Engineering Mathematics

DT022/3
DT023/3
DT024/3
DT026/3
DT027/3

12930MATH 3111
12931MATH 3111
13010CBEH 3111
8819MATH 3111
13121CBEH 3002

DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BOLTON STREET, DUBLIN 1
__________

Bachelor of Engineering (Honours)

(Building Services, Civil, Manufacturing,
Mechanical, Structural)
_________

THIRD YEAR
SEMESTER 1
JANUARY 2011

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Dr Pat Carroll

TIME : 3 HOURS

Answer ALL of the following 4 questions

All questions carry equal marks.
Attachments: Formula Sheet and Mathematics Handbook

Formula

Sheet: Third Year

Q1(iv) :

Gregory-Newton forward formula

f(a+nh)=f 0 +nf(a)+

n(n-1) 2
n(n-1)(n-2) 3
f(a)+
f(a)+
2!
3!

Gregory-Newton backward formula

f(a+nh)=f(a)+n f(a)+

n(n+1)
2!

Q3: Central Differences:

dy yi+1 -yi-1
=
dx
2h
d2 y 1
=
yi +1 -2yi +yi-1
dx 2 h 2
Q4 FOURIER SERIES Period 2L

Even Function:f(-x)=f(x)
Full Range for even function -L to L
1
f(x)= a0
2

an cos
1

n
x
L

a0

2
f ( x)dx
L0

an

2
n
f ( x) cos
xdx
L0
L

Odd Function:f(-x)=-f(x)
Full Range for odd function -L to L
f(x)=

bn sin
1

n
x; b n
L

2
n
f ( x) sin
xdx
L0
L

f(a)+

n(n+1)(n+2)
3!

f(a)

1 (a)

(i)

Sketch the region of integration covered by the double

(xy 2 +2)dA

integral

where R is the triangle with

vertices (0,0), ( 1,0) and ( 1,3)

(2)

(ii)

Write the integral with the appropriate limits in both directions

(3)

(iii)

Evaluate the integral in either order.

(4)

2 7 0

(b) The dominant eigenvalue of the matrix A= 1 3 1 is 9.

5 0 8
(i) Find its corresponding eigenvector
(ii) Use the deflation method to calculate the other 2 eigenvalues.
What is the trace of A?
(c) complete the matrix A=

(2)
(4)

3 10
(find values of a and b) so that A has
a b

2
5
and
.
(5)
1
2
(d) Form a difference table using the data in the following table and approximate the
value of y at x= 4.7 through a Newton-Gregory procedure. Explain briefly how you
would amend your calculations in order to estimate y at x= 1.3
(5)
eigenvectors

x 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

4 4.5 5 5.5 6
y 43.1 28 19.3 14 10.6 8.2 6.6 5.4 4.5 3.8

-1 0

(a) Find the values of a and b for which the matrix A= -1 3

0 a

2.

a
b

has 0
as an eigenvector.
1
(b) find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A.
(c) since A is symmetric comment on one special feature of
the eigenvectors.
(d) Set up a matrix P such that P-1AP is a diagonal matrix D.
Write down this diagonal matrix.
(e) The motion of a system is given by the following equations:
dx
= 2x
y
dt
dy
= -x + 3y +
z
dt
dz
=
y
+ 2z
dt
(i) Write this system of equations in matrix form.

(2)
(8)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(ii) Use the substitution X= PU, where P is the matrix created in (d)
above, to transform these equations to diagonal form.
(4)
(iii) Hence solve them.
(4)
d 2 y dy
-x
+4y=0
dx 2 dx
dy
4; y 7 at x=2;
16 at x=4
dx

(1-x 2 )

3.

2 x
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

State the central difference approximations for both the first and second
derivatives.
(2)
Set up a computation scheme to replace the differential equation with a
linear equation at any point xi in the given interval.
(8)
Mark out 4 divisions of the given x interval above and recast the
differential equation at each point as a linear equation.
(8)
Express these equations in matrix form.
(2)
Explain briefly how you would amend the procedure if
(a) y 1 at x=1 and y=7 at x=2 (b) y 1 and dy =2 at x=1
dx

(5)

4.

(a)

Sketch the region of integration covered by the double

4-x 2

integral

x dydx .

(3)

Calculate the value of the integral by any one of the following methods
(6)
(i)
by converting to polar co-ordinates
(ii)
as it stands
(iii) by changing the order of integration.
(b)
(i) Confirm that F=3x 2 y 2 i+2x 3 yj is a conservative field.
(3)
(ii)Find the work done by this force in moving a particle
from A (1,2) to B(2,3).
(5)
(c) A rectangle box, open at the top, has a volume of 32 cubic metres.
Find its dimensions in order for the least amount of material to be used in its
construction.
(8)

SOLUTIONS

Solution to Q1

1
2

(xy +2)dA
R

3x
0

3
2

(xy +2)dydx or

3x
0

1
y
3

(xy 2 +2)dxdy

(xy 2 +2)dydx

Inner :
1

3x
0

I= (9x 4 6x)dx=
0

xy
3

(xy 2 +2)dy=
9x
5

3x

9x 4 6x

2y
0
1

3x 2

1.8 3 4.8
0

(b)
2 7 0
AX1 = 1 3 1

a
b

a
9 b

5 0 8

2a+7b 9a

7a+7b=0

a+3b+c=9b
a-6b+c=0 1-6+c=0

a=b=1

c=5

1
Eigenvector is 1
5

Deflation:
Set up a new matrix A-X1a1

X1is the eigenvector for =9

and a1 is first row of matrix A
A-X1a1

2 7 0

1 3 1

1 2 7 0

5 0 8

2 7 0

1 3 1

5 0 8

10 35 0

1
5

4 1
35 8

0
1
5

0
4
35

0
1
8

0
4

1
35

( 4

8
)(8

) 35 0

4 3 0
( 3)( 1) 0
Eigenvalues are 9, 3, 1
Trace of A is 13

(c) complete the matrix A=

eigenvectors

3 10
a

3 10

2
and
1

5
.
2

; one eigenvector is

2
1

2
1

16
a+b

3 10
(find values of a and b) below so that A has
a b

2
1

Also: 2a+b=8
A

3 10
5
; other eigenvector is
a b
-2

3 10
a b

5
-2

-5

5
-2

5a-2b

-2

also 5a-2b=-1(-2)=2
we have 2 equations for a and b:
2a+b =8
5a-2b= 2
Hence a=2 and b=4
A=

3 10
2 4

(d)

x
y
1.5 43.1

15.1
2

28

6.4
8.7

2.5 19.3

3
3.4

5.3
3

14

1.5
1.9

3.4
3.5 10.6

0.7

8.2

0.2
0.8

1.6
4.5

6.6

0.4

5.4

0.1

0.3

0.3
0.9

5.5

0.2
0.4

1.2
5

0.6
0.9

2.4
4.0

1.5

4.5

0.1
0.2

0.7
6

3.8

Backward differences:
f(x+nh)=f(x)+n f(x)+
x+nh=4.7
x=4.5
nh=0.2
h=0.5
n=0.4

n(n+1)
2

f(x)

n(n+1)(n+2)
6

f(x) ...

0.4(1.4)
(0.8)
2
0.4(1.4)(2.4)
0.4(1.4)(2.4)(3.4)
( 0.2)
0.7
6
24
6.3

f(4.7)=6.6+0.4(-1.6)+

For x=1.8 use forward difference Newton Gregory with n=0.6

Solution to Q2
(a)

-1 0

-1 3
0 a

a
b

=2
and -1+a=0

0
1

0
1

1 a
b

a=1

and b=2
2
A= 1
0

1 0
3 1
1 2

To get eigenvalues eigenvectors:

21
0

0
1

3
1

add R3 to R1
21
0

(2

1
0
). 1 3
0
1

1
1

2
1
1

=2 is one root
1
0
1 3
0
1

(3
2

1
1
2

3-

2-

)(2
5

1
0
C1 to C3 1 3
0
1
0

) 2 0
4 0

4)( 1) 0
4,1
eigenvalues are, 4, 2, 1

1
2: we know that V1

0
1
1

1: AV2 1V2 leads to V2

1
-1

1
4: V3

-2
-1

0
2
2

V1

0 ; V2

1 ; V3

-2

-1

-1

V1.V2

0;

V2 .V3

V1.V3

hence : modal matrix P

2 0 0
P 1AP

0 1 0
0 0 4

-2

1 -1

x
y
z

2
A= 1
0

let X
X

1 0
3 1
1 2

PU where U

AX

u
v
w

PU

But X

AX

PU

AX

P -1PU
U
u

6u

3w

APU

P -1APU

DU

u
v
w

Ae 2t

Since X

DU
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 4

u
v
w

Be t
w

Ce 4t

PU

x
y
z

Solution:
x=Ae 2t +Be t +Ce 4t
y=

x
y
z

Be t -2Ce 4t

z=Ae 2t - Be t -Ce4t

1 1 1
0 1 -2
1 -1 1

Ae 2t
Be t
Ce 4t

Solution to Q3
d 2 y dy
-x
+4y=0
dx 2 dx
dy
4; y 7 at x=2;
16 at x=4
dx
(1-x 2 )

2 x

This involves 4 points as we have a gradient condition at x=4.

We need to create a virtual point at x=4.5

Call this y5
dy5 y5 y3
16
dx
2(0.5)
y5 y3 16
d2y 1
=
yi +1 2 yi yi 1
dx 2 h 2
dy yi 1 yi 1
dx
2h
1
1
h 0.5
1; 2 4
2h
h
1
(1 xi 2 ) yi +1 2 yi yi
2
(0.5)
4(1 xi 2 ) yi +1 2 yi

yi

xi yi

xi

yi 1 yi 1
2(0.5)

4 yi

yi

4 yi

i 1; x 1 2.5;(1 2.52 )
4( 5.25) y2 2 y1 7
21 y2 2 y1 7

5.25; y 0

2.5 y2 7

2.5 y2 7

4 y1

4 y1

46y1 -23.5y 2 +0y3 +0y 4 =129.5

2; x 1 3;

4(1 x2 2 ) y3 2 y2

x2 y3

y1

3 y3

y1

4 y2

29 y1 68 y 2 35 y3 0 y4

32 y3 2 y2

(1)

3; x 2

y1

y1

45 y4 2 y3

0
(2)

y2

y2

3.5 y4

3.5 y4

y2

0 y1 41.5 y 2 94 y3 48.5 y4

4; x 2

3.5;

4(1 x32 ) y4 2 y3

4 y2

4; y5

y2

4 y3

4 y3

0
(3)

y3 16

4(1 x4 2 ) y5 2 y4

y3

4 y5

60 y3 16 2 y4

y3

4 y3 16 y3

60 2 y3 16 2 y4

4 16

y3

4 y4

0 y1 0 y 2 120 y3 124 y4 1024

4 y4

0
4 y4

0
(4)

46y1 -23.5y 2 +0y3 +0y 4 =

129.5

(1)

29 y1 68 y 2 35 y3 0 y4

(2)

0 y1 41.5 y 2 94 y3 48.5 y4

(3)

0 y1 0 y 2 120 y3

1024

(4)

124 y4

46

23.5

y1

129.5

29

68

35

0
0

41.5
0

94
120

48.5
124

y2
y3

(v) Change of conditions:

(a) Still a Boundary Value Problem

This reduces matrix to a 3 by 3:
as there are just 3 intermediate points.

(b)
This is a Initial Value problem:
Solved by Runge Kutta

y4

0
1024

Solution to no 4
Sketch the region of integration covered by the double

(a)

4-x 2

integral

x dydx .

Calculate the value of the integral by any one of the following 3

methods
(i) as it stands
(ii) by changing the order of integration
(iii) by converting to polar co-ordinates
4-x 2

I=

Inner:

x dydx

4-x 2
0

x dy= xy

4 x2
0

x 4

x2

I= x 4

x2

use substitution u=4-x 2

du
2x
dx
du=-2xdx
1
xdx=- du
2
new limits:
x=0 u=4
x=2, u=0
0

1 12
1 12
1 2 32
I=- .u du= .u du=
u
2
2
2
3
4
0

8
3

Polar:

4-x 2

I=

x dydx

area is quarter circle of radius 2 centred at origin

limist are : r=0 to 2;
2
0

Inner:
2

I=
0

2
0
2
0

8
cos
3

0 to

(rcos ) r drd
(r 2 cos ) dr

d =

8
sin
3

r3
cos
3
2
0

8
3

8
cos
3

(b)

(i) Confirm that F=3x 2 y 2 i+2x 3 yj is a conservative field.

(ii)Find the work done by this force in moving a particle
from A (1,2) to B(2,3).

F=3x 2 y 2 i+2x 3 yj
B

Work = F.dr= (3x 2 y 2 i+2x 3 y j).dr

A

= 3x 2 y 2 dx +2x 3 ydy
A
B

= P dx+Q dy
A

P=3x 2 y 2 ; Q=2x 3 y
P
y

Q
x

6x 2 y ;

6x 2 y

P
Q
y
x
Hence F is conservative,
So work is independent of path.
B

3x 2 y 2 dx +2x 3 y dy
A
B

= P dx+Q dy
A

P
z
x
z
y

dz
A

z
x

3 x 2 y 2 ; Q=

3x 2 y 2
2x 3 y

z
z
dx+
dy
x
y

z
x

2 x3 y

z=x 3 y 2 +c
z=x 3 y 2 +c

z=x 3 y 2
work= z

x3 y2

(2,3)
(1,2)

72

68

(c) A rectangle box, open at the top, has a volume of 32 cubic metres.
Find its dimensions in order for the least amount of material to be used in its
construction.

S = f(x,y,z) = xy +2xy +2yz

We want to find x,y,z so that S is minimised subject to the
constraints that V =xyz =32.
i.e. find h and r so that
V = f(r,h) = r h is maximised subject to the condition that
S = g(r,h)= 2 r +2 rh = 100
or g(r,h) = 2 r +2 rh -100 =0
We want to find x,y,z so that
S = f(x,y,z) = xy + 2xz + 2yz is minimised subject to
V = g(x,y,z) = xyz - 32 =0
2

f
f
f
i
j
k
x
y
z
= (y + 2z)i + (x + 2z)j + (2x + 2y)k
g
g
g
i
j
k
x
y
z
= yzi + xzj + xyk

we want to find x, y, z so that f =

g.

i.e. equate co - efficients of i, j,k on both sides

respectively.

y + 2z = yz
x + 2z = xz
2x+2y= xy
Divide each of these across by yz, xz, and xy respectively
so that we get

1
z

2
y

1
z

Compare (1) with (2)

(2) with (3)

2
x

2
y

y=x
y = 2z

2
x

x = y = 2 z.
We want xyz= 32
(xx)( x / 2) = 32
x3
32
2
3
x 64
x
=4
y
=4
=
z2