Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2shelland4tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
Ng
Steam
11666.670
Stream
Tin(K)
shell
Steam
tube
NG
617.60
330.86
Tout(K)
579.55
607.25
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
T1(oC) =
344.10
T2(oC) =
306.40
t1(oC) =
57.71
t2( C) =
334.10
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
=
0.138
(eqn.12.6)
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
=
0.964
(eqn.12.7)
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.8900
Appendix F -64
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
(eqn.12.4)
74.9681
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
66.7216
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
454.264 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
384.9216 m2
4143.2620 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
18
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
16.56
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
2636
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
Appendix F -65
Pt =1. 25D to
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
1269.1683
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
72
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
1.3412
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
469.0550
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
215.4105 mm2
659
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.1420
Appendix F -66
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
10.1183
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
71.2794 kg/m2.s
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
PhysicalpropertiesofWater
water density, t
1015.2654 kg/m3
Viscosity of water, tL
7.94E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
4.1717236904 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.0948882897 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
0.0702
1486.072
34.9211
147.3430
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0035
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(eqn.12.15)
96.26738 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
Appendix F -67
frictionfactor,jf
0.0030
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / Dti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
(eqn.12.20)
0.0302 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
1.3412 m
1.2071 m
1.3396 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.3238 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
204583 kg/hr
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
175.5206 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
(eqn.12.23)
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -68
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
598.5750
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(lighthydrocarbon)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
3.9318 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
3.3589E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.6068251014 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.1718 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
2989.010
0.5096
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0100
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
303.966 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0800
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
44.6413 m/s
Appendix F -69
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
26979084.0816 Pa
(acceptable)
26979.0841 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
303.966
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
96.26738
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m . C(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5500
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01656
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0157305122
63.5707208245 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -70
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Shellandtube
384.9216
CarbonSteel
5.07bar
Material
FeedPressure
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
BareModuleCost,BMC
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
For100<S<10000ft2,
Co
5000
So
400
a
0.65
UF
3.219048
4143.26
22850.9134
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
242,006.407
919,624.348
Appendix F -71
HeatExchanger,X11
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
organicsolvents
methanol
3321.390
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell
methanol
tube
organicsolvent
300.15
284.15
294.15
289.79
T1
t2
T2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
1.064
(eqn.12.6)
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
S=
0.353
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.9800
(eqn.12.7)
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Appendix F -72
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
(eqn.12.4)
Tlm=
10.1789
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
9.9754
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
900 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
369.9549 m2
3972.9842 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
18
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
16.56
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
2533
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
Appendix F -73
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
1246.5656
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
78
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
1.3246
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
286.9700
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
215.4105 mm2
633
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
Fluidvelocity,f
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
0.1364
166.1064
kg/hr
Appendix F -74
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
1217.4888 kg/m2.s
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
838.4112 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
5.15E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.5453121354 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.579725796 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
1.4521
39166.029
3.1481
147.3430
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0037
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(eqn.12.15)
7406.777 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0034
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
Appendix F -75
u s
m
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
(eqn.12.20)
11.5054 kPa
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
1.3246 m
1.1921 m
1.3230 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.3158 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
720925.4752 kg/hr
634.1155 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
Meantemperature(C)
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -76
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
297.1500
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
799.8603 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
5.1581E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
3.6981344329 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.6155 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
16662.361
3.0990
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0055
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
6057.223 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
0.7928 m/s
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0630
Shell side presure drop, Ps
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Appendix F -77
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
1495229.0275 Pa
(acceptable)
1495.2290 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
6057.223
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m2.oC
7406.777
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m2.oC
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5500
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m. C
16.3
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01656
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1 1 1 d to ln (d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= + +
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0008114158
1232.4136954376 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
=C)(S/0
BMC=()F
MPF=m(p+d)
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -78
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Shellandtube
369.9549
CarbonSteel
24bar
Material
FeedPressure
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC (C )MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
3972.98
22236.0146
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$235,494
894,878
Appendix F -79
HeatExchanger,X13
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloaringhead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
Methanolrecovered
LightHydrocarbon
3057.170
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
shell
LightHydrocarbon
tube
Methanol
573.15
290.15
548.97
295.97
Tout(K)
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
4.155
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.021
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
1.0000
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
267.8952
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -80
FtTlm=
267.8952
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
400 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
28.5295 m2
307.0894 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
14
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
14.83
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
195
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25D to
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
(2passes)n
23.8125
0.249
2.207
Appendix F -81
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )1 / n
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
390.3703
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
57
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.4474
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
293.0600
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
172.7542 mm2
49
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0084
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
142.3730
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
Methanolmassvelocity,f
16873.2532 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -82
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
PhysicalpropertiesofWater
Methanol density, t
803.3824 kg/m3
Viscosity of Methanol, tL
5.11E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.6895113236 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.6089021669 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
uDti
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
Cp
E.G.linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
21.0028
489687.564
3.0963
164.5314
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0030
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi(W/m2.C)
87584
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0021
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
(eqn.12.20)
Appendix F -83
u s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
1865.5276 kPa(acceptable)
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
0.4474 m
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
Baffle
diameter
0.4026 m
0.4458 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.0360 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
204584.6683 kg/hr
1577.4795 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Appendix F -84
Meantemperature(C)
561.0600
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(lighthydrocarbon)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
8.3574 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.2178E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.9545313606 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.1169 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
(eqn.12.24)
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
41756.754
0.3079
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0040
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.25)
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs(W/m2.C)
978.2222
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
188.7524 m/s
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0590
k f j h RePr
h s=
De
1/3
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
k f j h RePr
h s=
De
1/3
0 . 14
Appendix F -85
( )
1794482930.0673 Pa(acceptable)
1794482.9301 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
978.2222
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m2.oC
87584
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m2.oC
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m . C(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m. C
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01483
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1
1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+
+
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
(eqn.12.1)
Therefore,
1/Uo=
0.0016401723
Uo=
609.6920328552 W/m2.C(acceptable)
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Material
FeedPressure
Shellandtube
28.5295
CarbonSteel
24bar
Appendix F -86
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C =C 0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC ( C ) MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF= Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
307.09
4210.6888
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$44,594
169,457
Appendix F -87
HeatExchanger,X16
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
Water
lighthydrocarbon
12112.210
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell
LightHC
tube
Water
548.97
364.25
453.15
373.15
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
10.766
(eqn.12.6)
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
S=
0.048
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
1.0000
(eqn.12.7)
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -88
Tlm=
127.4583
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
127.4583
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
500 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
190.0576 m2
2045.7633 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
18
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
16.56
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
1302
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
Appendix F -89
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
2.207
(2passes)n
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )1 / n
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
921.8256
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
70
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.9918
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
368.7000
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
215.4105 mm2
325
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
0.0701
326.2381
kg/s
Appendix F -90
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
4654.5408 kg/m2.s
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
PhysicalpropertiesofWater
density, t
1015.2654 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
7.94E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
4.1715617374 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.6155814452 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
4.5846
97040.408
5.3827
147.3430
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0032
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi(W/m2.C)
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
20116.7
Appendix F -91
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0028
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
(eqn.12.20)
123.7765 kPa(acceptable)
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
0.9918 m
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
Baffle
diameter
0.8926 m
0.9902 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.1771 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
206584.6683 kg/hr
324.0801 kg/s.m2
Appendix F -92
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
(eqn.12.23)
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
501.0600
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(lighthydrocarbon)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
8.2657 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.7348E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.3602862855 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.0933 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
5518.890
0.4391
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0090
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs(W/m2.C)
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
(eqn.12.25)
260.998
Appendix F -93
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
39.2078 m/s
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0770
Shell side presure drop, Ps
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
55360755.6653 Pa((acceptable)
55360.7557 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
260.998
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
20116.7
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m . C(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01656
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1 1 1 d to ln(d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= + +
+ +
U o h s hod
2k w
d ti hid d ti hi
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -94
=C)(S/0
Therefore,
1/Uo=
0.0044005603
Uo=
227.2437919956 W/m2.C
BMC=()F h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
MPF=)+(dpm
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Shellandtube
190.0576
CarbonSteel
24bar
Material
FeedPressure
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC ( C )MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
2045.76
14443.9845
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$152,971
581,291
Appendix F -95
HeatExchanger,X18
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
LightHydrocarbon
LightHydrocarbon
333.960
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
Shell
LightHC
tube
LightHC
358.15
330.62
353.15
331.19
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
8.772
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.021
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.9900
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
24.6788
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -96
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
24.4320
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
300 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
45.5632 m2
490.4386 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
12
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
13.51
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
312
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Appendix F -97
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
482.6161
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
58
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.5406
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
330.9050
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
143.3695 mm2
78
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0112
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
165.3786
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v
massvelocity,f
=m / A T
14787.7565 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -98
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
838.8251 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
5.16E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.5427474082 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.5803266637 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
uD ti
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
17.6291
387037.550
3.1512
180.6070
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0030
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
72842.92 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0020
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s =N p [8 j f (L /D ti )( ) +2. 5 ]
w
2
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
(eqn.12.20)
P s =N p [8 j f (L /D ti )( )m+2. 5 ] s
w
2
Appendix F -99
1405.0723 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
0.5406 m
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
0.4866 m
0.5390 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.0526 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
95470.78911 kg/hr
504.1011 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen
355.6500
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -100
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(lighthydrocarbon)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
8.3574 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.2178E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.9545313606 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.1169 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
13209.823
0.3079
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0057
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
440.9838 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0660
60.3179 m/s
Appendix F -101
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
172611790.8049 Pa
(acceptable)
172611.7908 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
440.9838
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
72842.92
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01351
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
0.0029698341
Uo=
336.7191412722 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
C=)(S/0
Costing
BMC=()F Type
Shellandtube
Area(m )
2
Material
MPF=)+(dpmFeedPressure
45.5632
CarbonSteel
24bar
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -102
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C =C 0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC ( C ) MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF= Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
490.44
5708.3554
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$60,455
229,730
Appendix F -103
HeatExchanger,X21
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
OrganicSolvents
LightHydrocarbon
18412.370
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell
LightHC
tube
organicsolvent
623.15
299.36
483.15
330.62
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
4.479
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.097
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.9900
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
233.9635
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -104
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
231.6238
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
350 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
227.1216 m2
2444.7164 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
14
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
14.83
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
1555
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Appendix F -105
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
999.3252
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
72
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
1.0713
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(TK.in+TK,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
314.9900
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
172.7542 mm2
389
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0672
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
166.1370
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
2473.2820 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -106
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
838.4112 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
5.15E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.5453121354 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.579725796 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
2.9500
71252.324
3.1481
164.5314
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0033
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(eqn.12.15)
13419.93 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0029
Appendix F -107
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s =N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
(eqn.12.20)
46.0903 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
1.0713 m
0.9642 m
1.0697 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.2066 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
204584.0255 kg/hr
275.0769 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
De=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -108
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
553.1500
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(lighthydrocarbon)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
6.0172 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
2.3856E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.4104009125 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.1416 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
7228.068
0.4062
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0070
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
393.3391 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0720
45.7151 m/s
Appendix F -109
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
48784382.0918 Pa
(acceptable)
48784.3821 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
393.3391
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
13419.93
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01483
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0032412991
308.5182732742 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
C=)(S/0
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -110
Costing
BMC=()F Type
Shellandtube
Area(m2)
227.1216
CarbonSteel
23bar
Material
FeedPressure
MPF=)+(dpm
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC ( C )MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
2444.72
16217.3365
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$171,752
652,659
Appendix F -111
HeatExchanger,X25
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
Methanol
NaturalGases
1088.150
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell
NaturalGases
tube
Methanol
429.30
295.97
387.57
298.04
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
20.159
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.016
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
1.0000
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
110.2436
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -112
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
110.2436
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
300 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
32.9014 m2
354.1476 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
14
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
14.83
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
(ft2)
1.5718
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
225
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25D to
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Appendix F -113
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
416.4211
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
55
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.4714
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
297.0050
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
172.7542 mm2
56
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0097
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
143.4985
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
14746.8378 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -114
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
814.0675 kg/m3
Viscosity of E.G, tL
5.30E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.6632887656 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.6095936878 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
18.1150
412575.610
3.1854
164.5314
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0028
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(eqn.12.15)
69599.49 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0019
Appendix F -115
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s =N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
(eqn.12.20)
1335.9295 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
0.4714 m
0.4243 m
0.4698 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.0400 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
40225.6368 kg/hr
279.3250 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1 2
( p z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -116
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
408.4350
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(lighthydrocarbon)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
1.9887 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.8326E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.9956912165 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.0745 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
7127.829
0.7367
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0075
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
266.2769 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0730
140.4561 m/s
Appendix F -117
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
267886243.7284 Pa
(acceptable)
267886.2437 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
266.2769
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
69599.49
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01483
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0043771889
228.4571256926 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
C=)(S/0
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -118
Costing
=
C
M
B
FType
()
Shellandtube
Area(m2)
32.9014
CarbonSteel
24bar
Material
FeedPressure
=
F
P
M
(dpm
)+
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC (C )MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
354.15
4619.5617
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$48,924
185,912
Appendix F -119
HeatExchanger,X26
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
Methanol
Water
1107.710
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
shell
Water
tube
Methanol
358.15
298.04
Tout(K)
349.12
300.15
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
4.280
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.035
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
1.0000
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
54.4668
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -120
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
54.4668
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
500 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
40.6747 m2
437.8190 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
14
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
14.83
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
279
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25D to
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Appendix F -121
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
458.4250
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
72
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.5304
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
299.0950
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
172.7542 mm2
70
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
0.0120
143.3087
kg/s
Appendix F -122
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
E.Gmassvelocity,f
11912.7959 kg/m2.s
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
814.0675 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
5.30E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.6632887656 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.6095936878 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
uD ti
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
14.6337
333286.982
3.1854
164.5314
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0029
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0020
58231.88 W/m2.C
Appendix F -123
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
(eqn.12.20)
894.7384 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
0.5304 m
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
0.4774 m
0.5288 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.0506 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
109113.8792 kg/hr
598.4902 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -124
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
353.6350
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
965.3964 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
5.8331E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
4.1817378916 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
1.1730 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
15272.299
2.0794
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0055
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.25)
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
9275 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0650
0.6199 m/s
Appendix F -125
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
2624542.4541 Pa
(acceptable)
2624.5425 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
9275
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
58231.88
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01483
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
0.0007331192
Uo=
1364.0346495463 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Material
FeedPressure
Shellandtube
40.6747
CarbonSteel
1.01325bar
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -126
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C =C0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC ( C ) MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
437.82
5302.4006
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$56,156
213,393
Appendix F -127
HeatExchanger,X28
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
OrganicSolvents
Water
5635.519
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
shell
Water
tube
organicsolvent
349.12
289.79
Tout(K)
303.15
299.36
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
4.804
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.161
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.9600
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
27.6817
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
26.5745
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -128
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
600 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
353.4419 m2
3804.4172 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
16
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
15.75
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5718
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
2420
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Appendix F -129
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )1 / n
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
1221.0397
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
78
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
1.2990
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
294.5750
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
194.8531 mm2
605
Totalflowarea(m ),AT
2
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.1179
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
166.2194
kg/hr
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
1409.7780 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -130
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
838.8215 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
5.16E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
3.5427474082 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.5803266637 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
1.6807
43015.675
3.1512
154.9206
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0036
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
8333.3 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0033
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
u 2s
m
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
(eqn.12.20)
Appendix F -131
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
15.6139 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
1.2990 m
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
1.1691 m
1.2974 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.3038 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
109113.8792 kg/hr
99.7838 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid
326.1350
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -132
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
965.3964 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
5.8331E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
4.1834076276 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
1.1730 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
2614.806
2.0803
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0130
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
3753.935 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
0.1034 m/s
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0850
Shell side presure drop, Ps
k f j h RePr
h s=
De
1/ 3
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
Appendix F -133
42201.6211 Pa
(acceptable)
42.2016 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m2.oC
3753.935
8333.3
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m2.oC
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5500
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01575
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
0.0009426041
Uo=
1060.8908096623 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Material
FeedPressure
Shellandtube
353.4419
CarbonSteel
25.7bar
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -134
BareModuleCost,BMC
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
For100<S<10000ft2,
Co
5000
So
400
a
0.65
UF
3.219048
3804.42
21618.1387
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$228,951
870,012
Appendix F -135
HeatExchanger,X29
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
lighthydrocarbon
naturalgases
2437.400
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell
NaturalGases
tube
LightHydrocarbon
387.57
284.15
294.15
333.15
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
1.907
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.474
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.8000
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
26.2197
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -136
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
20.9758
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
300 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
387.3361 m2
4169.2514 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
16
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
15.75
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5587
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
2652
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
2.207
Appendix F -137
Thebundlediameter,Db
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
1272.7693
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
77
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
1.3498
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
308.6500
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
194.8531 mm2
663
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.1292
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
4.5877
Fluidvelocity,f
massvelocity,f
kg/s
v f =m / A T
35.5055 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -138
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
2.6873 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
8.10E06 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
10.8426291636 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.1432749949 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uDti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
13.2123
69081.032
0.6126
154.9206
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0038
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(eqn.12.15)
2031.431 W/m2.C
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0035
Appendix F -139
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
(eqn.12.20)
3.2077 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
(acceptable)
1.3498 m
1.2148 m
1.3482 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.3279 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
40225.6368 kg/hr
34.0729 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Baffle
diameter
Appendix F -140
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
340.8600
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(stream)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
1.9887 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.8326E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
2.9956912165 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.0745 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
56934.549
0.7367
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0025
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
708.9748 W/m2.C
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0500
17.1332 m/s
Appendix F -141
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
1334974.4710 Pa
(acceptable)
1334.9745 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
708.9748
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
2031.431
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01575
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0025589571
390.7841929138 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -142
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Shellandtube
387.3361
CarbonSteel
5.07bar
Material
FeedPressure
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
For100<S<10000ft2,
C=C0 ( S / S0 )
Co
5000
BareModuleCost,BMC
So
400
a
0.65
BMC =BC (C )MF
UF
3.219048
MaterialsandPressureCorrectionFactor,MPF
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
4169.25
22943.9805
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$242,992
923,370
Appendix F -143
HeatExchanger,X30
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)
1shelland2tubes
Splitringfloatinghead
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
OrganicSolvent
Methanol
1044.601
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell
Methanol
tube
OrganicSolvent
294.15
263.15
292.26
284.15
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetoshell
T2=outlettemperaturefromshell
t1=inlettemperaturetotube
t2=outlettemperaturefromtube
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
0.090
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.677
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.9800
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
17.8860
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
FtTlm=
17.5283
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -144
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
450 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformulae,
lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Q
UT lm
Provisionalarea,A
132.4336 m2
1425.5029 ft2
b)Tuberating(App.5.2,TranportProcesses)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
Carbonsteel
16
2.44
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
15.75
16.3
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m2)
0.1460
1.5587
(ft2)
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
Numberoftube,Nt
A
At
907
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition)
TriangularpitchK1
0.249
(2passes)n
Thebundlediameter,Db
2.207
Appendix F -145
(eqn.12.3b)
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
782.6410
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
73
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.8556
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(K)
Tmean=(Tc.in+Tc,out)/2
Meantemperature(K)
273.6500
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
4
At=
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
Tubeperpass=Nt
194.8531 mm2
227
Totalflowarea(m ),AT
2
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0442
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
4.5877
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
massvelocity,f
103.8450 kg/m2.s
Appendix F -146
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid
Physicalproperties
density, t
2.6873 kg/m3
Viscosity, tL
8.10E06 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
10.8426291636 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.1432749949 W/m.K
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
uD ti
Cp
linearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
38.6429
202045.508
0.6126
154.9206
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.0030
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi(W/m2.C)
4690.6177761291
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0023
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s =N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
(eqn.12.20)
Appendix F -147
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
Baffle Spacing , l B =0. 9D s
(acceptable)
0.8556 m
Baffle
diameter
0.7701 m
0.8540 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.1318 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s w s / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
720925.4752 kg/hr
1519.6103 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
(eqn.12.23)
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
293.2065
Appendix F -148
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(stream)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
799.8603 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
5.1581E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Csp
3.6981344329 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ksf
0.6155 W/m.K
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=G s D e /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
2539213.908
3.0990
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0008
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs(W/m2.C)
(eqn.12.25)
134265.25076058
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0320
1.8998 m/s
Appendix F -149
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.26)
6319096.4457 Pa
(acceptable)
6319.0964 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
134265.25076058
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
4690.6177761291
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
2 o
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m . C(fromTable12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m. C
16.3
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01575
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1 1 d to ln (d to / d ti ) d to 1 d to 1
= +
+
+ +
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
0.000818373
Uo=
1221.9366306095 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
Costing
Type
Area(m2)
Material
FeedPressure
Shellandtube
132.4336
CarbonSteel
5.07bar
(eqn.12.1)
Appendix F -150
WithreferencetocostingmethodproposedbyL.T.Biegler,
BaseCost,C
C=C0 (S/ S0 )
BareModuleCost,BMC
For100<S<10000ft2,
Co
5000
So
400
a
0.65
UF
3.219047619
MPF=Fm ( F p + F d )
Totalarea(ft2)
Basecost,C($)
Modularfactor,MF
Designfactor,Fd
Pressurefactor,Fp
Materialfactor,Fm
MPF
Baremodulecost($)
Baremodulecost(RM)
1425.50
11421.1619
3.29
1.0 (Floatinghead)
0
1 (CS/CS)
1
$120,958
459,639
Appendix F -151
Heater X-34
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)(Q)
Splitflowshelland2tubes
FixedandUTube
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
Organicsolvent
Steam
12935.46000
a)Equipmentsizing
shell(t)
Steam
tube(T)
Organic
solvent
Tin(K)
523.15
331.19
Tout(K)
423.15
353.15
Stream
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetotube
T2=outlettemperaturefromtube
t1=inlettemperaturetoshell
t2=outlettemperaturefromshell
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
4.5537340619
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
S=
0.1144
Ftcanbeobtainedfromeqn12.8(vol.6),
Ft=
0.976
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
Appendix F -152
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
(eqn.12.4)
127.0090
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
Tm = FtTlm =
124.0151
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
800 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformula,
lm
Q
UT lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Provisionalarea,A=
130.3819 m2
1403.4194 ft2
=
b)Tuberating(FromApp.5.
2,TranportProcesses
by,ChristieJ.Geankoplis)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
StainlessSteel
16
4.88
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
15.75
44.0
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m )=
2
(ft2)=
0.2921
3.1437
Appendix F -153
Numberoftube,Nt
N t=
A
At
Numberoftube,Nt
446
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition),page523
Triangularpitch
K1
0.249
(2passes)
n
2.207
Pt
Thebundlediameter,Db
1/ n
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
(eqn.12.3b)
567.6654
60
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.62767
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(TH.in+TH,out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
342.1700
Appendix F -154
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
ti2
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
At=
194.8531 mm2
Tubeperpass=Nt
223
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0434941
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
216.6034
kg/s
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
Fluidmassvelocity,f
4980.0634 kg/m2.s
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid(simulationresult)
Physicalpropertiesoforganicsolvent
organic solvent density, t
838.4112 kg/m3
Viscosity of , tL
5.15E04 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
Thermalconductivity,ktf
3.5453121354 kJ/kg.K
0.579725796 W/m.K
1cp(Ns/m2)=
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
uD ti
Prandtlnumber,Pr
Pr =
Cp
kf
1.00E03
Appendix F -155
steamlinearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
5.9399
1.5237E+05
3.1481
309.8413
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.00320
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
26202.7833
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.00250
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
2
u s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt(atm)
(eqn.12.20)
257.2607 kPa
2.538965529
Appendix F -156
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
0.6277 m
Baffle
diameter
0.5649 m
0.6261 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.070913 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s ws / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
65.102979 kg/s
918.0619 kg/s.m2
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
(eqn.12.23)
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(steam)
473.1500
Appendix F -157
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
0.4211 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.82E-05 Ns/m2
1.98692E+00 kJ/kg.K
Heatcapacity,Csp
Thermalconductivity,ksf
Reynoldnumber,Re
0.0381499 W/m.K
Re G s De /
(eqn.12.24)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
6.8153E+05
0.9490
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0009
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.25)
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs(W/m2.C)
1700.3221358651
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
2179.9965 m/s
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0340
u2s 0 .14
P s =8 j f ( D s / D e )( L /l B )
(
)
2
w
Shell side presure drop,
Ps (atm)
(eqn.12.26)
109108878.2618 Pa
109108.8783 kPa
1076.8209056181
Appendix F -158
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
1700.3221358651
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
26202.7833
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
2 o
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m . C(Table12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m. C
44.0
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01575
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1
1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to
1 d
1
= +
+
+
+ to
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi (eqn.12.2)
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0011173685
894.959896056 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
i)Costing(Guthrie'sModularMethod)
TotalareaoftheHeatExchanger=
OperatingPressure=
CEPlantCostIndexfor2003,CEI03=
CEPlantCostIndexfor19681/2,CEI68=
Updatefactor=
=
130.3819 m
= 1403.4180838 ft2
4.75 bar
405.6
2
126.00
405.6
126.00
3.219047619
Appendix F -159
Base Cost,
C0=
S0=
=
Updated Bare Module Cost :
5000
400
0.65
BMC= (UF)(MPF+MF-1) (BC)
1,403.41808
11,305.834
3.2900
0.8500
0.0000
2.5000
2.1250
160,679.59
610,582.44
Utility cost:
H (250C, 475 kPa,super) =
H (150C, saturated)
=
H
2961.85
632.1
2329.75
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Steam flow, mc
Qmax/H
=
=
5.5523
=
5552.3
=
308
The amout of water need to be heated to obtain the amount of steam;
=
5.5523
=
19988
=
=
19.9883
kg/s
g/s
gmol/s
kg/s
kg/hr
m3/hr
172,698.5933 m3/yr
Assume the water will be flowed to the incinerator to generate steam before flowing to the
1.15 /m3
198,603.38
Appendix F -160
Cooler X-35
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)(Q)
Splitflowshelland2tubes
FixedandUTube
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
R12
water
68805.55600
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
Tout(K)
shell(t)
Methanol
tube(T)
R12
299.82
479.75
324.82
368.15
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetotube
T2=outlettemperaturefromtube
t1=inlettemperaturetoshell
t2=outlettemperaturefromshell
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
0.2240143369
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.6202
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.950
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
105.7872
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -161
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
Tm = FtTlm =
100.4978
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
454.264 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformula,
lm
Q
UT lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Provisionalarea,A=
150.7157 m2
1622.2900 ft2
=
b)Tuberating
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
StainlessSteel
16
4.88
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
15.75
44.0
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m )=
2
(ft2)=
0.2921
3.1437
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
A
At
Numberoftube,Nt
516
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25D to
Appendix F -162
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition),page523
Triangularpitch
K1
0.249
(2passes)
n
2.207
Pt
Thebundlediameter,Db
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )1/ n
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
(eqn.12.3b)
606.1934
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
63
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.66919
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(TH.in+TH,out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
423.9500
ti2
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
At=
Tubeperpass=Nt
194.8531
258
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
0.0502772
Appendix F -163
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
12.7199
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
Fluidmassvelocity,f
252.9944
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid(simulationresult)
Physicalpropertiesoforganicsolvent
organic solvent density, t
5.9838 kg/m3
Viscosity of , tL
1.06E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
0.5676501811 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.0083412529 W/m.K
1cp=
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
uD ti
Pr =
steamlinearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
kf
42.2799
3.7741E+05
0.7185
309.8413
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.00270
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
w
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Appendix F -164
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.00170
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
u2s
m
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
71.8151 kPa
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
0.6692
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
0.6023
0.6676
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.080608
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s ws / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
200.257076
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
2484.3456
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
D e=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
(eqn.12.23)
D e=
Appendix F -165
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
13.5265
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
312.3200
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(steam)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
799.8603 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
5.16E-04 Ns/m2
3.69813E+00 kJ/kg.K
Heatcapacity,Csp
Thermalconductivity,ksf
Reynoldnumber,Re
0.6155396 W/m.K
Re G s De /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
6.5148E+04
3.0990
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0028
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
(eqn.12.25)
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
3.1060
Appendix F -166
frictionfactor,jf
0.0500
u2s 0 .14
P s =8 j f ( D s / D e )( L /l B )
(
)
2 w
618633.2884 Pa
618.6333 kPa
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m2.oC
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m2.oC
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m2.oC(Table12.2,vol.Six)
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m.oC
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
1
1
1 d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to
1 d
1
= +
+
+
+ to
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0019335603
517.1806525014 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Nbaffle
Appendix F -167
i)Costing(Guthrie'sModularMethod)
TotalareaoftheHeatExchanger=
=
OperatingPressure=
CEPlantCostIndexfor2003,CEI03=
CEPlantCostIndexfor19681/2,CEI68=
Updatefactor=
150.7157
1622.2884624286
4.75
405.6
126.00
405.6
126.00
3.219047619
5000
400
0.65
BMC= (UF)(MPF+MF-1) (BC)
1,622.28846
12,422.650
3.2900
0.8500
0.0000
2.5000
2.1250
176,551.89
670,897.18
Appendix F -168
Cost of Coolant:
Mass flowrate of R-12 needed
=
-12.7199
Assume that the coolant R-12 will be recycled in a cycle in 10 minutes, which equal to 600s.
Total of coolant needed
=
-7631.9152
From the website, we obtained 50 pound of R-12a is sold at US 160;
Price for coolant
= US
3.2
/pound
= RM
27.02
/kg
The cost for coolant = RM
-206231.309417173
Cost of Mechanical Refrigeration Unit:
For the coolant/refrigerate to cold down to its initial temperature for recycling to the cooler X-35,
an air cooled mechanical refrigeration unit is installed.
From Ulrich (1984);
The rate of heat absorbtion, Q
=
68805.55600
The temperature of coolant
=
479.75000
=
206.60000
From Figure 5-11, Ulrich (1984);
Bare module cost for the air-cooled refrigeration unit = US $
Updated factor
=
1.29
Updated module cost, BMC
= US $
1,935,000.00
= RM
7,353,000.00
Appendix F -169
Splitflowshelland2tubes
FixedandUTube
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
R12
water
68805.55600
Appendix F -170
Appendix F -171
mm2
Appendix F -172
kg/s
kg/m2.s
1.00E03 Ns/m2
mber,Pr
kf
483.8899 W/m2.C
Appendix F -173
(eqn.12.20)
0.7087598514 atm
Baffle
m
diameter
m
m
mm
m2
kg/s
kg/s.m2
Appendix F -174
mm
12056.9102221634 W/m2.C
m/s
Appendix F -175
(eqn.12.26)
6.1054358586 atm
12056.9102221634
483.8899
5000
5000
44.0
0.01575
0.01905
(eqn.12.2)
Appendix F -176
ft2
bar
hemical Process
Appendix F -177
kg/s
tes, which equal to 600s.
kg
KW
K
oC
1,500,000
Appendix F -169
Cooler X-35
Heatexchangertype
Designtype
Heatexchangerorientation
Tubeinletdirection
Numberofparallelplate
Tubesidestreamfeed
Tubeside
Shellside
Heatduty(kW)(Q)
Splitflowshelland2tubes
FixedandUTube
Horizontal
Horizontal
1
1
R12
methanol
26.08619
a)Equipmentsizing
Stream
Tin(K)
shell(t)
Methanol
tube(T)
R12
294.15
263.15
293.15
278.15
Tout(K)
T1
T2
t2
t1
T1=inlettemperaturetotube
T2=outlettemperaturefromtube
t1=inlettemperaturetoshell
t2=outlettemperaturefromshell
R= (T1T2)/(t2t1)
R=
0.0666666667
S= (t2t1)/(T1t1)
(eqn.12.6)
(eqn.12.7)
S=
0.4839
Ftcanbeobtainedfromfig12.19(vol.6),
Ft=
0.980
Tlm can be calculated from the equation,
T lm =
( T 1 t 2 )( T 2 t 1 )
(T 1 t 2 )
ln
(T 2 t 1 )
Tlm=
22.2714
Therefore,theactualtemperaturedifferenceis
Tm = FtTlm =
21.8260
(eqn.12.4)
Appendix F -170
Assumption:(Table12.1,'Chem.Eng',Vol.6)
U
800 W/(C.m2)
Provisionalareaofheatexchanger,Acanbeobtainedtroughtheformula,
lm
Q
UT lm
Q=UA Talignl
A=
Provisionalarea,A=
1.4940 m2
16.0811 ft2
b)Tuberating(FromApp.5.2,TranportProcesses
by,ChristieJ.Geankoplis)
Material
BWGnumber
LengthoftubeLt(m)
StainlessSteel
16
4.88
Outerdiameter,Dto(mm)
19.05
Innerdiameter,Dti(mm)
15.75
44.0
MaterialThermalConductivity(W/m.K)
Heattransferareaofatube,At
to
A t = Lt Dalignl
Areaofonetube,At(m )=
2
(ft2)=
0.2921
3.1437
Numberoftube,Nt
Nt=
A
At
Numberoftube,Nt
Tubepitchisthedistancebetweentubecentresandformulatedas
Pt =1. 25Dto
Tubepitch,Pt(mm)
23.8125
Appendix F -171
FromTable12.4,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(1stEdition),page523
Triangularpitch
K1
0.249
(2passes)
n
2.207
Pt
Thebundlediameter,Db
D b = D to ( N t / K 1 )1/ n (eqn.12.3b)
Bundlediameter,Db(mm)
74.9336
FromChemicalEngineering,Vol.6(figure12.10)
Shellbundleclearance(mm)
50
ForSplitringfloatinghead,
Ds=Db+shellbundleclearance
Shellinternaldiameter,Ds(m)
0.12493
c)Tubesidecoefficient
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(TH.in+TH,out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
270.6500
ti2
Tubecrosssectionalarea,At
At=
Tubeperpass=Nt
194.8531 mm2
3
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
A T = N t At
Totalflowarea(m2),AT
Massflowrate(insidetube),m
0.0004984
2.8719
kg/s
Appendix F -172
Fluidvelocity,f
v f =m / A T
Fluidmassvelocity,f
5762.4214 kg/m2.s
Physicalpropertiesofthetubesidefluid(simulationresult)
Physicalpropertiesoforganicsolvent
organic solvent density, t
5.9838 kg/m3
Viscosity of , tL
1.26E05 Ns/m2
Heatcapacity,Ctp
0.6055562135 kJ/kg.K
Thermalconductivity,ktf
0.0106691796 W/m.K
1cp=
1.00E03 Ns/m2
Linearvelocity,u
u= v f /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Re=
Prandtlnumber,Pr
uD ti
Pr =
steamlinearvelocity,u(m/s)
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
L/Dti
Cp
kf
963.0037
7.2007E+06
0.7154
309.8413
Fromfigure12.23,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
Heattransferfactor,jh
0.00270
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
k f j h RePr 0 .33
hi =
D ti
0. 14
( )
(eqn.12.15)
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient,hi
(assumingviscosityofthefluidisidenticalatthewallandofthebulkfluid)
11791.9849 W/m2.C
Appendix F -173
d)Tubesidepressuredrop
Fromfigure12.24'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.00170
Tubesidepressuredrop,Pt
u 2s
m
P s = N p [ 8 j f ( L / D ti )(
) + 2. 5 ]
w
2
where m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re<2100
m = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re>2100
Np = number of tube side passes
Tubesidepressuredrop,
Pt
(eqn.12.20)
37256.6692 kPa
367.6947371 atm
e)Shellsidecoefficient
Shelldiameter,Ds
Baffle
0.1249 m
Baffle Spacing , l B = 0. 9D s
0.1124 m
0.1233 m
BaffleDiameter
Tubepitch,Pt
23.8125 mm
Crossflowarea,As
A s=
( pt D to ) D s l B
pt
Crossflowarea,As
(eqn.12.21)
0.002810 m2
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
G s ws / As
Massflow(insideshell),Ws
11.173788 kg/s
Shellsidemassvelocity,Gs
3977.1254 kg/s.m2
diameter
Appendix F -174
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
De=
1.1
( p2z 0 . 971 D 2to )
D to
(eqn.12.23)
Shellsideequivalentdiameter,De
13.5265 mm
Meantemperature(C)
Tmean=(Tshell.in+Tshell.out)/2
Meantemperature(C)
293.6500
Physicalpropertiesofshellfluid(steam)
Physicalproperties
Fluid density, s
1.9887 kg/m3
Viscosity, sL
1.83E-05 Ns/m2
2.99569E+00 kJ/kg.K
Heatcapacity,Csp
Thermalconductivity,ksf
Reynoldnumber,Re
0.0745250 W/m.K
Re G s De /
Reynoldnumber,Re
Prandtlnumber,Pr
(eqn.12.24)
2.9355E+06
0.7367
Selecting15%forbafflecut
Fromfigure12.29,ChemicalEngineering,Vol.6
HeatTransferFactor,jh
0.0008
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
k f j h RePr 1/ 3
h s=
De
w
0 . 14
( )
Shellsideheattransfercoefficient,hs
(eqn.12.25)
11697.42886 W/m2.C
Appendix F -175
f)Shellsidepressuredrop
Linearvelocity,us
us =G s /
Linearvelocity,us
1999.8619 m/s
Fromfigure12.30'ChemicalEngineering'.Vol.6
frictionfactor,jf
0.0320
us 0 .14
P s =8 j f ( D s / D e )( L /l B )
(
)
2
w
(eqn.12.26)
408105712.7656 Pa
408105.7128 kPa
4027.690232 atm
g)OverallCoefficient
Outsidefluidfilmcoefficient,hs,W/m2.oC
11697.42886
Insidefluidfilmcoefficient,hi,W/m . C
2 o
11791.9849
Outsidedirtcoefficient(foulingfactor),hod,W/m . C
2 o
5000
Insidedirtcoefficient,hid,W/m . C(Table12.2,vol.Six)
5000
Thermalconductivityofthetubewallmaterial,kw,W/m. C
44.0
2 o
Tubeinsidediameter,Dti,m
0.01575
Tubeoutsidediameter,Dto,m
0.01905
Overallheattransfercoefficientcanbecalculatedbyusingtheformula
d to ln ( d to / d ti ) d to
1
1
1
1 d to 1 (eqn.12.2)
= +
+
+
U o h s hod
2 kw
d ti hid d ti hi
Therefore,
1/Uo=
Uo=
0.0006711451
1489.990789297 W/m2.C
h)Numberofbaffle,Nb
Numberofbaffle,Nb
N b =( L /l B )1
Appendix F -176
Nbaffle
42
i)Costing(Guthrie'sModularMethod)
TotalareaoftheHeatExchanger=
OperatingPressure=
CEPlantCostIndexfor2003,CEI03=
CEPlantCostIndexfor19681/2,CEI68=
Updatefactor=
=
1.4940 m
= 16.0811302128 ft2
4.75 bar
405.6
2
126.00
405.6
126.00
3.219047619
5000
400
0.65
BMC= (UF)(MPF+MF-1) (BC)
16.08113
619.066
3.2900
0.8500
0.0000
2.5000
2.1250
8,798.22
33,433.24
Appendix F -177
Utility cost:
Cost of Coolant R-12:
Mass flowrate of R-12 needed
=
2.8719 kg/s
Assume that the coolant R-12 will be recycled in a cycle in 10 minutes, which equal to 600s.
Total of coolant needed
=
1723.1226 kg
From the website, we obtained 50 pound of R-12a is sold at US 160;
Price for coolant
= US
3.2
/pound
= RM
27.02
/kg
The cost for coolant = RM
46562.6019443245
Cost of Mechanical Refrigeration Unit:
For the coolant/refrigerate to cold down to its initial temperature for recycling to the
cooler X-36, an air cooled mechanical refrigeration unit is installed.
From Ulrich (1984);
The rate of heat absorbtion, Q
=
26.08619 KW
The temperature of coolant
=
263.15000 K
=
-10.00000 oC
From Figure 5-11, Ulrich (1984);
Bare module cost for the air-cooled refrigeration unit = US $
15,000
Updated factor
=
1.29
Updated module cost, BMC
= US $
19,350.00
= RM
73,530.00