Professional Documents
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Volume: 3 Issue: 10
ISSN: 2321-8169
5825 - 5829
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Hadamard Coded Modulation for Wavelet based Radio over Fiber Networks
Yashwant kumar
cecm.ece.rpk@gmail.com
Abstract- With the advancements in the technology of communication, there has been an increase in demand of higher data rates for the services
such as voice, multimedia and data over both wired and wireless links. Therefore there is the requirement of new modulation schemes to transfer
the large amount of data that existing techniques may not be capable of supporting in future. OFDM so far has resulted in good performance on
the implementation level but, the current competitive scenario require high data speed with minimum bit error rate and minimum delay. In this
paper, PAPR, CCDF of OFDM is implemented using wavelet transform based Hadamard Coded Modulation (HCM) and discusses relationship
between them for RoF networks. This paper also presents comparison of OFDM and DWT-HCM BER performance for different SNR values.
Keywords- Bit Error Rate, Hadamard Coded Modulation, Walsh Hadamard Transform, Wavelet transform, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing, inter-symbol-interference, cyclic prefix, Cumulative Distribution Function, Probability Distribution Function, Peak To Average
Power Ratio.
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I.
Introduction
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ISSN: 2321-8169
5825 - 5829
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division of the whole bandwidth results in efficiency and
P (PAPR < p) = F (p)N= (1 exp(-p))N ....(3)
minimization of ICI noise. Further minimization of ICI in
Where N comprises the number of subcarriers and F(p) is
OFDM is done by use of Cyclic Prefix. The cyclic prefix is
the Probability Distribution Function for PAPR.
very effective to compensate for frequency selective channel
fading. The use of cyclic prefix in MIMO-OFDM give much
b) Classification of Existing Techniques
better results as the transmission is done through parallel flat
fading sub channels rather than frequency selective
channels, with proper use of cyclic prefix (CP). The
Hadamard Coded Modulation does not require any Cyclic
Prefix to be transmitted with symbols. However, frequencyselective fading effect in OFDM is difficult to eliminate
completely, and inter carrier interference (ICI) and inter
symbol interference (ISI) will be introduced. That is why
Equalization techniques are important in MIMO-OFDM
systems [5]. Synchronization, Inter-Carrier Interference and
PAPR are the concerned problems in OFDM systems and
many a research has been initiated. Some of the publications
of late 1990s and 2000s indicate the analysis and solution of
the problems. This paper discusses the overview of OFDM
in section I and different OFDM parameters in section II and
section III, IV and V discusses the proposed DWT-HCM.
II.
Signal Scrambling
Signal Distortion
Scrambling category works well only with side information
.this is because it use a variety of codes that provide
redundancy. Few examples of thesuch coding forms are
Barker codes, M-sequences, Golay complementary and
Shapiro-Rudin sequences. The only disadvantage it has is
that it increases the overhead exponentially as the number of
carriers increase. Among these, selective mapping, partial
transmit sequences and block coding are better techniques.
The scrambling category can be classified as follows [9]:
Characteristics of OFDM
max t [s(t)]2
E{[s(t)]2 }
.....(1)
(a)
(b)
F(p) = (1-exp(-p))
.....(2)
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ISSN: 2321-8169
5825 - 5829
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small distance connectivity eg., in indoor environment or
III.
Proposed Scheme
local area network to utilize high speed multimedia services.
The transmitter and the reciever for the HCM technique is
For such applications, the optical signal offers greater
shown below:
propagation immunity and secure at the physical layer. At
the same time, optical wireless networking systems offer
user mobility and are robust in the presence of shadowing
but they can be significantly weakened by multipath
propagation which results in serious interferences.
Wavelength diversity can be employed by reuse of
wavelengths in other parts of an organization using Wimax
like concept [10].
V.
Fig 2: HCM Reciever
The proposed system is based on the Walsh-HadamardWavelet Transform which combines all the sub-carriers
available in the channel into various Frequency level and
then combines the total signal values into a single frequency
space, the wavelet has the advantage of reduced inter
channel interference as the combination of the different
users is better matched with Wavelets with reduced cyclic
errors and moreover the hadamard increases the security by
a secondary dictionary coding ensuring low inter symbol
interference in more bottlenecked usage. The error generated
by the AWGN channel in OFC is also simulated.
The proposed system is implemented using Inverse
Hadamard Transform followed by Inverse Discrete wavelet
coding at the transmitter for modulating data. A simulation
based trans-reciever system is formulated. The reciever
system is implemented using forward hadamard transform
followed by forward Discrete Wavelet transform coding.
The PAPR values are obtained for the whole communication
system and the change in overall BER is calculated.
IV.
.....(4)
..(5)
1
2
Hm1
Hm1
Hm 1
= H1 Hm-1
Hm 1
....(6)
1
2
2 1
.....(7)
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ISSN: 2321-8169
5825 - 5829
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The optical average power is equal to , where is the
electrical HCM signal power and Q represents the Gaussian
function. The Bit error rate of HCM varies at different
values of SNR (Eb/No) [12].
For average power levels less than P0/2, the HCM signals
are not distorted by the LED nonlinearity and the
performance of HCM is only limited by the noise.
VI.
.....(8)
s(x) (
)dx
.(9)
Conclusion
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ISSN: 2321-8169
5825 - 5829
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
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IJRITCC | October 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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