Pengelasan BajaTahan Karat

BajaTahan Karat

Apa itu baja tahan karat(stainlesssteels)

SSdefinedasIronbasealloycontaining>10.5% Cr &<1.5%Candthey
areconsideredhighalloy
usedforcorrosionandheatresistantapplications especiallyinsalinesolutions,underoxidizing
conditions.
Corrosionresistanceisimpartedbytheformationofapassivationlayercharacterizedby:

Insolublechromiumoxidefilmonthesurfaceofthemetal (Cr2O3).
Developswhenexposedtooxygenandimpervioustowaterandair.
Layeristoothintobevisible
Quicklyreformswhendamaged
Susceptibletosensitization,pitting,crevicecorrosionandacidicenvironments.
Passivationcanbeimprovedbyaddingnickel,molybdenumandvanadium.

Ingeneralaminimumconcentrationof12%Crisrequiredtoobtainafilmthatcompletely
coverstheexposedsurfaceofasample.
TheCr2O3 inthesteelisverystableagainstattackbyanumberofchemicalsandelectrolytic
corrosionactions.

 Over150gradesofSSavailable,usuallycategorizedinto5series
containingalloysw/similarproperties.
AllSStypes
Weldable byvirtuallyallweldingprocesses
Processselectionoftendictatedbyavailableequipment
Simplest&mostuniversalweldingprocess
ManualSMAWwithcoatedelectrodes
Appliedtomaterial>1.2mm
Otherverycommonlyusedarcweldingprocesses forSS
GTAW,GMAW,SAW&FCAW

Optimalfillermetal(FM)
Doesnotoftencloselymatchbasemetalcomposition
Mostsuccessfulproceduresforonefamily
Oftenmarkedlydifferentforanotherfamily

 SSbasemetal&weldingFMchosenbasedon
Adequatecorrosionresistance forintended use

WeldingFMmustmatch/overmatchBMcontentw.r.t
Alloyingelements,e.g.Cr,Ni&Mo
Avoidanceofcracking

UnifyingthemeinFMselection&procedure
development
Hotcracking
Attemperatures <bulksolidustemperatureofalloy(s)
Coldcracking
Atratherlowtemperatures, typically<150C

Hotcracking
AslargeWeldMetal(WM) cracks

Usuallyalongweldcentreline
Assmall,shortcracks(microfissures)inWM/HAZ

Atfusionline&usuallyperpendiculartoit
MainconcerninAustenitic WMs
Commonremedy

Usemostlyaustenitic FMwithsmallamountofferrite
Notsuitablewhenrequirementisfor
Lowmagneticpermeability
Hightoughnessatcryogenictemperatures
Resistancetomediathatselectivelyattack ferrite(e.g.urea)
PWHTthatcanembrittle ferrite

 Coldcracking
Duetointeractionof
Highweldingstresses
Highstrengthmetal
Diffusiblehydrogen
CommonlyoccursinMartensitic WMs/HAZs
CanoccurinFerritic SSweldments embrittled by
Graincoarseningand/orsecondphaseparticles
Remedy
UseofmostlyausteniticFM(withappropriatecorrosion
resistance)

12%Crraisesthecritical
temperaturesandreducesthe
austeniteregion.
Withsufficientamountsofcarbon,
thesesteelscanbeheattreatedtoa
martensiticstructure.

A=Martensitic Alloys
B=Semi-Ferritic
C=Ferritic

Castro & Cadenet, Welding Metallurgy of

Stainless and Heat-resisting Steels
Cambridge University Press, 1974

GeneralPropertiesofStainlessSteels
ElectricalResistivity
Surface&bulkresistanceis
higherthanthatforplain
carbonsteels

ThermalConductivity
About40to50percentthat
ofplaincarbonsteel

MeltingTemperature

Plaincarbon:14801540C
Martensitic:14001530C
Ferritic:14001530C
Austenitic:13701450C

CoefficientofThermal
Expansion
Greatercoefficientthanplain
carbonsteels

HighStrength
Exhibithighstrengthatroom
andelevatedtemperatures

SurfacePreparation
Surfacefilmsmustbe
removedpriortowelding

SpotSpacing
Lessshuntingisobservedthan
plaincarbonsteels

GradesofStainlessSteel
Tomakeasteel"stainless"itneedstocontainaminimumof12%
Chromium(Cr).
Theproblemwith12%Cristhatitisfairlybrittleandonlyprovidesthe
minimumcorrosionresistance.IncreasingtheChromiumcontentto17%
improvescorrosionresistancebutincreasesbrittleness.Adding8%Nickel
makesthesteelductileagain.Thus18/8stainlesswasborn(304).316/
316LhasadditionalMolybdenumandhigherNickelwhichprovidesgreater
corrosionresistance.
Withstainlesswhenyouseetwonumbers theyalwaysrefertothe
ChromiumandNickelcontent 18/8is18%Crand8%Ni.Ifyouseethree
numbers like19/12/3theyrefertotheChromium,NickelandMolybdenum
content.316Lis19%Cr,12%Niand3%Mo.

Jenis baja tahan karat

In general, there are five types of stainless steels based on their crystal
structure and strengthening mechanisms. They are (AISI classes for SS ):
1. Austenitic stainless steels
200 series = chromium, nickel, manganese (austenitic)
300 series = chromium, nickel (austenitic)
2. Ferritic stainless steels
400 series = chromium only (ferritic)
3. Martensitic stainless steels
500 series = low chromium <12% (martensitic)
4. Precipitation-hardened stainless steels
600 series = Precipitation hardened series (17-7PH, 17-7 PH, 15-5PH)
5. Duplex stainless steels

Aplikasi
Foodindustry(cookware,flatware,foodtransportandstorage
tankers)duetoitscorrosionresistanceandantibacterialproperties.
Surgicalequipment
Aerospace
Highendautomotive,industrial,etc.

AusteniticSS

(Fe18%Cr8%Ni)C PhaseDiagram(BajaTahan Karat

Austenitik)
Nickel stabilizes the austenite, phase in
stainless steels (SS).
When 8% Ni is added to an 18% Cr steel
18/8 SS the -phase is stable down to room
temperature at very low C the three phase (
+ + carbide) eutectoid region is at lower
temperatures.
The high temperature -ferrite is also very
restricted.

( + + carbide) eutectoid

CharacteristicsofAusteniticStainless
steels
Chrome-nickel or chrome -nickel- manganese alloys Austenitic, non magnetic and do
not harden by heat treatment.
Total content of nickel and chromium is at least 23%
Difficult to machine. Can be improved by Selenium of sulfur additions.
Best high temperature strength and reistance to scaling. Hence the best corrosion
resistance.
Cold working causes work hardening.
Can be hot worked easily.
Type 302 stainless steel is more used.(austenitic). Modified into 22 different alloys.
Lowering the carbon to 0.08% gives stainless steel type 304 with improved weldability.
Used for most fabrication that needs welding.

The200/300SeriesofAusteniticStainlessSteels

These alloys are based on a minimum of 18% Cr 8% Ni with a maximum of 0.15C. Most common SS (roughly
70% of total SS production). Contain between 16 and 25 percent chromium, plus sufficient amount of nickel,
manganese and/or nitrogen.
Have a face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure, Nonmagnetic, Good toughness, Spot weldable, Strengthening can be
accomplished by cold work or by solid-solution strengthening

General use where corrosion resistance is needed. Used for flatware, cookware, architecture, automotive,
etc. Typical alloy 18% Cr and 10% Ni = commonly known as 18/10 stainless. Also have low carbon version of

Austenitic SS (316L or 304L) used to avoid corrosion problem caused by welding, L = carbon content < 0.03%
20% Cr 10% Ni have better properties for higher specifications such as very low carbon grade (L), eg., < 0.03% C is
prevents the formation of (CrFe)4C at grain boundaries, which depletes the Cr below 12% in the bulk.
Addition of 2-3% Mo enhances corrosion protection in neutral salt solutions. As well, very low carbon grade < 0.03% C
is required for welded components
Addition of Ti (5xC) or Nb (10 x C), enables carbon to be increased to 0.08% for welded products by forming TiC or
NbC instead of (FeCr)4C.

Austenitic, High strength, best corrosion resistance. High temp capability up to 1200 F. non-magnetic,
good ductility and toughness, not hardenable by heat treatment, but they can be strengthened via cold
working, best corrosion resistance but most expensive, corrosive in hydrochloric acid.

TypicalMicrostructureof300seriesofAusteniticStainlessSteels
Microstructures of 302 Stainless Steel containing 18Cr 8Ni 0.11C

Quenched from 985 oC

Austenite + annealing twins
(boundaries are lines) plus
undissolved carbides
(mag 1000x)

Quenched from 1205 oC

Course Austenite + annealing
twins and no undissolved carbides
(mag 1000x)

200/300SeriesSS(Austenitic):

MostcommonSS(roughly70%oftotalSSproduction)
Usedforflatware,cookware,architecture,automotive,etc.
0.15%C(max),16%Cr(min)andNiorManganese
Austenitic,Highstrength,bestcorrosionresistance.Hightempcapabilityupto
1200F.nonmagnetic,goodductilityandtoughness,nothardenable byheat
treatment,buttheycanbestrengthenedviacoldworking,bestcorrosion
resistancebutmostexpensive,corrosiveinhydrochloricacid.
Generalusewherecorrosionresistanceisneeded.
Typicalalloy18%Crand10%Ni=commonlyknownas18/10 stainless
AlsohavelowcarbonversionofAusteniticSS(316Lor304L)usedtoavoid
corrosionproblemcausedbywelding,L=carboncontent<0.03%

Common 300 series grades of SS:

300Seriesausteniticchromiumnickelalloys
Type301highlyductile,forformedproducts.Alsohardensrapidlyduringmechanicalworking.Goodweldability.
Betterwearresistanceandfatiguestrengththan304.
Type302samecorrosionresistanceas304,withslightlyhigherstrengthduetoadditionalcarbon.
Type303freemachining versionof304viaadditionofsulfur andphosphorus.Alsoreferredtoas"A1"inaccordance
withISO3506.[10]
Type304themostcommongrade;theclassic18/8stainlesssteel.Alsoreferredtoas"A2"inaccordancewithISO
3506.[10]
Type304L sameasthe304gradebutcontainslesscarbontoincreaseweldability.Isslightlyweakerthan304.
Type304LNsameas304L,butalsonitrogenisaddedtoobtainamuchhigheryieldandtensilestrengththan304L.
Type308usedasthefillermetalwhenwelding304
Type309bettertemperatureresistancethan304,alsosometimesusedasfillermetalwhenweldingdissimilarsteels,
alongwithinconel.
Type316thesecondmostcommongrade(after304);forfoodandsurgicalstainlesssteel uses;alloyadditionof
molybdenumpreventsspecificformsofcorrosion.Itisalsoknownasmarinegradestainlesssteelduetoitsincreased
resistancetochloridecorrosioncomparedtotype304.316isoftenusedforbuildingnuclearreprocessing plants.316L
isanextralowcarbongradeof316,generallyusedinstainlesssteelwatchesandmarineapplicationsduetoitshigh
resistancetocorrosion.Alsoreferredtoas"A4"inaccordancewithISO3506.[10] 316Tiincludestitaniumforheat
resistance,thereforeitisusedinflexiblechimneyliners.
Type321similarto304butlowerriskofwelddecay duetoadditionoftitanium.Seealso347withadditionof
niobiumfordesensitizationduringwelding.

CarbidePhasesinStainlessSteels
There are three Fe-Cr carbides phases
formed in slowly cooled stainless steels as a
function of carbon and chromium content.
1.

2.

3.

Up to 15%, Cr can enter cementite without

changing its structure, to form (FeCr)3C, which
is the carbide present in low alloy steels.
The next carbide is (FeCr)7C3, which contains a
minimum of 35% Cr. This is the carbide formed
in high-carbon high-chromium tool steels.
(FeCr)4C, which contains > 70% Cr, is the
carbide normally found in stainless steels.

CarbidePrecipitationatGrainBoundaries
The precipitation of (CrFe)4C, which contains 70 % Cr, at grain boundaries
causes the concentration of Cr in the adjacent austenite to fall below 12%,
which degrades the corrosion resistance properties of the steel.
The optimum temperature for precipitation of (CrFe)4C is around 650 oC,
which is attained in the heat affected zone adjacent to a fusion weld.
Stainless steels with carbon as low as 0.15% can thus suffer weld decay.
It can be eliminated by
1) lowering carbon to 0.03%, or
2) use Ti or Nb to remove the carbon as TiC or NbC, without lowering the Cr content of
the austenite.

Precipitationof(CrFe)4CatGrainBoundaries

Quenched from 1150 oC

Reheated 24 h at 650 oC
Carbides at grain boudaries
(low mag 240x)

Quenched from 1150 oC

Reheated 24 h at 650 oC
Carbides at grain boundaries
(high mag 1000x)

Precipitationof(CrFe)4C atGrainBoundaries
The concentration profile of Cr in the matrix adjacent to a precipitate
of (CrFe)4C is given below.
The Cr level falls from 18% to 7-8%, which is well below the 12%
limit for effective corrosion protection.

OxidationResistantStainlessSteels
In order to maintain stability of the austenite phase the Cr was increased to 22
26% Cr with Ni of 12 22%. The addition of Ni gives increased resistance to
oxidation at high temperatures. These steels are very expensive and only used for
special applications.
The structure of the original metal is
shown on the left.
The fine-grained dark structure on the
right is the weld material (filler).
In the centre where the metal has been
heated close to its melting point the
structure is largely austenitic with some
darker alloyed ferrite.
In the heat affected zone, the austenite
shows pronounced grain growth and is
thus weaker than the original fine grained
structure.

Micrograph of a welded joint in 20Cr 12Ni

Stainless Steel, x50

Ferritic SS

FeCrPhaseDiagram(BajaTahan KaratJenis Feritik)

Cr is a ferritic stabilizer.
The austenite phase is thus condensed into a
small loop, which extends out to 16% Cr
over the range of temperature 900 1400 oC.
At concentrations greater than 16% Cr, the
Fe and -Fe phases are not distinguishable and
a common phase extends all the way to
100% Cr.
The 50/50 composition orders at temperatures
below ~900 oC to form the phase, which
causes embrittlement in stainless steels.

Pseudobinary(Fe 12%Cr)CPhaseDiagram
Carbon is soluble in Fe-Cr austenite and increases the Cr limit of the loop.
Hardenable cutlery steels, which contain the minimum 12% Cr, are described in terms of a
pseudo-binary (Fe + 12%Cr)-C phase diagram.
The -field is severely constricted compared to the Fe-C diagram.
The maximum solubility of C is 0.7% and the eutectoid is at 0.35% C.
In addition, the eutectoid temperature (range) is raised to >800 oC.

Two forms of carbide are in

equilibrium with the phase, ie., the
(CrFe)4C and (CrFe)7C3, depending
on the carbon content.

Note 12%Cr

eutectoid temperature (range)

CharacteristicsofFerritic Stainless
steels

14 to 27% Cr. Low in carbon but high in Cr compared to martensitic steels.

Not hardened by heat treatment. Only moderately hardened by cold working
Can be cold or hot worked. Achieves maximum softness in annealed condition.
As annealed, their strength is 50% higher than plain carbon steels and corrosion
resistance and machinability is better than martensitic steels.
Annealing is done to relieve stresses due to welding or cold working.
Susceptible to embrittlement during slow cooling during annealing.
Since martensite is not formed and since there is embrittlement possibility, these
steels are not tempered.

Common 400 series grades of SS:

400commonalloys
Type405 ferritic forweldingapplications
Type408heatresistant;poorcorrosionresistance;11%chromium,8%nickel.
Type409cheapesttype;usedforautomobile exhausts;ferritic (iron/chromiumonly).
Type410martensitic(highstrengthiron/chromium).Wearresistant,butlesscorrosionresistant.
Type416easytomachineduetoadditionalsulfur
Type420CutleryGrademartensitic;similartotheBrearley's originalrustless steel.Excellent
polishability.
Type430decorative,e.g.,forautomotivetrim;ferritic.Goodformability,butwithreduced
temperatureandcorrosionresistance.
Type440ahighergradeofcutlerysteel,withmorecarbon,allowingformuchbetteredge
retentionwhenproperlyheattreated.ItcanbehardenedtoapproximatelyRockwell 58hardness,
makingitoneofthehardeststainlesssteels.Duetoitstoughnessandrelativelylowcost,most
displayonlyandreplicaswordsorknivesaremadeof440stainless.Alsoknownasrazorblade
steel.Availableinfourgrades:440A,440B,440C,andtheuncommon440F(freemachinable).440A,
havingtheleastamountofcarboninit,isthemoststainresistant;440C,havingthemost,isthe
strongestandisusuallyconsideredmoredesirableinknifemaking than440A,exceptfordivingor
othersaltwaterapplications.
Type446Forelevatedtemperatureservice

400SeriesSS(Ferritic):
Ferritic,Automotivetrim,chemicalprocessing,blades,knives,springs,ballbearings,
surgicalinstruments.Canbeheattreated!
Containbetween10.5%and27%Cr,littleNiandusuallymolybdenum.
Commongrades:18Cr2Mo,26Cr1Mo,29Cr4Mo,and29Cr4Mo2Ni

Magnetic(highinFecontent)andmayrustduetoironcontent.
Lowerstrengthvs 300seriesausteniticgrades
Cheap

The400SeriesofHeatTreatableStainlessSteels
(MartensiticStainlessSteels)
These steels are based on Martensite, 12-16% Cr with various amounts of Carbon.
Low carbon grades containing up to 0.2 C containing up to 12-13% Cr are hardenable by air
quenching to form a low-carbon martensite (lath type) and are used for cutlery.
High carbon grades contain 0.6-1.2 C and 16-18 Cr form much harder high-carbon martensite
(lenticular type) on quenching and are used for surgical instruments.

Air cooled from 955 oC. Low

carbon martensite
x1000

The400SeriesofHeatTreatableStainlessSteels
(Ferritic StainlessSteels)
Low carbon grades with up to 0.2 C and 14-18% Cr are ferritic and
can only be hardened by 1) cold work or 2) precipitation of carbide.

Air cooled from 790 oC ferrite plus carbide

x1000

MartensiticSS

CharacteristicsofMartensiticStainlesssteels

Straight chromium steels with 11.5 to 18% Cr. C 0.15 Mn 1.25 Si 1

For turbine blades and corrosion resistant applications
Magnetic
Can be machined (poorer machinability than plain carbon steels. Machinability can be
improved by adding small amounts of Selenium or Sulphur.)
Hot working possible.
Can be hardened (by air cooling or oil quenching itself)

Full hardness on air-cooling from ~ 1000 C

Softened by tempering at 500750 C
Maximum tempering temperature reduced If Ni content is significant
On high-temperature tempering at 650750 C
Hardness generally drops to < ~ RC 30
Useful for softening martensitic SS before welding for
Sufficient bulk material ductility
Accommodating shrinkage stresses due to welding
Coarse Cr-carbides produced
Damages corrosion resistance of metal
To restore corrosion resistance after welding necessary to
Austenitise + air cool to RT + temper at < 450 C

500SeriesSS(Martensitic):
Notascorrosionresistantastheotherclassesbutextremelystrongandtoughaswellas
machineableandcanbehardenedviaheattreat.
Highstrengthstructuralapplications(Suupto300ksi) nuclearplants,ships,steel
turbineblades,tools,etc.
Magnetic

PHSS

PrecipitationHardenedFerritic StainlessSteels
Ferritic stainlesssteelswith~17%Crhaveverylowcarbonof0.04 0.07C,whichgive
goodcorrosionresistanceandhighstrength.
The17 4PH*(with4%Ni)alloyistransformedtolowcarbonmartensite (lath
martensite)oncoolingfromausteniteandishardenedbyageingat480oC duetothe
precipitationofAlTiandaNbCucompound.
The177PH(with7%Ni)alloyissemiausteniticandrequiresamorecomplicatedseriesof
treatmentstoproduceaprecipitationhardenedmartensite.
5% 20%dferriteispresentafterthissteelisquenchedfromthesolutionannealing
temperatureof1065oC asAlisastrongferriteformer.
Itiseasilyworkedinthisconditionbutitrapidlyworkhardens*becauseofitslowNi
content.
Itisalsohardenedbyageingat565oC whenanAlbasedcompoundisprecipitated.
Anageingtreatmentat510oC givesahigherstrengthattheexpenseoflowerductility.

- PH stands for precipitation hardened.

Recall the concept of work hardening in bcc steels by dislocation pinning by carbon.

600SeriesPrecipitationHardening
MartensiticSS:
Havecorrosionresistancecomporable to300seriesaustentic gradesbutcanbe
precipitationhardenedforincreasedstrength!
Key:Highstrength+corrosionresistanceBOTH.
Why?Aerospaceindustry defensebudgetsdetermined2%ofGDPspentdealingwith
corrosionsodevelopedhighstrengthcorrosionresistantsteeltoreplacealloysteels.
LockheedMartinJointStrikerFighter 1st aircrafttousePHSSforentireairframe.
CommonGrades:
630grade=174PH(17%Cr,4%Ni),
174PH,
155PH

SSINA Stainless Steel Design Guidelines

SSINA Stainless Steel Design Guidelines

SSINA Stainless Steel Design Guidelines

DUPLEXSS

Characteristicsof
Duplexstainlesssteels

Excellentresistancetostresscorrosioncracking
Veryhighmechanicalstrength
Excellentresistancetopittingandcrevicecorrosion
Highresistancetogeneralcorrosioninavarietyof
environments
Lowthermalexpansion
Highresistancetoerosioncorrosionandcorrosion
fatigue
Goodweldability
Lowerlifecyclecost

Duplexmicrostructure
Theausteniteislands
(light)areembeddedin
acontinuousferrite
(dark)matrix.
Theduplex
microstructuretypically
contains4565%
austeniteand3555%
ferrite.
Austenite

Ferrite

Yield Strength 0,2%

Austenitic vs Duplex Stainless Steel
SAF
2507

600
500

SAF
2205

SAF
2304

400

6Mo+N

300

316L
200
100
0

904L

Solidification mechanism of a
Duplex Stainless Steel

Stressstraincurves
Austenite,ferriteandduplex
1000
austenite
duplex (2205)
ferrite

Stress [MPa]

800

austenite

600

duplex
ferrite

400

200

0,0

0,2

0,4

Strain

0,6

0,8

Conclusions
KeyAreas
GoodWeldability
UsesConventionalWeldingProcesses
JointDesign
RoleofNitrogen
HeatInputImportant
InterpassTemperature

WeldingStainless
Thereare2commongradesofstainless:304L (weldedusing308Lfiller),and316L whichis
weldedusing316Lfiller.
Whyis308Lfillerusedfor304L?Basicallythereareanumberofgradesthatdosimilarjobs,302L,
303Land304L(theyare17/7,18/8and19/9respectively).308Lis20/10socanbeusedtoweld
all3grades.
Stainlessiseasytoweldbutverydifficulttokeepflat,thecoefficientoflinearexpansionis1.7
timesthatofmildsteel.Thereisntmuchyoucandoaboutthatexcepttowelditquicklyandby
doingsominimise theheatinput.
304and316(asopposedtotheL lowcarbonversions)sufferfromwelddecay.Whenheatedto
weldingtemperaturestheChromiumcombineswiththeCarbonleavingthesteelshortof
Chromiumandthereforeunabletoselfrepairitself.
Thiswasvirtuallyeliminatedbyintroducingstabilised stainlesssteels347and321whichcontain
NiobiumorTitanium whichsacrificesitselftosavetheChromium,however,whenlowercarbon
versions304Land316Lwereintroducedtheproblemofwelddecaywaseliminated.Thesedays
thehigher(infact,normal)carbonversionsareonlyusedforapplicationswhereheatresistanceis
needed.

StainlessSteelFillerMetalChoice
*dependsonenvironment ifSulphurous itmustbe410
**preheatof150Crequired

309L
309L
310
309L
309L

Mild
Steel
309L
309L
310
309L
309L

304L
316L
310
347
321

309L

410/309L* 309L

309L

410

309L

309L

309L

309L** 309L

430

309L

309L

309L

309L

304L

316L

310

347

321

410

430

308L
308L
310
308L
308L

308L
316L
310
316L
326L

310
310
310
310
310

308L
316L
310
347
347

308L
316L
310
347
318

309L
309L
309L
309L
309L

309L

309L

309L

309L

309L

309L

310

309L

309L

310

Mild
Steel

Mild
Steel