
large
number
ofin
context
These indicators are concerned
There are two main definitional
All of these indicators can
monitored
at all,
whether
is This
difficult
to meaningfully
focused
upon
is participation.
procedures.
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majority
specific
and
make
with the recognition
of theitrights
of would
issues:be
what
counts
as of
principleinformation
be analyzed
using
expert
participatory
and
whether
it
uses
combine
these
in
a
single
indicator.
issue
is
very
prominent
in
both
the
indicators
developed
for
this
topic
assessments
that
are
qualitative
as
land users (not to be arbitrarily
recognition, and which tenure
legal analysis, drawing on published
disaggregated
data
to
capture
F&G
and
the
VGGT.
Because
address
representative
participation
well
as
quantitative.
Simple
data
on
evicted, to compensation, etc.),
rights are legitimate" and require laws and policy documents. This is
gender
aspects.these
policy
is rights
itself aextend protection.
(i.e. gender)Legal
in terms
of numbers
participant
numbers
is LGAF
hard toi-iv and
and
to development
whether
recognition
is of the
approach
used by
process,
it could be
evaluated
with participants.
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isolation.
to all legitimate
users,
including
generally undefined
(i.e.such
LGAFi-iv interpret
3ii and byinLIFI.
Data is currently
regards
tothe
a wide
range
of rights
process quantitive
indicators
itdiscrimination
is difficult
to limited
those
without
tenure
Global
housing
indicators,
Namati
(principally
from LGAF),
butat
Whether
land
property
Assessment
of legal
Assessment
at a global
scale and
characteristics.
These
include
ensure
meaningful
comparability
documentation
and with
customary
proposal
the Landesa
Practical reasonable
could be expanded
at relatively
afforded
by national
law are
the
in
practiceand
requires
a detailed
cost using
an expertlow
cultural,
capacity,
because
mayisas
be
very
forms for
of cost,
tenure.
Thispersons.
is information
a key
Guide 3).processes
Recognition
often
cost (see also
the OECD
SIGI
same
all natural
framework
of questions,
assessment
approach
nonetheless
and
accountability
constraints
to
different
and
"participation"
can
concern isofthe
theoverwhelming
VGGT (e.g 3A,
4.1- illustrated
used to mean
conferring
kind appears
initiative).feasible.
Assessment
in practice
Gender
focus.
by the
Landesasome
Practical
The OECD
SIGI
meaningful
participation
bybuy,
mean
different
5,
5.3,
9.4-5,10.1-2,
10.6),
F&G
of
title,very
but
the
sensethings.
used
here is requires
quite a detailed
framework
Key
issues
are
the right
to
Guides
on women's
land
and
initiative currently
produces
data for
different
stakeholder
groups,
and that
(3.1.3,
4.5.2).
This issue
can also
the
law rights.
recognizes
a tenure
of
questions,
such
as
developed
own, Discrimination
sell,
bequeath
and
inherit
inheritance
Property
rights
100+
countries
every
years.for
See:
in
property
Discrimination
in property
See:
Discrimination
inthree
property
the
actual
degree
to
which
each
of See:
be
conceptualized
as
the
need
to
regime
as
creating
legally
the
UN-HABITAT
urban
indicators.
land.
Such
an
indicator
would
be
and
inheritance
have
the
potential
rights
(general)
rights (general)
rights (general)
these
groups
participate.
recognize
continuum
land
meaningful
private
propertybut
rights. There is a need to make a clear
required
bya the
UN HLPofreport
to
be assessed
separately,
Outcomes
in
terms
of
thelegal
effect
of could
rights. Thetarget
need
to
give
The UNHABITAT
Urbanbe
Indicators distinction between legal rights and
illustrative
onthe
equal
legal of
also
theoretically
The
framework
for
exercise
A
very
diverse
range
of topics
legal analysis. as indicators
stakeholder
inputs
on
the
final
protection
to
undocumented
and
LIFI,
as
well
as
the
ILC that Expert
their implementation,
rights
(2c).
It
is
also
relevant
to
the
combined
in
one
indicator.
customary
or
common
property
cannot
effectively
be
reduced
to
a
policies,
laws
procedures
could
customary
andand
legitimate
informal
proposal, define recognition
sometimes refer to both in subVGGT
implementation
principles
rights
created
by statutory
law.
A of single
indicator.
also
be
assessed
in
principle.
rights
is
a
common
theme
in
many
implicitly
in
terms
of
whether
land
questions, and these may require
gender
and
non-are
range
ofequality
different
issues
assessment
frameworks
and(e.g. users enjoy legal protection from
different assessment
discrimination,
and
the
F&G
covered
by
indicators,
including
Not
concerned
with statutory
law
widely
used regardless
indicators refer
to Expert
or participatory analysis, but
indicator
proposals.
A related
issue No
forced
eviction,
of tenure
methodologies.
2.5.2,
3.1.4).
Relevant
indicators
whether
the
right
to
individualize
but
with
"custom",
such
as
the
laws
this
topic,
but
the
Landesa
Practical
may
require
detailed knowledge of
is whether
unfarmed
common
status. According to established
are
included
incustomary
the UN-HABITAT
and
formalize
tenure
is
rules
governing
tenure
in
Guides
on
women's
land
rights
and
customary
rules
that are not
lands are
legally recognized
as
human rights standards, land users
Urban
Indicators
and LIFI,
created
byto
law,
whether
theIFAD
lawin inheritance
customary
and
indigenous
people's
rights
provide
detailed
documented
or
not
easily available.
belonging
rural
communities
are
legally
protected
from
forced
PBAS,
OECD
SIGI and the of
Global
facilitates
the management
tenure
regimes.
Religious
laws
may
frameworks
for
assessing
the
For
this
reason,
participatory
or
the
first
instance,
or
whether
the
eviction
when
they
are
legally
The
availability
and
adequacy
of
This
is
difficult
to
assess
because
Expert
and
participatory
assessment
Housing
Indicators,
amongst
common
property
under
also
fall
under
this
category.
gender
equity
of
customary
law.
action
research
methods
with
and
existence of
tenure over "adequacy"
protected from
all forms
of land
resources
forcustomary
different policy
is always
relative
to
approaches.
others.
condominiums,
whether
the
law
Gender
equality
under
customary
by
communities
may
be
most
these lands is denied
de jure.
taking and
implementation
processes.
context
andeviction
likely toby
benon-state
very
prescribes
customary
andissue, for actors, and when the law
law is a significant
policy
effective.
subjective.
Clarity
and
of 4.5.2)
Expert assessment.
common-property
land
example
in non-overlap
the F&G
(3.1.3,
prescribes
a
series
of
procedures,
mandates
for
land
governance
management
that
is
gender
and the VGGT (9.2).
institutions.and
Thehow
LGAF
4 for any form of compulsory land use
equitable,
the contains
law
or tenure change, designed to
different
on this
allocatesindicators
responsibility
for topic.
dispute ensure that the fulfillment of the
resolution.
User
cost constraints to formally
Within
concept ofhuman
user costs,
affectedthe
individuals'
rights is Expert assessment, drawing on
recording tenure transfers, or for
many
different
things
may
be
procedures and user experience.
not made worse by the change.
first time recording of tenure. A key measured:
formalinclude
fees (DB,
etc.), Administrative data could be used
These therefore
procedures
concern from a formal business
informal
fees (LGAF
3iv), routine
for formal fees in some cases. User
of notification
and consultation,
perspective and also a key
transfers
(DB,
etc.),
first-time
compensation and opportunities for surveys are another approach
indicator
for land
administration
registration
(LGAF
3iii-v,
GHI
5.1-2), Expert
some LSMS
surveys have
asked
A
key non-cost
constraint
identified Some
indicators
ask
experts
to
and participatory
assessment
seeking
legal
redress.
The
human
programme
(WB CSI, MMC simultaneously
time
and
travel
costs,
number
of
respondents
why
they
don't
have
in
indicators M&E
is procedural
assess
many
approaches.
User
surveys.
rights-based approach also avoids
common indicators).
procedures.
Costs
may
be
very
tenure
documentation
(with
cost
as
stipulations
as regards evidence of different
barriers
(e.g.
LGAF
3v)
to
the need to define which categories
depending
on theand
a possible answer). Global data
tenure (are non-documentary forms different
give
an overview
of ease
ofuser,
of tenure
are "legitimate"
location,
of transfer,
degree
of exists for the Doing Business
accepted? Etc.) and the coregistration.
Assessment
could
also
should betype
afforded
protection,
as
corruption
and
type
of
property.
indicators. However additional data
registration of spouses and other involve
quite detailed
evaluation
tenure status
and
issues
such as
Page
35
This
is
why
Doing
Business
uses
a
collection would be needed to
family members. A wide range of
questions
on
procedures,
as
in
the
duration of possession have no
detailed
and
rigorous
methodology
reliably reflect the situation for
other barriers could also potentially Landesa
Practical
Guides.
bearing on an individual's right to
based
on
a
hypothetical
firm-to-firm
households, for rural properties,
be included (see Costs of tenure
protection from forced eviction.
transfer.
It
is
also
why
it
is
difficult
to
rural communal holding,s and for
administration).
Other indicators often positively
infer
costs
in
other
situations
from
first time registration. The expert
specify categories of tenure
Issues include accuracy, whether In practice, a wide range of
Expert assessment based on
records are up to date, consistency, indicators are needed which may
examination of procedures and
the use of maps and whether
have different levels of relevance to registry information. However,
private
encumbrances
assessing
accuracy and whether
The ability
of the public(e.g.
to access different national contexts
Expert assessment.
mortgages),
restrictions
(e.g.
records are up-to date really
land
registry public
information
(records),
zoning)
non-formal
formsinof
requires the assessment of
and the and
constraints
involved
tenure
are
included.
outcomes in terms of current land
doing
so.
The existence
of petty corruption Definitional issues are raised by the LGAF relies on expert opinion and
use and tenure holders. This could
and measures taken to combat it. Global Corruption Barometer
focuses as much on measures
be done by comparing aggregate
(GCB), specifically likely
taken to ensure accountability as on
figures form registries with survey
respondent
understandings
of
the
extent of corruption. The
Different measures of institutional LIFI indicators measure capacity,
Expert
data. and participatory
registry
and
permit
services
and
Transparency
capacity.
capability and stability, but it is
assessment. International GCB
land services.
(particular the 2009 survey)
unclear
how these are defined in
provides
quantitative
on
practice.
LGAF
assesses
The extent of formal registration or Indicators and survey questions
These indicators
can data
be assessed
reports
of bribe-paying.
administration
costterms
against
documentation of tenure rights is vary
widely in the
theyrevenue
use, respondent
either through
administrative
data or
collectedcomparison
which is a measure
widely used and proposed as a key making
and data of
through surveys/censuses. Some
efficiency,
butdifficult.
needs
torights
be byin
output
indicator.tenure
It measures
a
aggregation
Progress
LSMS
and WCAtenure
surveys
allow
See: Recorded
rights by
See: Recorded
tenure
See: Recorded
rights
by land
interpreted
in
the
context
of
the
size
critical
and
central
element
of
very
tenure
documentation/registration
respondents
to
report
different
land area/# properties
land area/# properties
area/# properties
of
thebefees
charged.
many land policy efforts. Formal
may
measured
by land area,
categories of documentation or
registration or documentation is
land value, number of holdings,
registration status. Some others
often understood as amounting in properties or parcels, number of
simply ask if owners have title,
itself to tenure security. In the
households or individuals who
which may be sufficient in some
classification used here, however, it benefit. A related, but different issue contexts. The UN-HABITAT Urban
is strictly seen as an policy output is the number of transfers
Iniquities Survey has piloted
Land valuation is treated as a
Expert assessment has to rely
Expert assessment. Survey data
that contributes to the outcome of registered. The definition of the
detailed questions about possession
significant land governance
expert opinion about accuracy, or would be valuable but unlikely to be
tenure security, in combination with output achieved also varies,
of documentation. Administrative
function in the VGGT (Chapter 18), infer accuracy from the valuation
cost effective.
other factors. Tenure security may including land/properties/rights
data may provide a low cost
but only two (LGAF) indicators
approach used. The actual
also depend, for example, on the registered, recorded, mapped, with alternative, but may have limitations.
were identified
that deal specifically
difference cover
between
valuations
and LGAF relies on expert assessment,
Land
valuation
asformal
a
Indicators
very
different
State's
capacityistotreated
enforce
possession of title,
with
title
These include: absence of data on
with
valuation
(on
accuracy of
market
prices
is difficult
to subassess drawing on and analysis of
significant
land
governance
issues,
comparable
to
the
tenure rights, and individuals'
registered, and with various locally forms of legally significant
valuations,
andVGGT
whether
valuation
except
through
function
(Chapter
19). directly
topics
under
land a survey of procedures
and
administrative
data
capacity in
to the
avail of State
specificlisted
types
of documents
documentary
evidence
of tenure
not
records
are
publicly
accessible.
transactions.
It
might
be possible by
LGAF
indicators
cover Alternatively,
the
administration.
as budgets
forabsence
tax collection
enforcement
services.
(certificates of occupation, receipt such
centrally
recorded;
of data
aggregate cadastral and and tax revenue achieved. Many
existence
of mechanisms
for the as comparing
tenureparticipation
security
mayinbe
regarded
of purchase,
etc.). Documentation
on the number
of tenure holders
Pubic
national,
The
LGAF
indicators
each
cover
Expert
and participatory
land
market
figures for
different
public
internalize
gains
LSMS
surveysincluding
collect
securetowhere
it is perceived
to be three
can also
be assessed
inpublic
termsinput
of
withouthousehold
documentation,
regional
and
local
land
usefrom
aspects:
whether
assessment.
property categories. Ideally, a land data on the payment of land
(prescribed)
land
useofchanges;
so,
or
where
the
risk
forced
whether
it
meets
legal
requirements
households,
family
members
and
planning.
is
sought,
whether
public
inputs
are
Justifiability of land use restrictions. valuation
Defining justifiable
is difficult and Expert and participatory
service should
exemptions,
thelow,
coverage
of taxof referenced
taxation.
Where
available
this is
eviction
is
very
regardless
(as
in
the
Landesa
China
survey),
holders
of
subsidiary
rights;
in
outcome
documents,
Another potentially important issue incorporate
may make expert
assessments
assessment.
system
of valueroles,
and the extent
and efficiency and whetherathe
potentially
alternative
source of
documentation
names
of publicly
family
reliability ofan
data
(the Landesa
latter
are
included
here isstatus.
whether alternative open
to dispute.
Participatory
checking
against
market
prices.
of tax collection.
data,
though
it
may
also
have
members,
particularly
women,
are
China
survey
has
revealed
that local
accessible. These
are foster
easily
tenure
documents
can befees,
usedtime
to approaches
Users costs
(e.g. formal
Comparable aiming
issues to
as for costs of Expert
and
participatory
reliability
issues
(respondents
may
included
on
the
document.
The
administrators
often
massively
assessed
variable
that
can
be
seen
obtain
building
dialogue
may be more appropriate assessment, user surveys.
and number
of permits.
procedures are
tenure administration.
hide
tax evasion).
ideal
indicator
would
probably
use
exaggerate
the
figures
they
report
to
as
proxies
for
whether
participation
in some circumstances.
covered by
indicators)
involved
Whether
efforts
are made
to in is
Expert
participatory
individual
land holders
the
central and
agencies).
really meaningful.
Anas
alternative
obtaining
a building
permit.
enforce spatial
planning
denominator,
and
the
numerator assessment.
approach
could
beas
the
outcome
regulations. Two LGAF indicators indicator
the number
of individual
holders
proposed
by Namati
on
refer to enforcement, but a larger whose
tenure
rights are recorded
in
perception
of accountability
of local
number
cover
the
effectiveness
of
a
form
that
locally
provides
legal
decision-making
over
land
use.
The critical issue here is the
Assessment by legal experts and
spatial planning.
The latter areby
evidence of ownership,
prevention
of forum-shopping
dispute resolution professionals.
addressed
under
Outcomes
disaggregated by gender, if not also
making
sure
that
responsibilities
Cultural,
capacity, information This is an issue that can potentially Expert and participatory
Land
use.cost,
by ethnicity and income (to assess
are
defined,constraints
nonand clearly
accountability
on be assessed in great detail,
assessment. Potentially,
different constraints to registration).
overlapping,
with
the
hierarchy
of
the
use
of
dispute
examining
different
constraints.
In
respondents
to surveys
on tenure
Indicators
that particularly
on See:
Accessibility
of need
dispute
See: Accessibility
of dispute
Account
would also
to be
instances
clear.
The
formalfocus
resolution/judicial
services
by
all
practice,
indicators
tend
to
ask
for
security
could
be
asked
whether
constraints
to women's access to resolution.
made for joint forms of tenure, such resolution.
allocation
land users.of a role to customary
an expert opinion overview of
they have/have not sought dispute
justice
family and common property
and alternative dispute resolutions as
accessibility.
resolution services, and if not, why
tenure.
Many
that use is Expert assessment, administrative
Efficiency
resolution is Time
taken
forindicators
dispute resolution
institutionsofisdispute
part of this.
not.
land
area, number
of properties
concerned with the ability of
a
relatively
simple measure
of etc. (court) data.
not disaggregate
in the basis
of
dispute resolution/judicial services do
dispute
resolution efficiency,
though
gender.
to respond to demand.
not if the severity or complexity of
cases varies greatly. Measures
based on the number
of court
Page 36
cases are harder to interpret. A
large number of cases can be
evidence of a high rate of disputes
arising, or of a dispute resolution
service that is highly accessible. A
Whether public land ownership is
justified by the provision of public
goods at the an appropriate level of
government.
The accessibility of information on
public lands and regarding land
concessions.
Whether procedures are in place to
ensure that large-scale land
transfers are economically,
environmentally and socially
beneficial,
including
for affected
Time required
for obtaining
communities.
approval for a LSLA. Other cost
issues could also be assessed
(formally
expenditure
(on
A range ofrequired
indicators
concerned
impact
assessments,
etc.),
informal
with clarity and consistency of
charges,
etc.). to information and
process, access
Defining justifiable is difficult and

may make expert assessments
open to dispute. Participatory
approaches aiming to foster
dialogue may be more appropriate
in some circumstances.
Expert and participatory

assessment.
Expert and participatory

assessment.
A single indicator is used to cover a Expert and participatory

lot of issues. There is a need to
assessment.
specify concrete procedures such
as impact assessments,
consultation with affected
Expert assessment. Disclosure of
communities, etc. There is a high information by investors could be
degree of overlap between LGAF important for other cost issues.
indicators on public land
Many
of the indicators
refer and
to
Expert assessment. Disclosure of
management
and disposal,
concrete
procedures
like
information by investors would play
those explicitly concerned with
competitive
tendering,
or
direct
LSLA. However, it is also necessary and important role.
its
disclosure,
and
transparency
in
negotiations
with
affected
rights
not to assume
that
LSLAsocial
and
public
These indicators are largely
Issues
such as
whether
and Expert and participatory
general.
None
of
the
indicators
holders.
But
even
in
these
cases,
land disposal are
always (or
even
concerned with whether activities to environmental
requirements
are
assessment.
covered
explicitly
address
the issue
may
be
hard to
usually) defined
the same
thing.
monitor and
enforce
contracts
take transparency
clearly
and
implemented
of
corruption.
hard to assess
(e.g.
place.
The rate of payment of lease define
have toand
be precisely
defined
and
whether
competitive
tendering
fees is a potentially important
could potentially be seen as is
really
competitive),
indicator
in the context
of
subjective
andPractical
openparticularly
to Guide
dispute.
Land
consolidation,
readjustment,
The
Landesa
on
Expert and participatory assessment
without
very
thorough
widespreadand
andredistributive
large-scale leasing gender and land rightsinformation
restitution
provides a approaches.
disclosure. Disposal of public land
of publicare
lands.
reforms
treated as significant number of useful evaluation
at market prices is hard to assess
land governance function in the
questions concerning land reform
in contexts (LSLA) where there are
VGGT (Chapters 13-15). However, regulations and procedures,
Readjustment is a major cause of few comparable market
Household surveys
they are given scant attention by
transactions.
tenure insecurity in China. The
monitoring initiatives and
Landesa China survey and on
proposals.
LSMS survey
have
assessed
the
These
two LGAF
indicators
assess
LGAF uses expert assessment,
frequency
of land readjustments.
whether
protections
against forced
ideally drawing on implementation
eviction are implemented equally
rules and expert experience.
for land users with different tenure
Surveys could be an alternative
These indicators assess whether There are many elements to
LGAF, UN-HABITAT and GHI
status (legal owners, not legal
method.
procedures designed to avoid
procedures for avoiding forced
indicators rely on expert
owners; registered/unregistered
forced evictions in the context of
eviction and the UN-HABITAT
assessment. The reliability of expert
tenure).
expropriation
and
other
compulsory
indicator
lists
these
in
what
is
assessment
should
be critically
Legal means of redress in cases of Defining accessible may be an
LGAF and LIFI
indicators
use expert
land
use
changes
are
followed
in
actually
an
evaluation
framework.
examined
as
adequacy
treatment
eviction is another key element of issue for some indicators.
assessment and may in of
practice
practice.
A
key
focus
is
the
Adequacy
of
compensation
is
not
in
eviction
cases
may
be
a
hotly
measures to prevent forced
Otherwise a problem with indicators refer to procedures, rather than
payment
and
adequacy
of
hard
to
define
in
principle
(e.g.
contested
issue,
with
no
agreement
evictions. Indicators measure a
that ask whether legal aid is
whether these are followed. The
compensation.
equivalent
assets),
but may be
hard on
the value
of assets
for
range
of
connected
issues
such
as
provided
is
with
establishing
the
Landesa
China
surveytolost,
uses
a
This proposed indicator measures State
compensation
of legally
Presumably
intended
use Urban
to
assess
in
an
objective
way.
The
example.
The
UN-HABITAT
accessibility,
time
taken
for
adequacy
and
frequency
of
legal
different
approach
in
evaluating
how
the number and value of
recognized
property
is referred
data.
The reliability
of
Landesa
China
survey
thereforeto, administrative
Indicator
has
not
proven
decision
and
provision
of
legal
aid.
aid
provision
in
practice.
many
land
holders
subject
to
expropriation
cases.
not
other
types
of
eviction.
such
data
needs
to
be
critically
assesses
farmer
satisfaction
with
implementable
at
scale.
Survey
Standards on the avoidance of
The definition of public interest is Expert
assessment
survey
readjustments
used and
means
of
examined
asreports
property
rights
and for
compensation
payments.
of
compensation
forced eviction require that
problematic. The
indicators either respondent
techniques.
This
is one
indicator
redress,
and
in
how
many
instances
asset
values
in
expropriation
cases
payments
and
their
satisfaction
expropriation only take place for a assess whether expropriated land which
crowdsourcing
(already
being
this
resulted
in a change
in
are
often
contested.
therewith
may
provide
legitimate public interest (and not, is used for private purposes as an used
by the
land
matrixan
toalternative
track
compensation.
way of assessing
the abusiveness
for
a way of
providing
land acquisitions),
could
Theexample,
Landesaas
Practical
Guides
on approximation of non in the pubic large-scale
In-depth knowledge
of customary
of compulsory
landuseful.
use changes, if
cheap
land
for
private
actors).
interest.
San
alternative
is
provided
potentially
be
very
gender and land rights and
rules, institutions and practices is
is accepted that respondents may
These
indicators
thus
test another by LGAF 13ii which assesses
inheritance
provide
a detailed
required. Therefore participatory
never be fully satisfied with their
aspect
ofevaluation
preventingquestions
forced on whether land has in fact been
series
of
evaluation
approaches may be
See:
above.
See: above.
treatment.
evictions
whether expropriated
converted to the use for which it
customary practices
that could
particularly effective, although
land
is in
used forequitability
private of was officially expropriated.
impact
of fact
the gender
surveys and normal expert
purposes.
customary tenure regimes. The
assessment may both also be
FAO Technical Guide on gender
appropriate.
Page 37
also provides some indicators on
gender balance in customary
institutions. Gender equity is a key
issue in relation to customary
tenure regimes, but it is not the
Household-level decision-making is LSMS surveys occasionally ask
Addressing household-level issues
not usually regarded as a land
about management responsibility is likely to require in-depth,
governance process, but power
for land within the household, but participatory evaluation activities.
relations with the household are of this information is hard to interpret
A
number
of evaluation
critical
importance
to thequestions
gender
because it is more about identifying Expert and participatory assessment
from
the
Gender
Evaluation
Criteria
equity of land governance
the manager of particular parcels, approaches.
and
indicators
from
the
Technical
outcomes and impacts. This issue than about decision-making power
Guide
onaddressed
gender refer
gender- with regard to tenure issues such
is barely
by to
indicators
Tenure
security outcomes
can be Judicial system data really refer to Administrative data may be
related
aspects
of
land
governance
and monitoring
frameworks.
aspolicy
the disposal
of assets,
assessed
in terns
of the objective a
output and
is hardortothe
available for court cases and
in a way that cuts across, or does control of the benefits arising from
rate of eviction instances or the
interpret as an indicator of tenure expropriations. However, the use of
not specify, different land
land use.outcomes. Land court
subjective perception of insecurity. security
such data as an indicator of tenure
governance processes. Key issues
While LGAF focuses on judicial
cases as a proportion of all court
insecurity is problematic (see
are clarity of information, gender
system
data,hand,
UN-HABITAT
cases could
reflect
the prevalence
definitional or
issues).
Land
Watch
On
the
one
perceptions
of
Surveys
can
ask
different
questions
Household
smaller
scale
surveys.
sensitization activities and genderindicators
focus on
recording
the
of
landperceptions.
disputes, butExamples
is also
Asia
revealed
that the
secondary
data
tenure
insecurity
can
be
seen
as
a
about
Examples
include
UIS,
Landesa
balance within institutions.
number
of
evictions.
The
Land
affected
by
the
prevalence
of
other
on
land
conflicts
from
government
subjective but informed (expert
include whether respondents fear China survey and isolated LSMS
Watch
Asia initiative
hasofevaluated
types
of or
disputes
such and
NGOThere
sources
may
but
assessment)
measure
the
eviction
loss of and
land,issues
whether
surveys.
isa asurvey
risk exist,
that such
Indicators
on mode
of acquisition
GLTN
proposes
the
availability
of
secondary
data
as
whether
legal
aid
is
provided
for
may
not
be
reliable,
with
objective
risk of
of possession
forced eviction.
On women fear eviction in cases of
questions
maybased
intimidate
and
duration
methodology
on from
the UIS.
on various
measures
of landhave
commonseparation
land-related
cases.
The
contradictory evidence
the
other,
perceived
tenure
divorce,
or
loss
of
respondents,
reducing
reliability
been
suggested
asfrom
proxies
for
Comparable
questions
are also of
conflicts,
including
official
definition
of
different
sources
and
problems
insecurity
can be
as a form of husband, the perceived likelihood (see
UIS).
The LSMS
identitysurveys.
of the
tenure
security
byseen
GLTN.
in some
Perceptions
rights
and Duration
Surveys.
sources
and of
NGOs.
Meanwhile
the evictions/disputes/conflicts
is and
also asked
representativeness.
Piloting
by UNtenure
insecurity
in
it
own
right.
of
further
land
readjustments
interviewer
and
context
of the
of
possession
is
apolicies
proxyand
for
understanding
ofsurvey
are
an
Landesa
China
a
important.
The
mere
existence
of
HABITAT/GLTN,
as
well
as
question
Whether
people live in fear of
trust in authorities to provide
interview may be important in this
adverse
possession.
important
policy
outcome that
number
of
LSMS
claims
is not There in
the Landesa
China survey
forced eviction
is asurveys
seriousprovide
welfare contradictory
support in cases
of eviction.
regard.
In the Landesa
Chinaand a
contributes
tosurvey
impact.
This is the to necessarily a good indicator of the few LSMS surveys have shown how
examples
of
approaches
issue. It is also perceptions of
are two main issues. One is the
survey, care is taken that local
context
of data
the Landesa
survey
This
is security,
an
outcome
indicator
that
It
could
challenge
to ensure
Surveys.
Could
be partOne
of
gathering
on
likelihood
ofa forced
for
surveys are
can
be used.
tenure
notevictions
the objective
need
to be
ensure
thatevictions,
different
types
officials
not
present
(anproblem
question. assesses
The GLTNparticipation,
indicators,
indirectly
consistency
in covered
what local
refers to, household
surveys
orwith
a simple
example.
disputes
(e.g.
over
is
that numbers
of individuals/
rate of evictions, that
directly
of evictionIfare
(including,
important
issue
also
regard to
however, seem
to corruption
be more related
transparency
and
in
as
in different
contexts
it could
survey
the kind used
inheritance,
sales
or mortgage
households
withofdocumentation
experience
of by
influences decisions
on capital
eviction
of family
members,
lossbeof opinion
questions
about
and
to assessing
what
rights urban
local-level
land
decision-making,
taken
to
mean,
customary
Transparency
International.
arrears)
arise
frequently
but
are
eviction
can
be
very
low,
and
investment decisions (relating to
dwelling and/or access to land).
prevalence of compulsory tenure
dwellers
may
haveplanning
in practice.
particularly
spatial
commonHowever,
such indicator
expeditiously
resolved
courts,
statistically
Thehas
housing improvement,
smallor local institutions,
The other isformal
the
need
tobyfocus
on
changes). noproblematic.
level
reform
processes
such
as
property
management
institutions,
apparently
been
piloted.
this
might
not
be
seen
as
Landesa
survey
thus
asked
about
businesses development,
forced eviction rather than any
locally
managed
landofreadjustment.
local
orare
municipal
governance,
and Data
amounting
to widespread
land takings
within the
community,
The
Gini-coefficient
agricultural
There
several
important
on agricultural
land
owned and
agricultural
improvements
and
eviction.
One
approach
to tenure
the first
The
Namati
indicator
national
Appropriate
insecurity.
Likewise,
overlapping
which
be aisbetter
method. The
land
holdingmanagement
size has focuses
traditionally
definitional
issues
with
use of
rentedmay
by area
consistently
sustainable
of on
problem agencies.
could
be to
askthe
different
the
accountability
of
customary
or
survey
questions
would
also
need
claims
cannot
be
seen
as
creating
need
to
differentiate
between
forced
be
used as an
indicator of
land
Gini coefficient
measure
thatof collected by agricultural censuses
resources).
Perceptions
can
thus the
questions
about different
types
common-property
regimes.
A
wider
to
be
developed
that
effectively
tenure
insecurity
where
they
and
unforced
evictions
means
that
distribution
equity.
Another
need
to
be
considered:
whether
(10
year
interval)
and
these
also
been seen as the subjective aspect eviction. This has the advantage of
indicator
would
also
reflect
state
define
accountability,
such
as:
Do
actually
pose
little
threat
to
land
where
respondents
report
an
approach
is
to
assess
landlessness
land
size
is
used
(which
may
not
be
provide
information
on
land
use
of tenure security, and not just as a producing disaggregated data
actions
to large-scale
you
think
your
views
or the
users
and
are
perceived
asorviews
posing
eviction
(of themselves
or in to
their
in
termsinofrelation
the proportion
of rural or a
good
measure
of(e.g.
value)
land of which
could
potentially help
proxy.
about
these
types
fear
of
land acquisitions
and other
land
people
like
are
taken
into
little threat.
The
rate
offear
evictions
is correct
community)
it may
be good toOther
ask a
agricultural
households
without
value
(which
is less
commonly
for value
differences.
evictions
byyou
family
vs
of
takings.
account
inofdecision-making
about further
thus
asources
better
measure
of objective
orownership
questions
about
land or withofvery
small is
owned
estimated);
whether
data
iswhether
by
agricultural
surveys
(LSMS) vs.
are
Ownership
dwelling
an
Data
typically
ask
Data
onquestion
dwelling
evictions
whole
household).
how
land
isisused
in
tenure
insecurity.
Evictions
is or the
eviction
process.
A but
simple
holdings, of
and
who are
thusfor
in a
holding
(including
land
rented-in)
much
less
widespread
provide
indicator
access
to land
all
a
dwelling
owned
or
rental
is provided
by population
Another
approach
isyour
forrented.
a survey
community/town/city?
taken
here
to
encompass
any
question
on
perception
of and MICS.
disadvantaged
position
as
by
ownership
(including
land
rented
data
on
land
area
and
often
households, but is obviously
Sometimes
or other
censuses, LSMA surveys
question to eother
phrased
in such a
involuntary
tenure
change,
such
compensation
adequacy
(see
under
agricultural important
labourers in
or urban
renters.
out);
and
the
measure
estimated
value.
DHS/MICS
ask
a
particularly
categories
(e.g.
squatted)
are as
dedicated
survey
such as
UIS
way as
towhether
mention
different
types
of A
compulsory
land
readjustment
or
Expropriation
and
eviction,
above),
Variables
such
as
rent
paid
and
encompasses
agricultural
simple
question
on
agricultural
land
areas
where
land
values
and
rents
offered.
Reported
ownership
will
would
also
provide
this
data.
eviction.
The
UIS
question
on
trust
Gender equity of access to
The definition of ownership or
Data for this indicator is scarce for
exclusion
from
former
common
or onowned
perception
ofcould
fair
treatment
rent earned
also
pertinent
to
households
or
individuals
without
area
which
be used
to
often
are very
high.
thus
to
include
and
Existing
data
sources
unfortunately
in
thetend
support
of
authorities
really
ownership
ofare
land
is an
important
tenure
rights
may
beinformal
problematic.
dwelling
ownership
because
the by
property,
line
with
the
legal
may allow
forunit
a of
the analysis
of access
to land.
ownership
and/or
without
holdings
trackauthorities,
trends
between
censuses.
For
customary
ownership-like
tenure, the
tend
not
to is
disaggregate
owners
by
assessesinperception
ofand
the
outcome
indicator
reflecting
the
Agricultural
censuses
surveys
household
treated
as
the
of
Another
better
indicator
of evictions
thatorare
(i.e.
landless).
Common
estimating
landless
worker
or
which
seems
reasonable,
but
the
sex
(the
household
is
the unit)
likelihood
offorced
government
taking
gender-sensitivity of many aspects concept
typically
record
theeviction.
sex ofusage
the
ownership
in
surveys
(see
Access
definitional
issue
arises
from
the
forced.
refers
to
size
per
holding
and
thus
households,
agricultural
censuses
possible
inclusion
highly
take
joint
ownership
into account.
action to
prevent
orofremedy
forced
of land governance. Indicators
holder,
but
it is possible
thatinsecure
a
to
land
(housing)
above).
Some
need
todoes
distinguish
between
forced
excludes
landless
persons,
and
surveys
provide
data
rented on
not.
The
inclusion
in
eviction,
and
thus
of
the
cover ownership of dwellings and tenure
female
holder
may
be
thelikelihood
land
LSMS
surveys
include
questions
and
evictions.
including
without
tenure
holdings
and
hiredmembers
labour
inputs.
ofwomen
more
locally
relevant
of
anunforced
eviction
forced,
but
agricultural
land.
manager,
while
male
family
which
household
are was
The
rate of the
inheritance of land surveys
The
concept
ofbeing
an
instance
of
The
only
identified
data
source
Implementing
compulsory
changes
rights.
Attention
also
needs
to
be
Economic
household
surveys
tenure
categories
or
questions
on
doesn't
itself
assess
the
prevalence
members
are
actually
the
owners.
owners
or
have
their
names
on a
and dwellings, disaggregated by
inheritance is fairly simple. An
a LSMS survey in Tanzania that
to
tenure,
in holdings
themay
public
interest
and
paid
to
how
of
institutions
(LSMS)
also
provide
data
on
documentation
allow
for
a
of
evictions,
forced
or
otherwise.
The
categorization
and
reporting
of
document.
For
agricultural
land,
gender.
indicator would be more sensitive if asked community representatives if,
in
a way
that
does
not amount
to
(communities,
cooperatives,
firms,
sources
of employment.
Population
more
sensitive
indicator
of
Either
survey
questions
need
to
forms
of
tenure
asthose
agricultural
censuses
and
surveys
accounted
for
the
landas
area
or
in
practice,
women
land
in
Indicators assess the emergence itinsecure
Survey
questions,
such
Agricultural
census inherit
and
LSMS
forced
eviction,
is
a
legitimate
role
state
and
parastatal
agencies)
are
censuses
and
labour-force
surveys
ownership.
specify
an
easy
to
understand
ownership
is
also
an
issue.
More
provide
data
on
the
sex
of
land
value
of
the
inherited
assets.
Data
their
community.
It
is
also
possible
and functioning of markets for land. used
inby
thethe
Landesa
China survey,
data of land rental and sales
played
state
(see
of survey
included
inthere
thethe
data.
Dataextent
on
provide
data
onmay
employment
in of
concept
of
forced
eviction
(e.g.
generally,
iscan
abetween
problem
with
holders,
which
notaask
necessarily
might
differentiate
that
some
surveys
that
how
land
focus
on
frequency
and
could
be
evaluated
as
source
Large-scale land acquisitions are a can
No
one
indicator
be
expected
Monitoring
requires
the
identification
expropriation,
above).
Tenure
landlessness
(as
collated
by
Land
agriculture
and
own-account
or
compensation
not
adequate,
unfair
defining
the
owner
as
the
indicate
tenure
rights.
There
is
widow/widower
inheritance
and
is acquired
and
identify
the gender
value
of
market
transactions.
data
on
the
scale
of
market
particular category of land tenure to
sum
up
all
the
different
variable
and
characterization
of
individual
changes
thatisinvolve
truly
adequate
Watch
Asia)
typically
defined
as employee
status.
From
such
treatment
or at least
household.
potential
toqualitative
adaptby
son/daughter
inheritance.
of the owner
could
also
provide
transactions.
For more
transfer that may take place
that
can beetc.),
monitored,
but two
landcan theoretically
cases.
Information
disclosure
notification
and
compensation
land
holding
households
with1)
very household
sources
it
may
be
possible
questions
need
to
be
asked:
surveys
such
asto
MICS
data, but
thisonwould
be rare.
In ofto
information
the
effectiveness
through a market but more typically area
is usually
the
most
high tenure
profile State
agencies
or commercial
also
be
seen
as
not
creating
small
holdings,
but
data
on
calculate
non-land-owners
as
% of
How
likely
do
you
think
it
is
that
you
ask
whether
the
owner
of
the
principle,
it
would
not
be
difficult
markets,
expert
assessment
occurs through non-market
variable.
actors
is very
important
in this for
insecurity
because
they
can
be
landlessness
per
rural
household
or
agricultural
workforce
(i.e.,
might be evicted or lose access to methods
dwelling
is a male
a
surveyInand
methodology
to
may
be appropriate.
negotiation between commercial
regard.
theland
absence
ofask
Page
38 2)
seen
asthe
nothing
to
fear.
Indicators
per
agricultural
household
isHow
given landless).
Data
onrespondents
land
ownership
land
in
next
n
years?
household
member,
female,
orto
gender-identified
actors and the State or a
widespread disclosure, crowdof some
objective
tenure
tenure
security
in
cases.
The
definition
of the whether
and
holdings
can
obviously
also
be
likely
do
you
think
it
is
that
you
ownership
is
joint.
state howmethods
they acquired
their
tenure.
community. Very many different
sourcing
such
as
that
used
thus
ideally
need
to focus
on forced Questions
denominator
fortreated
landless
individuals
obtained asonpart
of a documentation
dedicated
would
be
fairly
and
tenure
characteristics of LSLAs can be
by the Land Matrix partnership can
evictions.
or
householdsifisthat
obviously
survey, always
which would to
allow much
compensated
happened?
should
monitored, including land area,
play a vital role.seek
The determine
important and needs to identify
greater
control
overholder(s),
definitional
the
gender
of
(the)
value, land use, use of
representativeness of crowdthose whose main source of
issues.
Land use is to an extent a land
governance outcome that can be
particularly related to spatial
planning decisions. Land use
therefore measures the
Investment by farmers and home
effectiveness of spatial planning
owners is regarded as an important
decisions, thought it will also be
knock-on effect of tenure security
influenced by other factors.
and therefore is an impact of land
A
number of indicators
have
governance.
Sustainable
landbeen
use
included
in
the
main
table
but not
management can also be regarded
classified.
These
includeingeneral
as a form of
investment
this
indicators
on
property
rights
sense.
protection used by several global
expert assessment and survey
initiatives, census questions on
employment that might have some
relevance for determining landless
populations, and three
indicators/questions that are hard
to categorize in the above
framework.
In many respects, land use could

be defined as an impact of land
governance, but the extent to which
land use conforms to prescribed
land use can be seen as an
Simple indicators on the frequency
outcome of spatial planning
of certain types of capital
regulations and decisions and
investment and land management
efforts to enforce them. Suggested
practices can be developed. A more
indicators
mostly
qualitative
The
indicators
on involve
property
comparable
indicator
on therights
value
assessment
by
expert
panels
and
used
by
IEF,
EIU,
BTI,
IPD
and
of investment is harder to estimate,
include
terms
like
effective
control
EOS
are
all
quite
similar
and
are
particularly as much investment is
and
compliance
that
require
based
on an
expert
respondent
of unpaid
labour
time.
careful
definition.
One
indicator on
giving a more or less subjective
change
in
land
use
to
assigned
use
overall assessment of the degree
to
(LGAFproperty
7iv) offers
a more
concrete
which
rights
are protected
measure.
by
the State and safe from State
interference. The extent to which
property rights can be taken to
include forms of land tenure is
unclear. Scoring may also reflect
expert/respondent views about
legal issues, policy implementation,
and tenure insecurity. These
indicators are thus hard to interpret.
Page 39
LGAF provides a range of indicators

for expert assessment on this issue.
In principle, land use changes and
conformity with regulations, permits
and changes in assigned use can
Some surveys, such as some LSMS
also be objectively verified. Aerial or
surveys have recorded the
satellite imagery backed up by
frequency and value of certain types
ground-truthing could also be useful
of capital investment. Some surveys
for in-depth assessment.
may also ask agricultural holders
about land use practices. Aggregate
country data on tenure security,
where available, can also be
compared with aggregate data on
agricultural infrastructure (such as
the use of irrigation) and
environmental data on issue such
as soil erosion, deforestation and
GHG emissions, in order to
investigate the link between tenure
security and investment/
management practice.
Possible applications
Potentially important in relation to
national-level policy evaluation, and
in relation to the F&G and VGGT.
Could
a stronger
in
Also a be
good
topic forfocus
in-depth
national-level
assessment inevaluation,
countries undergoing
particularly
in relation
a major policy
review. to the F&G.
Other
wise
in-depth
An indicator on legalassessment.
recognition or
legal protection from forced eviction
is a strong candidate for a core
global indicator, and should also be
seen as an important element of
any national-level comprehensive
evaluation,
such as
A good candidate
forcurrently
a core global
through LGAF.
The should
humanbe
rightsindicator.
The SIGI
based approach
has particular
evaluated
as a potential
global
methodological
merit
source
of data and
asina avoiding
source that
key
definitional
problems,
although
could
be integrated
into nationalthere
is
also
merit
in
emphasizing
level evaluation
processes.
See:
Discrimination
in property
the
need
to legally recognize
rights
(general)
customary tenure or the concept of
a continuum of tenure rights.
Each indicator is likely to have a
different degree of relevance in
different national settings. While
some may have a place in
standardized
frameworks
for to be
The
main application
is likely
national-level
assessment,
others
for
in-depth evaluation
of customary
may
beregimes
relevantinprimarily
forwhether
intenure
countries
depth
analysis
relating
to
commonthis is most relevant, and in-depth
property and
regimes.
evaluation
of customary
gender
For national-level
andequality
in-depthin land
governance.
policy evaluation it is relevant to ask
whether particular constraints are
imposed
by financial
and and
human
National-level
evaluation
the
resources
availability.
For
the
evaluation of particular functions
evaluation
particular policies
or
such as theofmanagement
of public
programmes,
it
can
be
relevant
to
land.
ask whether a budget exists at all
The
Doing Business
for particular
activitiesindicators
such as are
an
established
measure
ofthe
ease of
capacity-building, as does
doing
business.
It
is
also
clearly
Gender Evaluation Criteria.
important as a potential common
indicator for land administration
programme and
project
monitoring.
National-level
and
in-depth
Formal fees and procedure duration
evaluation.
are among an number of potential
constraints that include corruption,
tenure disputes,cultural barriers,
capacity and information
constraints. The importance of
assessing each of these constraints
may vary greatly and can potentially
be assessed by survey methods or
community-level action research.
Page 40
National-level and in-depth
evaluation.
evaluation. A significant focus of
LGAF. Target 10d of the HLP report
concerns
to information
In the UN the
HLPright
report,
target 10e
and accessibility
of corruption
government
focuses
on bribery,
and
data.
accountability.
Indicators used to
assess
such aand
target
might rely on a
National-level
in-depth
survey
measure
such
as the GCB.
evaluation.
In this case, the possibility of
disaggregating
data by sector toof
The recordation/documentation
include
land registry
tenure rights
is a keyservices,
indicator or
in
spatial
planning,
would
be a context
any national or sub-national
valuable
way to rights
obtain global data
in
which
tenure
See:
Recorded
tenureformalization
rights
byisland
on
land
sector
corruption.
This
is
an important
policy objective.
area/#
properties
otherwise
for
This often an
theimportant
case but issue
not always.
national-level
and in-depth
Their
is also widespread
recognition
evaluation
andformalization
a significant focus
that extensive
is not of
LGAF.
always cost effective, and that
alternative approaches based on
strengthening the security provided
by a continuum of tenure rights may
evaluation.
be more cost effective in many
contexts. In such contexts, other
indicators may be more relevant.
National-level
andcan
in-depth
Nonetheless this
be seen as a
evaluation.
key national-level and project
indicator.
evaluation.
evaluation.
evaluation.
evaluation.

evaluation.
evaluation. Targets 11b and d of the
HLP
relate to
See: report
Accessibility
of accessibility
dispute
and
accountability
of judicial
resolution.
services.
evaluation.
Page 41
evaluation.

evaluation. A significant focus of
LGAF. Target 10d of the HLP report
concerns
the right
information
National-level
and to
in-depth
and accessibility of government
evaluation.
data.
evaluation.
evaluation.
evaluation.
The evaluation questions listed are

most appropriate to an in-depth
evaluation.
These are valuable output
indicators in national contexts (like
China) where readjustments or
other redistributive
state
transfers
These
are significant
indicators
of
are extent
a significant
policy
the
to which
the output.
right to
freedom from forced eviction is
implemented in practice. NationalCompensation payment is
level and in-depth evaluation.
potentially a key national-level
output indicator of measure to
prevent
forcedofevictions.
Other
The provision
legal means
of
indicators
of
expropriation
redress in cases of compulsory
procedures
are more
likely
to be in
tenure changes
is a key
indicator
appropriate
to
in-depth
evaluation.
relation to measures to prevent
forced
eviction.may
National-level
Expropriations
be a majorand
in-depth
evaluation.
source of tenure insecurity in some
contexts,
and may
regularly result in
National-level
and in-depth
forced
evictions.
From
this
evaluation.
perspective, reducing expropriation
can be seen as a policy objective.
On the other hand, expropriation is
In
practice,
many rural
regarded
asvery
a important
andland
in
users
gain
access
to
land
principle justifiable part of through
the
customary
and these
State's roleinstitutions,
in land governance
(e.g.
may
play
a
key
role
in
resolving
in
the
VGGT).
Expropriation
need
See: above.
tenure
disputes
such
as inheritance
not result
in forced
evictions
where
disputes.
Where policy
proper procedures
are followed and
acknowledges
a role for customary
adequate compensation
is paid.
tenure
institutions,
becomes
Where the latter is ittrue,
it may not
important
evaluate
how these
even be a to
source
of tenure
institutions
perform.
insecurity, as
it should not cause
land holders to fear a loss of asset
value. It therefore needs to be
considered whether adequacy of
Page 42
In-depth evaluation.
Likely to be most relevant to indepth. Gender-focused evaluation.

A key outcome indicator with
applicability at all levels.
A key indicator that is

complementary to, or could be an
alternative to, an indicator on
prevalence
forcedsupplementary
tenure
A potentiallyofuseful
changes(evictions).
indicator to include in household
surveys.
Useful for more in-depth analysis of
urban tenure or policy reforms
processes in specific national
contexts.
An outcome indicator, principally on
the spatial planning aspect of
responsible land governance, that
potentially has relevance across
urban and rural, developed and
developing contexts. However, this
is not a central
focus
the
Equitable
accesspolicy
to land
hasatlong
moment.
been a key land policy issue. It is
reflected in the VGGT (3B.3, 8.6,
9.2, 11.2, 15.1-3), described as a
fundamental aspiration in the F&G
(4.1.3) and is a key resolution of the
Declaration on land issues and
challenges
Africa
(Sirte is not
The
rate of in
home
ownership
Declaration).
In athe
widely
seen as
keycontext
policy of
goal
widespread
concern
LSLA and
and data is often
collected
(e.g.the
possible
conversion
MICS)
aslarge-scale
apart of a method
for of
small-holder
and
common-property
estimating
household
wealth.
The UN Women proposal on the
lands, landagenda
ownership
distribution
Nonetheless
dwelling
ownership
post-2015
puts
forward
and landless
agricultural
may
have aofstrong
impact
on
the
ownership
dwelling
andworkforce
land
by
are also
key
long-term
cost
of urban
living,indicators
andofthus
on the
gender
as
itsindicators
sole
relating
changes.
Little are
recent
worksecurity
has
effective
poverty
and
food
to
land. These
potentially
key
been
done
on
land
distribution
of
poor
urban
residents.
For
core global or nation-level this
indicators
sowomen
an
evaluation
ofland
theiris
reason,
of home
ownership
indicators.
The rightrates
of
to inherit
feasibility
and
relevance
could
be
could
be
considered
as
a
potentially
a key gender concern. In principle
considered.
useful
outcome
indicator
to
be
this should be an important
calculated
in its
own
right for
outcome
indicator.
National-level
and
in-depth
national
or
city-level
evaluation.
evaluation.
Without widespread and reliable
disclosure of information, there is
little potential for a comparable
indicator on the scale of LSLA.
However, monitoring at national and
global scale can provide important
inputs to policy processes.
Page 43
evaluation.
There is potential for encouraging

the collection of data on tenure
security and on investment and
management practices within the
same surveys in order to allow
analyses of correlation at the
national level. Such analyses are
particularly important to
demonstrating the impact of tenure
(in)security.
Page 44

Indicators main table

Phase
Topic
Sub-topic
Abbr.
Inputs
Policy development Participation in land policy development procLGAF 6i

LIFI 1
GEC 2
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
Monitoring of policy implementation
LGAF 6ii
LGAF 6iv
GEC 3
GEC 7
A comprehensive policy exist

Multi-stakeholder involvemen
Is the decision making proces
% of women and men membe
% of formal land policy-makin
% of government officials dire
% of women and men among
Presence of participatory and
% of womens groups propos
Land policies incorporate equ
Land institutions report on lan
Does the tool rely on and pro
Does the tool provide mechan
Legal and policy fr Legal protection of all legitimate land rights LGAF 1i
LGAF 1ii
LGAF 1iii
LGAF 1iv
LGAF 3ii
LGAF LSLA10
UI 1.4
UI 1.4.2
UI 1.5
UI 1.5.1
UI 1.5.2
LIFI 2
LIFI 3.1
LIFI 4.1
LIFI 4.2
LIFI 5.4
LIFI 6.7.1
PBAS A
GHI P1.4
Namati
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
GEC 11
Existing legal framework reco

Existing legal framework reco
The tenure of most groups in
Group tenure in informal urba
Legislation exists to formally r
Contractual provisions regard
Achievements of the right to a
a) Does the Constitution or na
Level at which secure tenure
Does the Constitution include
Does the national law include
Process prior to evictions: 1)
Legal aid to potential evictees
Constitution and land laws pr
Coherent, unambiguous and
Renters have tenure security
Individuals have legal entitlem
Access to land for rural poor h
Does the law recognize the c
The number of countries that
What rights to land does the S
Does the law recognize priva
Are communal rights to land r
Are customary rights to land r
Does the tool promote the pri
Page 45
Indicator/question

GEC 12
UI 1.4.5
UI 1.5.6
LIFI 5.1
LIFI 5.2
PBAS B
SIGI
GHI P1.1
GHI P1.3
GHI P1.5
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
GEC 8
TGG
Discrimination in property rights (inheritance)UI 1.4.6
LIFI 5.3
SIGI
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
TGG
Statutory regulation of common and customarLGAF 1v
LGAF 2v
PBAS E
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Discrimination in non-statutory laws/rules
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Discrimination in property rights (general)
Page 46
Does the tool provide differen

a) Are there impediments to w
Are spouses living in the sam
Laws of property inheritance
Co-tenure registration of mult
Access to land for women, ind
Women have the same legal
Can women legally own or inh
Can land be jointly owned by
Are immigrants, refugees and
Does the law recognize wome
If the law recognizes custom
Does the law limit the categor
Does a womans marital statu
Does the law permit common
Does the law restrict who ma
Does the law presume joint p
Does the law provide for divis
What does the law say about
Is the tool based on the princ
existence of laws and polices
a) Are there impediments to w
Household members have inh
Women have equal rights of i
Is a surviving wife an heir und
Does the law recognize coha
What is the nature and scope
Is there a right of survivorship
What do the intestate inherita
Are there any procedures wh
Are the intestate provisions fo
Can a wife be disinherited co
Can use rights be transferred
Is polygamy legal? If yes, how
Are daughters and sons both
Is there any type of land a da
existence of inheritance laws
The law provides opportunitie
Common property under cond
Regulation for the allocation a
Are the communal/customary
Does the formal law recogniz
Which forums have statutory
Which forums have statutory
Does the law recognize or req
Which individuals have rights
Are there circumstances in w
Does the customary land gov
Processes
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Is there any recourse to a hig

If land is owned communally
Are there different rights for p
Is brideprice or dowry exchan
If yes, does the family ever se
Do widows remain on their de
If polygamy is legal, how are
Who decides who gets what i
Does the division of property
If polygamy is not legal, how
Are daughters and sons both
Do unmarried women (single,
Resources
Adequacy of budget allocation
LGAF 6iii.
LGAF 18iii
GEC 5
LGAF12iv
Cost of implementation of lan

There is significant investmen
Are financial resources explic
There are adequate budgets
Institutions
Clarity of institutional mandates
LGAF 5i
LGAF 5ii
LGAF 5iii
LGAF12iii
There is a clear separation in

The mandated responsibilitie
Assignment of land-related re
The management responsibil
Recording tenure rigCosts of tenure registration
Other barriers to tenure registration
Page 47
LGAF 3iii
The costs for first-time sporad
LGAF 3iv
There are no informal fees th
LGAF 3v
The requirements for formaliz
LGAF 18i
The cost for registering a prop
WB CSI4
Average number of days to co
DB Registering pProcedures to legally transfer
DB Registering pCost to legally transfer title (b
DB Registering pTime to legally transfer title (b
IPMS 1.2.3
Mortgage registry Does a n
LIFI 6.5
Functioning of Land Managem
GHI R5.1
What is the number of days r
GHI R5.2
What are the typical costs inv
MCC L-7
Percentage change in time fo
MCC L-8
Percentage change in cost fo
LSMS
Reasons for not having tenur
LSMS
Reasons for (lack of) progres
LGAF 3i
Non-documentary forms of ev
LGAF 3v
The requirements for formaliz
LGAF 3vi
There is a clear, practical pro
GHI P2.1
Is there an operating program
GHI P3.1
Is there a policy or program th
GHI P3.4
Is there a process or program
Landesa PG3 Does the state/national gover
Landesa PG3 What documents are required
Landesa PG3 What documents are required
Landesa PG3 In the context of documentati
Landesa PG3 If land is distributed (or forma
Landesa PG2 What process is required to le
Landesa PG2 How is a transfer of land right
Landesa PG2 What is the process required

LGAF 5iv
Information related to rights in
LGAF 16i
Most records for privately hel
LGAF 16ii
Relevant private encumbranc
LGAF 16iii
Relevant public restrictions or
LGAF 17ii
There are meaningful publish
LGAF 17i
Most ownership information in
IPMS 1.2.1
Cadastral information Is zon
IPMS 1.2.1
Cadastral information Are G
LIFI 6.1
Basic land registration / recor
GLTN2011 City1Informal settlements are inclu
Accessibility of tenure records
LGAF 5iv
Information related to rights in
LGAF 16i
Most records for privately hel
LGAF 16ii
Relevant private encumbranc
LGAF 16iii
Relevant public restrictions or
LGAF 16iv
The records in the registry ca
LGAF 16v
Copies or extracts of docume
LGAF 16vi
Copies or extracts of docume
LGAF LSLA 3 Land use restrictions on rural
IPMS 1.2.1
Cadastral information acces
IPMS 1.2.3
Mortgage registry Is informa
Transparency/corruption of tenure administraLGAF 3iv
There are no informal fees th
LGAF 17i
There are meaningful publish
LGAF 19i
A clear schedule of fees for d
LGAF 19ii
Mechanisms to detect and de
LIFI 6.6
GCB
% of respondents who report
Institutional capacity and efficiency
LGAF 18ii
The total fees collected by the
LIFI 6.2
LIFI 6.3
LIFI 6.4
MCC L-2
Land administration offices es
Tenure documentation/registration by land arLGAF 2i
Most communal lands have b
LGAF 2ii
Most individual properties in r
LGAF 2iii
Most individual properties in u
LGAF LSLA 1 Most forest land is mapped a
WB CSI2
Land parcels with use or own
WB CSI3
Target land area with use or o
WB prop 2
No. of land transfers of differe
WB prop 4
Share of privately owned and
PBAS C
Land tenure - Secure and enf
GHI P2.2
Estimated percent of all the p
GHI P2.3
Are titles updated regularly w
MCC L-5
Parcels corrected or incorpor
Tenure documentation/registration by populatLGAF 2iv
A high percentage of land reg
WB CSI1
Target population with use or
WB prop 1
Share of land (by value or siz
UIS 2
(If owner) Do you have one o
UIS 3
Does this document help you
UIS 4
Does it (document) help you i
UIS 5
Does it provide you with right
UIS 6
(If yes(to 5)) Right to develop
Quality of tenure records
Page 48
UIS 7
(If yes(to 5)) Right to sell/inhe
UIS 8
(If renter) Do you have a form
UIS 9
Do you have an informal cont
UIS 10
(If no (to 9)) Have you sub-let
GLTN2011 HH1 Proportion units with docume
GLTN2011ext 2.% families which hold: Titles;
GCIF
No. of households without reg
RIMS
Number of HHs provided with
GHI P3.2b
Number of households living
MCC L-6
Household land rights formali
Landesa CS
Number of households with re
Landesa CS
Date of issuance of tenure do
Landesa CS
Number of tenure documents
Landesa CS
Frequency of inclusion of wife
LWA
Percentage of sharecroppers
LSMS
Presence and type of tenure
LSMS
Household members who are
LSMS
Presence and type of tenure
LSMS
Registration of tenure of agric
LSMS
LSMS
Documentation or legal status
LSMS
Prevalence of tenure types an
Land valuation
Accuracy and accessibility of valuation

records
LGAF 10i
LGAF 10ii
Land taxation
Scope, consistency and efficiency of taxationLGAF 7iii

LGAF 11i
LGAF 11ii
LGAF 11iii
LGAF 11iv
WB prop 3
LSMS
Mechanisms to allow the pub

There are limited exemptions
Most property holders liable f
Most assessed property taxes
The amount of property taxes
Total receipts of land tax reve
Payment of land or real estat
Spatial planning
Public participation in spatial planning
In urban areas, public input is

In rural areas, public input is s
There is a series of regulation
Bundle of rights (extent of res
Land What is the status of l
Can alternative documents be
Requirements to obtain a buil
All applications for building pe
What is the number of days r
What is the number of agenc
What are the typical costs as
Is the occupation of public lan
LGAF 7i
LGAF 7ii
Extent/appropriateness of land use regulatio LGAF 4i
LGAF 4ii
IPMS 1.1.3
IPMS 1.3.1
GHI R5.6
Costs of planning permissions
LGAF 9i
LGAF 9ii
GHI R5.3
GHI R5.4
GHI R5.5
Enforcement of land use decisions/regulatio LGAF 4i
LGAF 4ii
GHI P3.3
Dispute resolution Clarity/non-overlap of responsibilities
Page 49
LGAF 20ii
LGAF 20iii
The assessment of land and

There is a policy that valuatio
There is an informal or comm

There are no parallel avenues

Landesa PG3
LGAF 20i
LGAF 20iv
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
TGG
TGG
TGG
Gender sensitivity (excluding general accessLandesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
GEC 10
TGG
Efficiency of dispute resolution
LGAF 21ii
LGAF 21iii
WB prop. 6
MCC L-4
LWA
LWA
LWA
LWA
LSMS
TGG
Accessibility of dispute resolution
If there are multiple legal syst

Institutions for providing a firs
A process and mechanism ex
For division of property upon
Are there barriers to accessin
Are women able to access all
What are the barriers that wo
% of women and men receivi
What forums have statutory ju
What forums have statutory ju
Do women and men have the
Where do women usually go
Which dispute resolution acto
Does the tool provide gender
A decision in a land-related co
Long-standing land conflicts a
No. of land-related conflicts in
Conflicts successfully mediate
Number of cases received (pe
Number of cases investigated
Number of cases adjudicated
Average time in years for disp
Type/success of conflict reso
% of disputes regarding wom
Public land manag Appropriateness of public land designations LGAF 12i

Accessibility of information on pubic lands LGAF 12ii
LGAF 12v
LGAF 12vi
Assessment of potential impacts of public la LGAF LSLA14
Efficiency of public land disposal/LSLA decis LGAF LSLA11
Transparency of public land disposal/LSLA LGAF 15i
LGAF 15iii
LGAF LSLA4
LGAF LSLA5
LGAF LSLA6
LGAF LSLA7
LGAF LSLA8
LGAF LSLA9
Monitoring and contract enforcement of LSL LGAF 15ii
LGAF LSLA12
LGAF LSLA13
LGAF LSLA14
LGAF LSLA15
LGAF LSLA16
Public land ownership is justif

The majority of public land is
All the information in the publ
Key information for land conc
For transfers of public/commu
The procedure to obtain appr
Most public land disposed of
All types of public land are ge
Public institutions involved in
Incentives for investors are cl
Benefit sharing mechanisms
There are direct and transpar
Sufficient information is requi
For cases of land acquisition
A majority of the total agreedSocial requirements for large
Environmental requirements f
For transfers of public/commu
Compliance with safeguards
There are avenues to lodge c
Land reforms (Readjus

Eligibility and rights of beneficiaries
If the Government has a land

Are women and men treated
If land is distributed (or forma
Page 50
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Readjustment outputs
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa CS
Landesa CS
Landesa CS
LSMS
What are the rules for transfe

Frequency of village level lan
Reported purpose of land rea
Destination of proceeds from
Prevalence of land adjustmen
Expropriation and evTreatment of affected land users, by tenure sLGAF 2vi

When loss of rights occurs as
LGAF 14ii
Fair compensation, in kind or
Provision of compensation and other proced LGAF 14i
Where property is expropriate
LGAF 14iii
Most expropriated land owne
UI 1.5.3
Are the followings steps unde
GHI P4.1a
Did the eviction follow establi
GHI P4.1b
How long in advance of the a
GHI P4.1d
The percentage of people wh
Landesa CS
Payment of compensation in
Landesa CS
Farmer satisfaction with comp
Landesa CS
Provision of advance notificat
Landesa CS
Prior consultation on the amo
LSMS
Receipt of compensation for r
LSMS
Compensation received for re
Provision of means of redress
LGAF 14iv
Independent avenues to lodg
LGAF 14v
A first-instance decision has b
UI 1.5.4
Is there legal aid support to e
UI 1.5.5
Is there legal aid support to fa
LIFI 3.2
Legal aid to potential evictees
LIFI 6.7.2
Institutions are accessible at
GLTN2011 City2Legal provisions against force
Landesa CS
Use of means of redress/app
Landesa CS
Change of compensation am
Extent of expropriation
WB prop 5
No. and value of expropriation
Justifiability of expropriation, eviction
LGAF 13i
A minimal amount of land exp
LGAF 13ii
The majority of land that has
Namati
Reduction in amount/proporti
Landesa CS
Use of expropriated land
Community/indigenou
Allocation and transfers
Page 51
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
TGG
Are communal/customary lan

Who is responsible for the all
Is the ethnic or tribal group m
Is the ethnic or tribal group m
Is polygamy practiced? If yes
Who decides when and whom
Do men bring land and/or hou
How are land rights allocated
What happens when a woma
Do women who leave their hu
What is the process a woman
What happens when a woma
Do women know their custom
If land is held communally, wh
Who is usually responsible fo

TGG
TGG
LGAF 20ii
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG3
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
Landesa PG2
% of women and men in cust

% number of customary land
There is an informal or comm
Are women represented amo
Who is responsible for enforc
Can women access the dispu
Is there any recourse to a hig
How are inheritance disputes
Do both women and men brin
Are there any customary barr
Household decision-making
Landesa PG2
LSMS
Who makes decisions about

Control over land use/use of o
Cross-cutting charact
Gender-related
GEC 6
GEC 7
GEC 9
GEC 13
GEC 14
GEC 17
GEC 19
GEC 20
GEC 22
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
TGG
Is the information clear to, an

Does the tool provide mechan
Does the tool acknowledge co
Does the tool take into consid
Does the tool demand positiv
Does the tool encourage a m
Can the tool be implemented
Can the tool be implemented
Is there formal engagement b
number of land officials receiv
% of women and men attendi
number of gender sensitizatio
number of gender-sensitive a
number of communication too
% of women and men in cent
% of women and men in distr
% of women and men in loca
% of women and men workin
Tenure security
LGAF 21i
Land disputes in the formal c
LGAF LSLA2 Land acquisition generates fe
UI 1.7
Average annual number of m
UIS 11
Have you heard of any forcef
GLTN2011ext 1.Number of households evicte
GHI P4.1
The number of people evicted
GHI P5.2
The government has torn dow
Landesa CS
Frequency of village level lan
Landesa CS
Frequency of land expropriati
Landesa CS
Date of most recent land exp
LWA
Number of people killed (per
LWA
Number of people detained(p
LWA
Number of people harassed (
LWA
Number of cases of land grab
LWA
Percentage of area of land gr
LWA
Annual loss of time due to dis
LWA
Annual Monetary loss associa
LWA
Annual loss of assets due to
LWA
Number of households evicte
Dispute resolution
Outcomes
Prevalence/severity of disputes/evictions
Page 52
Perceptions of tenure security
History of possession
Perceptions of rights
LWA
Number of households becom
LSMS
Existence of dispute over own
LSMS
Experience of disputes, confl
LSMS
Loss of land as a shocks exp
LSMS
Real property loss by displace
LSMS
Prevalence of land adjustmen
UIS 12
(If yes (to 11) Do you trust you
GLTN2011 HH2 Proportion of units where peo
GLTN2011ext 1.% women who fear they will b
Namati3
Confidence in tenure security
Landesa CS
Farmers' confidence in tenure
LSMS
Perception of tenure security
LSMS
Reason for perception of tenu
GLTN2011ext 2.% families acquiring land by:
GLTN2011ext 3 % households residing at cur
LSMS
Duration of occupation of dwe
LSMS
Mode of acquisition of agricul
LSMS
Duration of possession/use o
GLTN2011ext 4.% families believing they hav
Landesa CS
Farmer's understanding of ke
LSMS
Right to sell/use as collateral
Accountability
Accountability of local land decision-making Namati
Proportion of households who
Access to land
Access to land (agricultural)
Amount of land (ha) for which

Land ownership distribution b
Number of sharecroppers
Number and percentage of la
Household ownership of agric
Tenure status of agricultural la
Area of agricultural land owne
Value of agricultural land own
Rent paid for agricultural land
Legal owner of land where lan
Income from real estate sales
Income from real estate rent
Number of landless labourers
Own-account agriculture prod
Legal status of agricultural ho
Total area of holding (Core to
Land tenure types on the hold
Area (parcel)(Supplementary
Land tenure (per parcel) (Sup
Terms of rental (for rented pa
No. of homeless people per 1
Dwelling ownership vs. rental
Access to land (housing)
Page 53
Namati
LWA
LWA
LWA
MICS HC11
MICS HC12
DHS 119
DHS 120
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
PH-Census
WCA
WCA
WCA
WCA
WCA
WCA
GCIF
MICS HC10
Land ownership by gender
Transfers
Rates of inheritance by gender

Market functionality
Extent and nature of LSLA
Impacts
UIS 1
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
LSMS
PH-Census
PH-Census
GHI P1.2
UN Women
UN Women
LSMS
LSMS
WCA
GHI P1.2
LSMS
PBAS D
Landesa CS
Landesa CS
Landesa CS
Matrix
Do you own or rent this unit (d

Tenure status of dwelling(own
Size of dwelling
Value of dwelling (including re
Rent paid for dwelling
Housing unit ownership-type
Tenure of household (over ho
In practice, do women own or
Ownership of dwelling, by sex
Proportion of adult population
Sex of agricultural holder (Co
In practice, do women own or
Inheritance of property by me
Formal land markets - functio
Number of land transfers (lea
Duration of land leases
Rental fees/land area
Extent of large-scale land dea
Land use
Conformity of land use with decisions/regulatLGAF 7iv

Most land that has had a cha
LGAF 8i
In the largest city in the count
LGAF 8ii
In the four major cities, urban
LGAF 8iii
In the largest city in the count
LGAF 8iv
Existing requirements for resi
LGAF 8v
The share of land set aside fo
UI 1.6
Percentage of the total housin
GLTN2011 Sett- Proportion of informal occupa
Investment
Investments made by farmers
Landesa CS
LSMS
Number of instances of midAgricultural investments (type
Unclassified
IEF
EIU 56
BTI 9.1
IPD A600
EOS 1.01
PH-Census
PH-Census
PH-Census
PH-Census
WCA
GEC 1
GEC 4
Property Rights Private pro

Extent to which private prope
To what extent do governmen
Scurit des droits de propri
Property rights, including ove
Occupation (Core topic, see U
Industry (of employment) (Co
Status in employment (Emplo
Characteristics of all agricultu
Age of agricultural holder (Co
Does the tool demand and ge
Does the tool demand positiv
Unclassified Unclassified
Page 54
ndicator/question
comprehensive policy exists or can be inferred by the existing legislation. Land policy decisions that affect sections of the community are b
Multi-stakeholder involvement
the decision making process in developing the tool, and within the tool itself, transparent and inclusive for both women and men?
% of women and men members of formal land policy-making institutions and structures.
% of formal land policy-making meetings and fora that include participation from grassroots groups representing both women and men.
% of government officials directly involved in the land policy-making process who have been trained and sensitized on gender issues.
% of women and men among government officials participating in land policy-making structures and institutions.
% of women and men among civil society representatives participating in land policy-making structures and institutions.
% of women and men among private sector representatives participating in land policy-making structures and institutions.
% of women and men members of land law reform commissions.
% of women and men members of legal drafting teams working on land-related subsidiary laws, regulations and procedures.
resence of participatory and consultative legal drafting processes involving women and men from the grassroots.
% of womens groups proposals taken into account and integrated in the adopted legal instruments.
and policies incorporate equity objectives that are regularly and meaningfully monitored, and their impact on equity issues is compared to th
and institutions report on land policy implementation in a regular, meaningful, and comprehensive way, with reports being publicly accessibl
oes the tool rely on and provide sex-disaggregated data?
oes the tool provide mechanisms for assessment and evaluation (at numerous levels) by female and male stakeholders?
xisting legal framework recognizes rights held by most of the rural population, either through customary or statutory tenure regimes.
xisting legal framework recognizes rights held by most of the urban population, either through customary or statutory tenure regimes.
he tenure of most groups in rural areas is formally recognized, and clear regulations exist regarding groups internal organization and legal r
roup tenure in informal urban areas is formally recognized, and clear regulations exist regarding the internal organization and legal represe
egislation exists to formally recognize long-term, unchallenged possession and applies to both public and private land, although different rul
ontractual provisions regarding acquisition of land from communities or the public are required by law to explicitly mention the way in which
chievements of the right to adequate housing in the Constitution or National law for all citizens
) Does the Constitution or national law promote the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing? b) If yes, is this right m
evel at which secure tenure is ensured for households and individuals as measured by the questions (below) on the legal framework related
oes the Constitution include protections against eviction?
oes the national law include protections against eviction?
rocess prior to evictions: 1) Consultation; 2) Justification; 3) Notification; 4) Recording; 5) Compensation/relocation
egal aid to potential evictees - Legal provisions for legal aid exist
onstitution and land laws protect occupants and their possession rights
oherent, unambiguous and non-contradictory land laws and pro-poor land-use practices
enters have tenure security according to clear regulations and rent is regulated
ndividuals have legal entitlement to access information and consultation about decisions that might violate their right to adequate housing
ccess to land for rural poor households - The law guarantees secure, equal and enforceable land rights to all
oes the law recognize the customary or tribal land rights of indigenous people?
he number of countries that legally recognize customary land tenure and/or community land and resource rights
What rights to land does the State retain? (State owns all land; State owns natural resources but not urban or agricultural land; State has the
oes the law recognize private property rights?
re communal rights to land recognized by law? If so, what is the nature and scope of those rights?
re customary rights to land recognized by law? If so, what is the nature and scope of those rights?
oes the tool promote the principle of a bundle of rights?
Page 55
oes the tool provide different tenure options, recognizing a continuum of rights?
) Are there impediments to women owning land? b) Are there impediments to particular groups owning land?
re spouses living in the same dwelling as the owner automatically recognised as co-owners in the law?
aws of property inheritance and property registration are non-discriminatory.
o-tenure registration of multiple household members is possible
ccess to land for women, indigenous populations and other vulnerable groups - The law guarantees secure, equal and enforceable land rig
Women have the same legal rights as men to own and access land
an women legally own or inherit land?
an land be jointly owned by husband and wife?
re immigrants, refugees and non-citizens allowed to own land?
oes the law recognize womens rights to property?
the law recognizes custom as a source of law, how does it handle conflicts between the statutory law and customs, particularly when it com
oes the law limit the category of land women can own (vs. men)? For example, there are often restrictions on women owning ancestral land
oes a womans marital status have an impact on her right to own land? If yes, which land? In what way?
oes the law permit common ownership (co-ownership) of land between individuals? (This may be in the law on property rights, land laws, o
oes the law restrict who may be a common owner? Does the law restrict what category of land can be co-owned?
oes the law presume joint property rights for married couples? (Do married couples by law have joint property rights unless they contract ou
oes the law provide for division of property between spouses in the event of disappearance or abandonment? What does the law say abou
What does the law say about compensation for compulsory acquisition and/or the state taking land? How is compensation determined? Who
the tool based on the principle of gender equality and does it protect womens land/ tenure rights?
xistence of laws and polices supporting gender-equitable governance of land tenure.
) Are there impediments to women inheriting land and housing? b) Are there impediments to particular groups inheriting land and housing?
ousehold members have inheritance and development rights
Women have equal rights of inheritance with men and there are no reported discriminatory practices
a surviving wife an heir under the law? What are the wife's rights? Are they the same in nature and scope as those of other heirs?
oes the law recognize cohabitation/consensual unions/couples who put themselves forward as married? If so, what are the inheritance righ
What is the nature and scope of the right to inherit as a wife? Is the right that is inherited limited in time or by some event (e.g. until she rema
there a right of survivorship (one spouse automatically inherits the whole of the land they hold in common ownership or joint tenure)? If yes
What do the intestate inheritance provisions say about wives inheritance? If wives inherit, what land is included? What is not? Is the family h
re there any procedures which must be followed to ensure inheritance provisions apply? For example, must the death be registered and de
re the intestate provisions for spouses triggered only when there is a formal marriage? If yes: What constitutes a formal (statutory) marriage
an a wife be disinherited completely by will? If no, what is the mandatory set aside for wives? If yes, are there any other protections for her
an use rights be transferred by inheritance?
polygamy legal? If yes, how is land (or other property) divided between the wives? Are there provisions related to the children of more than
re daughters and sons both considered heirs by law? Are they heirs of the same order? If yes, do daughters and sons have an equal right t
there any type of land a daughter cannot inherit (e.g. ancestral land)?
What does the law say about distribution of resources, and rights to those resources, if land cannot be physically partitioned? Can children (e
xistence of inheritance laws coherent with and supportive of tenure reforms and gender-equitable governance of land tenure.
he law provides opportunities for those holding land under customary, group, or collective tenure to fully or partially individualize land owner
ommon property under condominiums is recognized, and there are clear provisions in the law to establish arrangements for the manageme
egulation for the allocation and management of common property resources - Clear and equitable
re the communal/customary governance rules codified or otherwise written? By law, who determines what these rights are? Are they subjec
oes the formal law recognize any rights for women within that customary group? If so, what rights do women have to communal/customary
Which forums have statutory authority to hear property rights cases involving communal or customary land?
Which forums have statutory authority to hear cases of division of marital property for those married under customary rules?
oes the law recognize or require any pre-steps before taking a case to court (e.g. compulsory mediation, alternative dispute resolution, trad
Which individuals have rights to the communally/customarily held land? Is the right based on membership in a household, village, clan, tribe,
re there circumstances in which women lose their rights to communal/customary land? If so, what are these circumstances (divorce, death
oes the customary land governance system recognize womens rights to own land? Under what circumstances? (What if a woman is marrie
oes the customary land governance system recognize womens rights to control land? Under what circumstances? (What if a woman is ma
oes the customary land governance system recognize womens rights to use land? Under what circumstances? (What if a woman is marrie
oes the customary land governance system recognize womens rights to exercise decisions over land and income from the land? Under wh
Page 56
there any recourse to a higher authority/right to appeal? If so, who?

land is owned communally but is allocated to individual households for their use, what is the nature and scope of the rights for the individua
re there different rights for people within the household? I.e. is the male household head presumed to be the manager of the land?
brideprice or dowry exchanged at the time of marriage? If yes, is this considered a daughters pre-mortem inheritance? If yes, who receive
yes, does the family ever sell land to provide this marriage gift?
o widows remain on their deceased husbands land/ house? If yes, are there any limitations to this (e.g. widows can only remain on the land
polygamy is legal, how are the land and house(s) divided among the wives?
Who decides who gets what if there is no will?
oes the division of property depend on the number and gender of the wives' children?
polygamy is not legal, how are the land and house(s) divided among wives?
re daughters and sons both considered heirs? Do daughters and sons inherit land rights equally? If not, who usually inherits landdaughte
o unmarried women (single, divorced, or widowed) inherit land from their fathers if they are living at home?
ost of implementation of land policy is estimated, expected benefits are identified and compared to cost, and there are sufficient budget, res
here is significant investment in capital in the system to record rights in land so that the system is sustainable but still accessible by the poo
re financial resources explicitly allocated for capacity building of both women and men to benefit from the tool?
here are adequate budgets and human resources that ensure responsible management of public lands.
here is a clear separation in the roles of policy formulation, implementation of policy through land management and administration, and the
he mandated responsibilities exercised by the authorities dealing with land administration issues are clearly defined and nonoverlapping wit
ssignment of land-related responsibilities between the different levels of government is clear and nonoverlapping.
he management responsibility for different types of public land is unambiguously assigned.
he costs for first-time sporadic registration for a typical urban property is low compared to the property value.
here are no informal fees that need to be paid to effect first registration.
he requirements for formalizing housing in urban areas are clear, straightforward, affordable, and implemented consistently in a transparent
he cost for registering a property transfer is minimal compared to the property value.
verage number of days to complete the recordation of a purchase/sale of a property in the land administration system (days, by rural/urban
rocedures to legally transfer title (between two local companies) on immovable property in country's largest business city (number)
ost to legally transfer title (between two local companies) on immovable property in country's largest business city (% property value)
me to legally transfer title (between two local companies) on immovable property in country's largest business city (days)
Mortgage registry Does a notary need to be involved in the registration process?
unctioning of Land Management and Land Administration Institutions - Affordability of services
What is the number of days required to register a property?
What are the typical costs involved in registering a property (in local currency)?
ercentage change in time for property transactions - The average percentage change in number of days for an individual or company to con
ercentage change in cost for property transactions - The average percentage change in US Dollars of out of pocket cost for an individual or
easons for not having tenure documentation for dwelling
easons for (lack of) progress in documentation in community
on-documentary forms of evidence are used alone to obtain full recognition of claims to property when other forms of evidence are not avai
he requirements for formalizing housing in urban areas are clear, straightforward, affordable, and implemented consistently in a transparent
here is a clear, practical process for the formal recognition of possession, and this process is implemented effectively, consistently, and tran
there an operating program to register titles or incremental tenure documents?
there a policy or program that supports the regularization of titles or alternative documents in established informal settlements?
there a process or program to recognize occupancy of public land? For example, certificates of occupancy, street addressing or other offic
oes the state/national government provide any incentives for registering land in womens names?
What documents are required to register land jointly?
What documents are required to prove eligibility for presumed joint ownership or compulsory joint ownership?
n the context of documentation of land rights, what are the rules around polygamy and co-owned land?
land is distributed (or formalized) to households, by law, whose name must be listed on the title? Whose name(s) has to be registered?
What process is required to legally recognize the transfer of land rights that occur via inheritance? Are any documents such as a land title, de
ow is a transfer of land rights by inheritance documented? Are transfers of land rights by inheritance registered? If so, where? Is this differe
Page 57
What is the process required to formalize an inherited right to land?where do people go, what is required for proof, etc.?
nformation related to rights in land is available to other institutions that need this information at reasonable cost and is readily accessible, lar
Most records for privately held land registered in the registry are readily identifiable in maps in the registry or cadastre.
elevant private encumbrances are recorded consistently and in a reliable fashion and can be verified at low cost by any interested party.
elevant public restrictions or charges are recorded consistently and in a reliable fashion and can be verified at a low cost by any interested
here are meaningful published service standards, and the registry actively monitors its performance against these standards.
Most ownership information in the registry or cadastre is up to date.
adastral information Is zoning/permitted use information included and are regulations respoected and enforced?
adastral information Are GIS/GPS used to create and update the registry?
asic land registration / recording systems are in place and operational. HHs with informal tenure are included in the information systems
nformal settlements are included within the land information systems
nformation related to rights in land is available to other institutions that need this information at reasonable cost and is readily accessible, lar
Most records for privately held land registered in the registry are readily identifiable in maps in the registry or cadastre.
elevant private encumbrances are recorded consistently and in a reliable fashion and can be verified at low cost by any interested party.
elevant public restrictions or charges are recorded consistently and in a reliable fashion and can be verified at a low cost by any interested
he records in the registry can be searched by both right-holder name and parcel.
opies or extracts of documents recording rights in property can be obtained by anyone who pays the necessary formal fee, if any.
opies or extracts of documents recording rights in property can generally be obtained within one day of request.
and use restrictions on rural land parcels can generally be identified
adastral information accessible to the public?
Mortgage registry Is information in the registry available electronically?
here are no informal fees that need to be paid to effect first registration.
here are meaningful published service standards, and the registry actively monitors its performance against these standards.
clear schedule of fees for different services is publicly accessible, and receipts are issued for all transactions.
Mechanisms to detect and deal with illegal staff behavior exist in all registry offices, and all cases are promptly dealt with.
unctioning of Land Management and Land Administration Institutions - Transparency
% of respondents who report paying bribes, by sector (includes Registry and permit services, Land services (in 2009 survey))
he total fees collected by the registry exceed the total registry operating costs.
unctioning of Land Management and Land Administration Institutions - Institutional capacity
unctioning of Land Management and Land Administration Institutions - Capability
unctioning of Land Management and Land Administration Institutions - Stability
and administration offices established or upgraded - The number of land administration and service offices or other related facilities that the
Most communal lands have boundaries demarcated and surveyed or mapped and communal rights registered.
Most individual properties in rural areas are formally registered.
Most individual properties in urban areas are formally registered.
Most forest land is mapped and rights are registered
and parcels with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project (number, by gender)
arget land area with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project (ha)
o. of land transfers of different types (sales, mortgages, gifts, inheritances, etc.) registered
hare of privately owned and state land area mapped
and tenure - Secure and enforceable land rights. The majority of land holdings are titled or registered
stimated percent of all the properties in the greater municipality that have their title properly registered. (%)
re titles updated regularly when property is transferred?
arcels corrected or incorporated in land system - The number of parcels with relevant parcel information corrected or newly incorporated int
high percentage of land registered to physical persons is registered in the name of women, either individually or jointly.
arget population with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project (number)
hare of land (by value or size) registered in a womens name
f owner) Do you have one of the below documents as evidence of your rights over this dwelling?
oes this document help you improve your dwelling?
oes it (document) help you inherit or sell this dwelling?
oes it provide you with rights over land (full/shared) (yes/no)
f yes(to 5)) Right to develop over land?
Page 58
f yes(to 5)) Right to sell/inherit?

f renter) Do you have a formal contract with landlord?
o you have an informal contract with landlord?
f no (to 9)) Have you sub-let the dwelling you live in?
roportion units with documents as evidence of legality or legitimacy for access to land rights
% families which hold: Titles; Certificate of occupation; Purchase agreement/receipt; Property tax receipts; Utility bills; No documents
o. of households without registered legal titles
umber of HHs provided with long-term security of tenure of natural resources, including land and water
umber of households living in informal settlements in the greater municipality who have titles provided by a regularization program.
ousehold land rights formalized - The number of households receiving formal recognition of ownership and/or use rights through certificates
umber of households with recognized land tenure documentation (land contract or land certificate)
ate of issuance of tenure documents
umber of tenure documents in compliance with legal requirements
requency of inclusion of wife's name on tenure documentation
ercentage of sharecroppers with legal documents
resence and type of tenure documentation for dwelling
ousehold members who are owners of dwelling/have name on document
resence and type of tenure documentation for agricultural land
egistration of tenure of agricultural land
ousehold members who are owners of agricultural land/have name on document
ocumentation or legal status of communal land
revalence of tenure types and documentation in community
he assessment of land and property values for tax purposes is based on market prices with minimal differences between recorded values a
here is a policy that valuation rolls be publicly accessible, and this policy is effective for all properties that are considered for taxation.
Mechanisms to allow the public to capture a significant share of the gains from changing land use are regularly used and applied transparent
here are limited exemptions to the payment of land and property taxes, and the exemptions that exist are clearly based on equity or efficien
Most property holders liable for land and property tax are listed on the tax roll.
Most assessed property taxes are collected.
he amount of property taxes collected exceeds the cost of staff in charge of collection by a factor of more than 5.
otal receipts of land tax revenue
ayment of land or real estate tax
n urban areas, public input is sought in preparing and amending changes in land use plans, and the public responses are explicitly reference
n rural areas, public input is sought in preparing and amending changes in land use plans, and the public responses are explicitly referenced
here is a series of regulations regarding urban land use, ownership, and transferability that are for the most part justified on the basis of ove
here is a series of regulations regarding rural land use, ownership, and transferability that are for the most part justified on the basis of over
undle of rights (extent of restrictions imposed on property rights)
and What is the status of land ownership? (extent of restrictions imposed on property rights)
an alternative documents be used in place of official property title to obtain construction permits?
equirements to obtain a building permit are technically justified, affordable, and clearly disseminated.
ll applications for building permits receive a decision in a short period.
What is the number of days required to obtain building permits for residential construction?
What is the number of agencies that an individual is required to visit to obtain a permit for new construction?
What are the typical costs associated with obtaining a building permit (in local currency)?
here is a series of regulations regarding urban land use, ownership, and transferability that are for the most part justified on the basis of ove
here is a series of regulations regarding rural land use, ownership, and transferability that are for the most part justified on the basis of over
the occupation of public land tolerated?
here is an informal or community-based system that resolves disputes in an equitable manner, and decisions made by this system have som
here are no parallel avenues for conflict resolution or, if parallel avenues exist, responsibilities are clearly assigned and widely known, and e
Page 59
there are multiple legal systems that deal with marital property, what is the process for determining which law and adjudicative body applies
nstitutions for providing a first instance of conflict resolution are accessible at the local level in the majority of communities.
process and mechanism exist to appeal rulings on land cases at reasonable cost, with disputes resolved in a timely manner.
or division of property upon divorce, are there any requirements for getting into court? Are there any up-front payments?
re there barriers to accessing the formal system of adjudication? I.e. fees, assumption of literacy (does something need to be written), ident
re women able to access all enforcement institutions?
What are the barriers that women face in resolving disputes? Possible barriers include: costs associated with dispute resolution, location and
% of women and men receiving training in access to land justice.
% of women and men receiving legal support in land cases in the formal justice system.
% of women and men receiving advocacy and legal literacy training focusing on land.
What forums have statutory jurisdiction to hear property or land rights related cases? (E.g. formal courts, courts of special jurisdiction, traditio
What forums have statutory jurisdiction to hear marital property cases? Do those forums have female representation?
o women and men have the same right to decide which law or adjudicative body applies?
Where do women usually go when they have a land dispute? Why?
Which dispute resolution actors know womens rights? Support womens rights?
oes the tool provide gender-sensitive dispute resolution?
% of women and men members of land dispute resolution institutions and mechanisms, including local watchdog groups.
decision in a land-related conflict is reached in the first-instance court within 1 year in the majority of cases.
ong-standing land conflicts are a small proportion of the total pending land dispute court cases.
o. of land-related conflicts in the courts
onflicts successfully mediated - The number of disputed land and property rights cases that have been resolved by local authorities, contrac
umber of cases received (per 100,000 population)
umber of cases investigated (per 100,000 population)
umber of cases adjudicated (per 100,000 population)
verage time in years for dispute resolution
ype/success of conflict resolution
% of disputes regarding womens land and property rights before the courts and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms
ublic land ownership is justified by the provision of public goods at the appropriate level of government, and such land is managed in a tran
he majority of public land is clearly identified on the ground or on maps.
ll the information in the public land inventory is accessible to the public.
ey information for land concessions is recorded and publicly accessible.
or transfers of public/community lands, public institutions have procedures in place to identify and select economically, environmentally, and
he procedure to obtain approval for a project where it is required is reasonably short
Most public land disposed of in the past 3 years is through sale or lease through public auction or open tender process.
ll types of public land are generally divested at market prices in a transparent process irrespective of the investors status (for example, dom
ublic institutions involved in land acquisition operate in a clear and consistent manner
ncentives for investors are clear, transparent and consistent
enefit sharing mechanisms regarding investments in agriculture (food crops, biofuels, forestry, livestock, game farm/conservation) are regul
here are direct and transparent negotiations between right holders and investors
ufficient information is required from investors to assess the desirability of projects on public/communal land
or cases of land acquisition on public/community land, investors provide the required information and this information is publicly available
majority of the total agreed-upon payments are collected from private parties on the lease of public lands.
ocial requirements for large scale investments in agriculture are clearly defined and implemented
nvironmental requirements for large scale investments in agriculture are clearly defined and implemented
or transfers of public/community lands, public institutions have procedures in place to identify and select economically, environmentally, and
ompliance with safeguards related to investment in agriculture is checked
here are avenues to lodge complaints if agricultural investors do not comply with requirements
the Government has a land distribution program, who is eligible for land? Who is prioritized? What documents are required? Do both wome
re women and men treated equally in the program? If not, in what ways?
land is distributed (or formalized) to households, by law, whose name must be listed on the title? Whose name(s) has to be registered?
Page 60
What are the rules for transfer of state land once it has been distributed to households? Are there restrictions on sale, lease, or inheritance?
What does the law say about household members who leave the household after distribution? (divorce, married out, etc.)?
requency of village level land readjustments/re-contracting/
eported purpose of land readjustment
estination of proceeds from re-contracting land to non-villagers
revalence of land adjustment and reallocations in community
When loss of rights occurs as a result of land use change not involving expropriation, compensation in cash or in kind is paid such that these
air compensation, in kind or in cash, is paid to all those with rights expropriated regardless of the registration status.
Where property is expropriated, fair compensation, in kind or in cash, is paid so that the displaced households have comparable assets and
Most expropriated land owners receive compensation within one year.
re the followings steps undertaken during eviction? a) Consultation (the future evictees are consulted through formal meetings); b) Notificat
id the eviction follow established legal guidelines for evictions?
ow long in advance of the actual eviction were people first informed? (months)
he percentage of people who were resettled or given compensation roughly equivalent to the value of their homes. (%)
ayment of compensation in cases of expropriation
armer satisfaction with compensation payments
rovision of advance notification
rior consultation on the amount of compensation
eceipt of compensation for readjustment/expropriation
ompensation received for readjustment and reallocations in community
ndependent avenues to lodge a complaint against expropriation exist and are easily accessible.
first-instance decision has been reached for the majority of complaints about expropriation lodged during the past 3 years.
there legal aid support to evicted people?
there legal aid support to family-related evictions (result of domestic violence, eviction by family members, etc)?
egal aid to potential evictees - Legal provisions are practiced
nstitutions are accessible at local level and provide information and assistance
egal provisions against forced evictions are accessible and effective
se of means of redress/appeal with regard to compensation amounts
hange of compensation amounts after appeal
o. and value of expropriation cases
minimal amount of land expropriated in the past 3 years is used for private purposes.
he majority of land that has been expropriated in the past 3 years has been transferred to its destined use.
eduction in amount/proportion of communal land expropriated per year for private purposes, or through compulsory state acquisition
se of expropriated land
re communal/customary land rights allocated to individuals or to members of the group?

Who is responsible for the allocation of communal/customary land? What criteria are used for allocation? What are the terms of use for com
the ethnic or tribal group matrilineal or patrilineal?
the ethnic or tribal group matrilocal or patrilocal?
polygamy practiced? If yes, do wives live separately or together with their husbands? Does each wife live in her own house, or is there ano
Who decides when and whom a person should marry? Is there dowry or brideprice? Who receives it? Does it ever include land? Who determ
o men bring land and/or housing to a new marriage? Are men allocated land by their families upon marriage?
ow are land rights allocated within marriage? When a couple marries, do they keep separate control over the land they brought to the marri
What happens when a woman separates from or divorces her husband? Can she return to her parents home? Does it matter whether or not
o women who leave their husbands receive any land from his family? Do they receive any other property or assets? Who decides this (e.g
What is the process a woman has to go through to receive land if she leaves her husband? What about with other property/assets?
What happens when a woman separates from or divorces her husband? Can she return to her parents home? Does it matter whether or not
o women know their customary rights to land?
land is held communally, who is ultimately responsible for land distribution? Are women in that group?
Who is usually responsible for taking care of widows? If a specific child is responsible for taking care of a widow or widows, what does that ch
% of women and men members of customary authorities dealing with land.
Page 61
% of women and men in customary land institutions and other land-related local institutions.
% number of customary land institutions and other land-related local institutions trained and sensitized on gender and land issues.
here is an informal or community-based system that resolves disputes in an equitable manner, and decisions made by this system have som
re women represented among those who resolve disputes?
Who is responsible for enforcing traditional court decisions?
an women access the dispute resolution body on their own, or is there a required intermediary?
there any recourse to a higher authority/right to appeal? If so, who?
ow are inheritance disputes resolved by custom?
o both women and men bring inheritance complaints?
re there any customary barriers to women going to court, government offices, or informal dispute resolution bodies?
Who makes decisions about how the land is allocated, managed, or used in the household? In the community?
ontrol over land use/use of outputs within household
the information clear to, and does it empower, both women and men to utilize the tool and know their rights related to this tool?
oes the tool provide mechanisms for assessment and evaluation (at numerous levels) by female and male stakeholders?
oes the tool acknowledge conflict of interests and the different gender impacts this may have?
oes the tool take into consideration statutory and customary laws and practices affecting womens land rights?
oes the tool demand positive results for women particularly in the context of traditional land structures?
oes the tool encourage a market that is accessible to women and provides equity for women and men?
an the tool be implemented at city or national level?
an the tool be implemented consistently (rather than ad-hoc)?
there formal engagement between communities and local/national governments?
umber of land officials receiving gender sensitization and training.
% of women and men attending training on use of new land-related technologies
umber of gender sensitization and awareness-raising initiatives focusing on land.
umber of gender-sensitive advocacy and legal literacy training sessions focusing on land.
umber of communication tools and media used to get the message across on gender-equitable land tenure governance.
% of women and men in central land administration and management institutions.
% of women and men in district land administration and management institutions.
% of women and men in local land administration and management institutions.
% of women and men working in the technical professions of land administration (surveying, valuation, geodetics, GPS, etc.).
and disputes in the formal court system are low compared to the total number of court cases.
and acquisition generates few conflicts and these are addressed expeditiously and transparently
verage annual number of men-headed and women-headed households evicted from their dwellings during the past five years
ave you heard of any forceful evictions in the city (yes/no)
umber of households evicted in the last five years per 10,000
he number of people evicted in the largest mass eviction that took place in the greater municipality in the last three years
he government has torn down existing low-income neighborhoods and transferred the vacant lands to the private sector for development of
requency of village level land readjustments/re-contracting/
requency of land expropriation (land takings) per village
ate of most recent land expropriation per village
umber of people killed (per 100,000 population)
umber of people detained(per 100,000 population)
umber of people harassed (per 100,000 population)
umber of cases of land grabbing
ercentage of area of land grabbed
nnual loss of time due to disputes
nnual Monetary loss associated with land disputes/litigation
nnual loss of assets due to land disputes
umber of households evicted/ displaced from farms (per 100,000 population)
Page 62
umber of households becoming totally homeless because of eviction

xistence of dispute over ownership of dwelling
xperience of disputes, conflicts, involuntary tenure changes
oss of land as a shocks experienced by households
eal property loss by displaced persons
revalence of land adjustment and reallocations in community
f yes (to 11) Do you trust you would be supported by the authorities if you are subject to forceful evictions?
roportion of units where people trust they will not be evicted
% women who fear they will be evicted from HHs after divorce/separation/loss of husband
onfidence in tenure security: The proportion of households who believe that household and community land will not be confiscated or wrong
armers' confidence in tenure security (perceived likelihood of further land readjustments)
erception of tenure security
eason for perception of tenure security
% families acquiring land by: Formal finance sources (public or private); Direct purchase from private individuals/developers; Self-arranged b
% households residing at current dwelling for 10+ years (proxy indicator for adverse possession). The same formula also holds for workplace
uration of occupation of dwelling
Mode of acquisition of agricultural land
uration of possession/use of agricultural land
% families believing they have the right to prevent others from entering
% families believing they have the right to develop their dwelling
% families believing they have the right to sell
% families believing they have the right to inherit
armer's understanding of key provisions of national land laws and policies
ight to sell/use as collateral agricultural land
roportion of households who believe they have a fair say in decisions about local land and natural resources
mount of land (ha) for which a) local communities possess rights to own, use, and conserve, and b) decisions about land and natural resou
and ownership distribution by size (Gini coefficient)
umber of sharecroppers
umber and percentage of landless persons among rural population
ousehold ownership of agricultural land
ousehold ownership of agricultural land (hectares)
ousehold ownership of agricultural land
ousehold ownership of agricultural land (hectares)
enure status of agricultural land (ownership, rental, sharecropping, squatted, other)
rea of agricultural land owned/rented/used
alue of agricultural land owned (also rental value)
ent paid for agricultural land
egal owner of land where land occupied without consent
ncome from real estate sales
ncome from real estate rent
umber of landless labourers in community
wn-account agriculture production (Supplementary topic, see UN 2007: 2.389-90)
egal status of agricultural holder (Core topic, An individual; two or more individuals; juridical person (the latter may be further sub-divided: pu
otal area of holding (Core topic, see FAO 2005: 11.4045).
and tenure types on the holding (Legal ownership or legal owner-like possession; non-legal ownership or non-legal owner-like possession; r
rea (parcel)(Supplementary module topic, see FAO 2005: 11.56)
and tenure (per parcel) (Supplementary module topic, see FAO 2005: 11.5758)
erms of rental (for rented parcels) (For an agreed amount of money and/or produce; for a share of produce; in exchange for services; under
o. of homeless people per 100,000 population
welling ownership vs. rental
Page 63
o you own or rent this unit (dwelling)?

enure status of dwelling(ownership, rental, squatted, other)
ize of dwelling
alue of dwelling (including rental value)
ent paid for dwelling
ncome from real estate sales
ncome from real estate rent
ousing unit ownership-type of (Owner-occupied; Non owner-occupied (Publicly owned, Privately owned, Communally owned, Cooperatively
enure of household (over housing unit) (Member of household owns housing unit; Member of household rents all or a part of housing unit; M
n practice, do women own or inherit land?
wnership of dwelling, by sex
roportion of adult population owning land, by sex
ousehold members who are owners of dwelling/have name on document
ousehold members who are owners of agricultural land/have name on document
ex of agricultural holder (Core topic, see FAO 2005: 11.1113)
n practice, do women own or inherit land?
nheritance of property by men/women
ormal land markets - function effectively
umber of land transfers (leases) per household
uration of land leases
ental fees/land area
xtent of large-scale land deals (data by negotiation and implementation status, intended size, size under contract, operated size, location, in
Most land that has had a change in land use assignment in the past 3 years has changed to the destined use.
n the largest city in the country, urban development is controlled effectively by a hierarchy of regional and detailed land use plans that are ke
n the four major cities, urban development is controlled effectively by a hierarchy of regional and detailed land use plans that are kept up to d
n the largest city in the country, the urban planning process or authority is able to cope with the increasing demand for serviced units and lan
xisting requirements for residential plot sizes are met in most plots.
he share of land set aside for specific use that is used for a nonspecified purpose in contravention of existing regulations is low.
ercentage of the total housing stock in compliance with current land and building regulations
roportion of informal occupants using public land that is not planned for infrastructure or other services within total city population
umber of instances of mid- to long-term investment made per farmer per year
gricultural investments (type and value)
roperty Rights Private property is guaranteed by the government. The court system enforces contracts efficiently and quickly. The justice s
xtent to which private property rights protected and private business is free from undue government influence
o what extent do government authorities ensure well-defined rights of private property and regulate the acquisition, benefits, use and sale o
curit des droits de proprit
roperty rights, including over financial assets (1 = are poorly defined and not protected by law, 7 = are clearly defined and well protected by
ccupation (Core topic, see UN 2007: 2.301-5)
ndustry (of employment) (Core topic, see UN 2007: 2.306-9)
tatus in employment (Employees; Employers; Own-account workers; Contributing family workers; Members of producers' cooperatives; Per
haracteristics of all agricultural jobs during the last year (Supplementary topic, see UN 2007: 2.389-90)
ge of agricultural holder (Core topic, see FAO 2005: 11.1416)
oes the tool demand and generate political understanding and will to positively implement a gender balanced approach?
oes the tool demand positive results for women from public and private bodies responsible for land management?
Page 64
ct sections of the community are based on consultation with those affected, and their feedback on the resulting policy is sought and incorpo
or both women and men?
enting both women and men.

ensitized on gender issues.
d institutions.
and institutions.
ns and procedures.
on equity issues is compared to that of other policy instruments

ith reports being publicly accessible.
le stakeholders?
or statutory tenure regimes.

or statutory tenure regimes.
ps internal organization and legal representation.
rnal organization and legal representation of groups.
d private land, although different rules may apply.
explicitly mention the way in which benefits and risks will be shared
te housing? b) If yes, is this right mentioned as one to which everybody is entitled? c) If yes, is this right mentioned for particular groups?
low) on the legal framework related to eviction
e their right to adequate housing
n or agricultural land; State has the right to take private land for public purpose, etc.)
Page 65
ure, equal and enforceable land rights to poor men and women
d customs, particularly when it comes to land rights for women? Which law is dispositive?
ns on women owning ancestral land.
law on property rights, land laws, or personal laws or elsewhere.)
perty rights unless they contract out of their rights?)

ment? What does the law say about abandonment? What does the law say about out migration of husbands?
is compensation determined? Who is compensation paid to? Who has the right to compensation for the loss of rights?
oups inheriting land and housing?
pe as those of other heirs?

If so, what are the inheritance rights for women in those relationships?
by some event (e.g. until she remarries or until her children are of the age of majority)? Is it an ownership right? Or is it ownership like (e.g
on ownership or joint tenure)? If yes, does it only apply to married couples or to all people who have joint rights to land? If it only applies to m
luded? What is not? Is the family home included? What percentage of a husbands property do wives inherit if she has children? What perc
ust the death be registered and death certificate received?
titutes a formal (statutory) marriage? What documents are required for proof of marriage? What documents are required to register a marria
there any other protections for her (e.g. use of family home until she dies or remarries)?
related to the children of more than one wife? If yes, how is land (or other property) divided between the children?
ters and sons have an equal right to inherit property? Does this apply to movable and immovable property? Do the intestate provisions spe
ysically partitioned? Can children (either males or females) be completely disinherited by will or by law (intestate)? If yes, are there specific
ance of land tenure.
or partially individualize land ownership and use. Procedures for doing so are affordable, clearly specified, safeguarded, and followed in pra
h arrangements for the management and maintenance of this common property
at these rights are? Are they subject to legal review? Who (which body?) has authority to govern land held under communal/customary tenu
men have to communal/customary land? Do women have the right to own land, use land, control land, use land for specific purpose, use la
r customary rules?
alternative dispute resolution, traditional courts, etc.)? If so, are the findings of those hearings used in the formal court?
in a household, village, clan, tribe, group? How are those rights different for men and women? What is the nature and scope of rights for m
ese circumstances (divorce, death of spouse, abandonment, etc.)? Are the rules different for communal or customary land than they are for
ances? (What if a woman is married, single, divorced, widowed, remarried, has children out of wedlock or children from another marriage?)
mstances? (What if a woman is married, single, divorced, widowed?) What is the nature and scope of this right? Is it different from the rights
ances? (What if a woman is married, single, divorced, widowed?) What is the nature and scope of this right? Is it different from the rights of
d income from the land? Under what circumstances? (What if a woman is married, single, divorced, widowed?) What is the nature and sco
Page 66
scope of the rights for the individual household? Can those rights be transferred by inheritance (or otherwise)?
e the manager of the land?
em inheritance? If yes, who receives the marital gift? (Possible recipients include: daughter, son, parents of daughter, or parents of son.) If
widows can only remain on the land/house until the time she remarries or until her children are of the age of majority or are married)?
who usually inherits landdaughters or sons? Does birth order matter? For polygamous families, does order of marriage of the mothers aff
and there are sufficient budget, resources, and institutional capacity for implementation
nable but still accessible by the poor.
ement and administration, and the arbitration of any disputes that may arise as a result of implementation of policy.
arly defined and nonoverlapping with those of other land sector agencies.
mented consistently in a transparent manner.
ration system (days, by rural/urban)

est business city (number)
iness city (% property value)
iness city (days)
for an individual or company to conduct a property transaction within the formal system ((A) First time registration/Transfers; (B) Commerc
t of pocket cost for an individual or company to conduct a property transaction within the formal system ((A) First time registration/Transfer
ther forms of evidence are not available.

mented consistently in a transparent manner.
ed effectively, consistently, and transparently.
d informal settlements?
ncy, street addressing or other official documents are given to informal settlers.
name(s) has to be registered?

y documents such as a land title, deed or certificate required? Is a death certificate required?
stered? If so, where? Is this different for intestate and testate inheritance?
Page 67
d for proof, etc.?

e cost and is readily accessible, largely because land information is maintained in a uniform way.
ow cost by any interested party.

ied at a low cost by any interested party.
nst these standards.
uded in the information systems
e cost and is readily accessible, largely because land information is maintained in a uniform way.
ow cost by any interested party.

ied at a low cost by any interested party.
essary formal fee, if any.
nst these standards.
mptly dealt with.
ices (in 2009 survey))
es or other related facilities that the project physically establishes or upgrades (Urban/Rural)
corrected or newly incorporated into an official land information system (whether a system for the property registry, cadastre or an integrate
dually or jointly.
Page 68
; Utility bills; No documents
y a regularization program.
nd/or use rights through certificates, titles, leases, or other recorded documentation by government institutions or traditional authorities at na
rences between recorded values and market prices across different uses and types of users, and valuation rolls are regularly updated.
are considered for taxation.
ularly used and applied transparently based on clear regulation.

e clearly based on equity or efficiency grounds and applied in a transparent and consistent manner.
c responses are explicitly referenced in the report prepared by the public body responsible for preparing the new public plans. This report is
responses are explicitly referenced in the report prepared by the public body responsible for preparing the new public plans. This report is p
ost part justified on the basis of overall public interest and that are enforced.
st part justified on the basis of overall public interest and that are enforced.
ost part justified on the basis of overall public interest and that are enforced.
st part justified on the basis of overall public interest and that are enforced.
ions made by this system have some recognition in the formal judicial or administrative dispute resolution system.
assigned and widely known, and explicit rules for shifting from one to the other are in place to minimize the scope for forum shopping.
Page 69
h law and adjudicative body applies?

y of communities.
d in a timely manner.
ront payments?
omething need to be written), identification documents, etc.
with dispute resolution, location and hours of dispute resolution or enforcement bodies, comfort dealing with these systems, social barriers, c
courts of special jurisdiction, traditional dispute resolution actors recognized for certain cases, etc.) Do those forums have female represent
tchdog groups.
esolved by local authorities, contractors, mediators or courts with compact support
tion mechanisms
and such land is managed in a transparent and effective way.
economically, environmentally, and socially beneficial investments and implement these effectively
nder process.
investors status (for example, domestic or foreign).
game farm/conservation) are regularly used and transparently applied
s information is publicly available
economically, environmentally, and socially beneficial investments and implement these effectively
ments are required? Do both women and men have access to the documents required for eligibility? Are both women and mens names on
name(s) has to be registered?
Page 70
ons on sale, lease, or inheritance? Can the land be partitioned?

arried out, etc.)?
sh or in kind is paid such that these people have comparable assets and can continue to maintain prior social and economic status.
olds have comparable assets and can continue to maintain prior social and economic status.
ough formal meetings); b) Notification (the future evictees are formally notified in writing about the date and process of eviction); c) Recordin
eir homes. (%)
g the past 3 years.
compulsory state acquisition
What are the terms of use for communal/customary land?
ve in her own house, or is there another arrangement? Does each wife have her own piece of land allocated for her use? Are there any restr
es it ever include land? Who determines the amount?
r the land they brought to the marriage? If new land is purchased during marriage, who does it belong to?
ome? Does it matter whether or not she has children? Does it matter whether the children are girls or boys? If she has to return home, is lan
or assets? Who decides this (e.g. husband, judge, tribal leader, etc.)? Is this decision appealable?
ith other property/assets?
ome? Does it matter whether or not she has children? Does it matter whether the children are girls or boys? If she has to return home, is lan
widow or widows, what does that child usually inherit?
Page 71
gender and land issues.

ions made by this system have some recognition in the formal judicial or administrative dispute resolution system.
ghts related to this tool?

le stakeholders?
ure governance.
odetics, GPS, etc.).
ng the past five years
last three years

e private sector for development of new commercial, infrastructure or higher-end residential
Page 72
and will not be confiscated or wrongfully acquired
iduals/developers; Self-arranged building (direct labouring or via a developer)

me formula also holds for workplaces
sions about land and natural resource use are taken through a process of local democratic governance
atter may be further sub-divided: public, corporation, religious institution, etc.) (Core topic, see FAO 2005: 11.710)
non-legal owner-like possession; rented from someone else; other types of land tenure) (Core topic, see FAO 2005: 11.4652)
ce; in exchange for services; under other rental arrangements) (Supplementary module topic, see FAO 2005: 11.59).
Page 73
Communally owned, Cooperatively owned, Other)) (Core topic, see UN 2007: 2.467-71)
rents all or a part of housing unit; Member of household rents all or a part of housing unit as a main tenant; Member of household rents a p
contract, operated size, location, investor country, land use, crop, etc.)
detailed land use plans that are kept up to date.

land use plans that are kept up to date.
g demand for serviced units and land as evidenced by the fact that almost all new dwellings are formal.
sting regulations is low.
within total city population
efficiently and quickly. The justice system punishes those who unlawfully confiscate private property. There is no corruption or expropriation
cquisition, benefits, use and sale of property?
early defined and well protected by law)
ers of producers' cooperatives; Persons not classifiable by status) (Core topic, see UN 2007: 2.381-90)
nced approach?
Page 74
sulting policy is sought and incorporated in the resulting policy
mentioned for particular groups?
Page 75
loss of rights?
p right? Or is it ownership like (e.g. long-term, secure use rights)? Can she transfer the rights gained by inheritance, sale, bequest, gift, or
rights to land? If it only applies to married couples, what proof of marriage is required? If there is not a right of survivorship, how is inheritan
herit if she has children? What percentage of a husbands property do wives inherit if she has no children?
nts are required to register a marriage (birth certificates, residency certificates, etc.)? If no: What other types of marriages trigger the intesta
ty? Do the intestate provisions specifically mention a daughters right to inherit land? Are a daughters rights to inherit affected by her marita
ntestate)? If yes, are there specific grounds? Is there a mandatory set aside for children (meaning that they cannot be fully disinherited by w
d, safeguarded, and followed in practice.
d under communal/customary tenure?

se land for specific purpose, use land at a specific time?
e formal court?
he nature and scope of rights for men and women who are members of or affiliated with the group?
or customary land than they are for individual or household land?
or children from another marriage?) What is the nature and scope of this right? Is it different from the rights of similarly situated men?
s right? Is it different from the rights of similarly situated men?
ght? Is it different from the rights of similarly situated men?
owed?) What is the nature and scope of this right? Is it different from the rights of similarly situated men?
Page 76
of daughter, or parents of son.) If yes, who has control over the marital gift once it is received?
e of majority or are married)?
rder of marriage of the mothers affect inheritance?
egistration/Transfers; (B) Commercial/Non-commercial)

((A) First time registration/Transfers; (B) Commercial/Non-commercial)
Page 77
ty registry, cadastre or an integrated system)
Page 78
utions or traditional authorities at national or local levels ((A) Urban/Rural; (B) Community/Male(only)/Female (only) /Joint male and female/J
on rolls are regularly updated.
the new public plans. This report is publicly accessible.

he new public plans. This report is publicly accessible.
the scope for forum shopping.
Page 79
ith these systems, social barriers, complexity of paperwork requirements, etc.
hose forums have female representation?
both women and mens names on the documents required for eligibility?
Page 80
ocial and economic status.
nd process of eviction); c) Recording (the eviction case is formally recorded by the police, local authority or any government institution); d) C
ted for her use? Are there any restrictions on polygamy (e.g. number of wives, etc.)?
s? If she has to return home, is land allocated to her? By whom?
s? If she has to return home, is land allocated to her? By whom?
Page 81
Page 82
e FAO 2005: 11.4652)
Page 83
nt; Member of household rents a part of housing unit as a subtenant; Occupied free of rent; Other arrangement) (Core topic, see UN 2007:
ere is no corruption or expropriation
Page 84
Page 85
inheritance, sale, bequest, gift, or otherwise? Do wives have a right to a lifetime use right to any or all of the land (house, household garde
ght of survivorship, how is inheritance of jointly held property handled? Are there limits to physical partition of property in this or any other la
ypes of marriages trigger the intestate law (e.g. customary or religious)? What is required for proof of these marriages?
ghts to inherit affected by her marital status or a by a change in her marital status? What are the rights to inherit of a daughter from a subseq
ey cannot be fully disinherited by will)? If yes, what portion of the inheritance must be set aside?
hts of similarly situated men?
Page 86
Page 87
Page 88
male (only) /Joint male and female/Joint male/Joint female (Note that the disaggregations in B should be mutually exclusive and not include
Page 89
Page 90
or any government institution); d) Compensation (compensation is provided to the evictee in the form of property or funds); e) Relocation (t
Page 91
Page 92
Page 93
gement) (Core topic, see UN 2007: 2.536-9)
Page 94
Page 95
the land (house, household garden, etc.)? Is land specifically mentioned? How/who decides which land? What are the requirements? Are
on of property in this or any other law?
se marriages?
inherit of a daughter from a subsequent wife in a polygamous relationship?
Page 96
Page 97
Page 98
mutually exclusive and not include multiple selections.))
Page 99
Page 100
property or funds); e) Relocation (the evictee is relocated in a new safe accommodation)
Page 101
Page 102
Page 103
Page 104
Page 105
? What are the requirements? Are different use rights (e.g. the right to collect herbs or graze animals) accounted for?
Page 106
Page 107
Page 108
Page 109
Page 110
Page 111
Page 112
Page 113
Page 114
Page 115
counted for?
Page 116
Page 117
Page 118
Page 119
Page 120
Page 121
Page 122
Page 123
Page 124
7 LSMS surveys
LSMS surveys published since 1995

Survey topic
1
Survey
Albania LSMS
Most recent completion of implementation
2005
Years elapsed
8
Dwellings
Tenure status (ownership, rental, squatted, other)
1
Size of dwelling
1
Value of dwelling (including rental value)
1
Rent paid
1
Duration of occupation
Presence and type of tenure documentation
1
Household members who are owners/have name on document
Reasons for not having tenure documentation
1
Existence of dispute over ownership
Agricultural land Tenure status (ownership, rental, sharecropping, squatted, other
1
Area of land owned/rented/used
1
Value of land owned (also rental value)
Rent paid
Mode of acquisition
1
Right to sell/use as collateral
Duration of possession/use
1
Presence and type of tenure documentation
1
Registration of tenure
Household members who are owners/have name on document
Legal owner where land occupied without consent
Perception of tenure security
Reason for perception of tenure security
Experience of disputes, conflicts, involuntary tenure changes
Receipt of compensation for readjustment/expropriation
Type/success of conflict resolution
Control over land use/use of outputs within household
Agricultural investments (type and value)
1
1
1
Payment of land or real estate tax
Shocks experienceLoss of land
Real property loss by displaced persons
Community-level q Documentation or legal status of communal land
Prevalence of tenure types and documentation in community
Reasons for (lack of) progress in documentation
Land adjustment and reallocations
Compensation received for readjustment and reallocations
Inheritance of property by men/women
Number of landless labourers in community
Page 125
7 LSMS surveys
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Armenia HouseAzerbaijan SurvLiving in Bosn Brazil Survey oBulgaria Multi- China-Heibei aEcuador-Encue
1996
1995
2005
1995
2007
1997
1998
17
18
8
18
6
16
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 126
7 LSMS surveys
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ethiopia-Rural Ghana living s Guatemala ENIndia - Uttar P Iraq Househol Jamaica Survey
Kazakhstan Li
2011
1998
2000
1998
2007
1997
1996
2
15
13
15
6
16
17
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 127
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7 LSMS surveys
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Kyrgyzstan
Malawi Third I Nepal Living S Nicaragua-Encu
Niger-l'EnquteNigeria GHS-pPanama Living
1998
2011
2011
2005
2011
2011
2008
15
2
2
8
2
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 128
1
1
7 LSMS surveys
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Papua New GuiSerbia Living Tajikistan Liv Tanzania NatioTimor Leste SuUganda Nationa
Viet Nam House
1996
2007
2009
2011
2007
2011
2004
17
6
4
2
6
2
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 129
7 LSMS surveys
Total
Mean
27
13
15
21
4
10
4
3
1
27
26
16
12
11
3
9
14
3
9
1
3
1
3
2
1
4
4
12
17
7
3
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
Comments
9.379310345 There has been a recent wave of surveys (7 completed in 2011)

Ownership and rental are often the only tenure categories considered.
Floor area. Usually an estimate.
Respondent estimate of its market price or what they would have to pay to rent it.
Often this is a simple question of whether the household has title (or equivalent term) or not. S
Often it is asked which member of the household is the owner. More rarely a question on joint ow
For example, cost of registration, ignorance of procedures, etc..
Ownership and rental are often the only tenure categories considered, but some surveys hav
This information is typically disaggregated by plot, and therefore by tenure category
Respondent estimate of its market price or what they would have to pay to rent it.
In cash or in kind (including share-cropping).
How the household came to own or use the land.
Often this is a simple question of whether the household has title (or equivalent term) or not. S
Whether tenure rights are also recorded by a central authority. Sometimes the tenure categories
Often it is asked which member of the household is the owner. More rarely a question on joint ow
Very different ways of formulating this question are used.

i.e. the nature of the perceived risk.
This includes a wide range of situations, from disputes with neighbours and relatives to land rea
The Niger survey asks quite detailed questions on the household history of disputes.
It is not always clear whether the decision-making power referred to is just over agricultural use
This may be included in sections on agriculture, or sections on income sources.

This may be included in sections on agriculture, or sections on income sources.
This is probably an underestimate of the frequency of this question.
Many surveys include a section on shocks or adverse situations and how households cope with
i.e. whether they have lost real estate assets in their place of origin.
Surveys often include a questionnaire to be answered by community representatives. This some
Page 130
7 LSMS surveys
ave to pay to rent it.
title (or equivalent term) or not. Sometimes different local tenure categories are referred to.
r. More rarely a question on joint ownership is asked.
considered, but some surveys have referred to multiple local tenure categories. Information on agricultural land is typically disaggregated b
ore by tenure category
ave to pay to rent it.
title (or equivalent term) or not. Sometimes different local tenure categories are referred to.
y. Sometimes the tenure categories given include registered and unregistered versions.
r. More rarely a question on joint ownership is asked.
eighbours and relatives to land readjustment in China and expropriation/reallocation for investors or game reserves in Tanzania.
hold history of disputes.

rred to is just over agricultural use decisions (what crop to plant, etc.) or also over resultant output and the disposal of land assets.
n income sources.
n income sources.
ns and how households cope with them. Loss of land is sometimes specified as one of a list of coded answers.
mmunity representatives. This sometimes includes detailed questions on land tenure in the community.
Page 131
7 LSMS surveys
ral land is typically disaggregated by plot or parcel, and therefore by tenure category, etc..
e reserves in Tanzania.
he disposal of land assets.
Page 132
8 WCA 2010
World Census of Agriculture 2010 round survey topics in a sample

Ethiopia
Gender of holder
Age of holder
Ethnicity of holder
Area of holdings
Ownership/rental
Individual/collective
Possession of title
Registered tenure
Other tenure categories
How acquired?
Mozambique Niger
1
1
1
1
Rwanda
Tanzania
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 133
1
1
1
1
1
1
8 WCA 2010
opics in a sample
Total
El Salvador
Guatemala
1
1
1
1
Nicaragua
Lao PDR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
India
Page 134
10
8
4
3
10
7
3
3
1
4
3

Land Governance Indicators Database - DRAFT: 1 Contents

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Prepared for the Global Land Tools Network

[Insert logos? Whose?]

- Notes are included at the bottom of this sheet

- Provides information on how indicators have been categorized by topic.

- Describes systems and initiatives that produce primary data on land

6 Indicators main table

- Lists all indicators by topic.

- Shows the distribution on different topics in Living Standards Measurement

- Shows the distribution of different topics in a sample of 10 World Census of

Categorization of land governance indicators

Dimension 1: Inputs to impacts

Dimension 2: Different land governance processes

Dimension 3: Different parameters for evaluating land governance

Indicator topics, relationship to VGGT and F&G

Data Sources Initiatives that produce primary land governance data

200+ countries (2 10 years

National-level sample surveys

The registering prA limited survey ofThe methodology has

Large-scale land aThe initiative invo The Land Matrix aims

The primary focusExpert assessmentLGAF has proven to

The land component

Published indicator or evaluation frameworks and indicator proposals

Short description Focus

Indicator/evaluation question frameworks

Largely piloted t 2011 proposal for m

sed to collect primary data, and proposals relating to post-2015

The suggested metho

For household levelThe proposal include

es: People, Land and Policies, UN-HABITAT, http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3262

ssessment of national-level data availability has not been reviewed.

Summary and analysis of indicators by sub-topic

LGAF 1i-iv, LSLA10. UI

Landesa PG3, PG2.

Adequacy of budget LGAF 6iii, 12iv, 18iii.

Clarity of institutional LGAF 5i-ii, 12iii.

LGAF 3iii-v, 18i. WB

LGAF 5iv, 16i-iii, 17i.

LGAF 3iv, 17i, 19i-ii. LIFI

LGAF 2i-iii, LSLA1. WB

Scope, consistency LGAF 7iii, 11i-iv. LSMS

LGAF 20ii-iii. Landesa

LGAF 20i-ii, iv. Landesa

LGAF 18ii. LIFI 6.2-4.

LGAF 4i-ii, IPMS 1.1.3,

Efficiency of dispute LGAF 21 ii-iii. MCC L-4.

LGAF 15i, iii, LSLA 4-9.

LGAF 15ii, LSLA 12-16.

Eligibility and rights

Landesa CS. LSMS.

LGAF 14i, iii. UI 1.5.3.

LGAF 14iv-v. UI 1.5.,

LGAF 13i-ii. Namati.

Landesa PG3, PG2.

LGAF 20ii. Landesa

GEC 6-7, 9, 13-14, 17,

Prevalence/severity LGAF 21i, LSLA2. UI 1.7.

Perceptions of rights GLTN2011ext 4.1-4.

Namati. LWA. MICS

GCIF. MICS HC10. UIS

GHI P1.2. UN Women.

Rates of inheritance GHI P1.2. LSMS.