By Authority Of

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legally Binding Document

By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code 552(a) and
Part 1 of the Code of Regulations 51 the attached document has been duly
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally
binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.
HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.

e
Document Name: A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within
Highway Right-of-Way

CFR Section(s):

23 CFR 645.211

Standards Body:

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials

Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER

WASHINGTON, D.C.

A Guide for

 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.

ISBN: 1-56051-306-3

Publ Code: GAU-4

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-oF Way

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY

AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

2005-2006
VOTING MEMBERS

Officers:
President: Harold E. Linnenkohl, Georgia
Vice President: David Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota
Secretary-Treasurer: Larry M. King, Pennsylvania

Regional Representatives:
REGION I:

Dan Tangherlini, District of Columbia, One-Year Term

Jim Capaldi, Rhode Island, Two-Year Term

REGION II: Harold Linnenkohl, Georgia, One-Year Term

Joe McInnes, Alabama, Two-Year Term
REGION III: Frank Busalacchi, Wisconsin, One-Year Term
Carol Molnau, Minnesota, Two-Year Term
REGION IV: David Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota, One-Year Term
Victor Mendez, Arizona, Two-Year Term

NONVOTING MEMBERS
Immediate Past President:

Jack Lettiere, New Jersey

AASHTO Executive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DC

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN 2004

Members
Robert L. Walters
Arkansas, Chair

William A. Prosser
Federal Highway Administration, Secretary

Jim McDonnell
MSHTO Liaison

Reza Amini

Reza Maleki

Oklahoma

Port Authority of
New York and
New Jersey

Don T. Arkle
Alabama

Paul Bereich

Mark A. Marek
Texas

H)!oming

Kenneth T. Briggs

John Pickering
Mississippi

Maryland

James O. Brewer

James Rosenow
Minnesota

Kansas

Norman H. Roush
Philip 1. Clark

West Virginia

New York

David Hutchison

Joe Ruffer

National League of Cities

National Association
of County Engineers

Jeff C. Jones

Larry Sutherland

Tennessee

Ohio

Wayne Kinder

Karla Sutliff

Nevada

Cal~lornia

John LaPlante

Max Valerio

American Public
Works Association

New Mexico

Donald A. Lyford

Ted Watson
Nebraska

New Hampshire

iii

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN 2004

Chair
Allen D. Biehler
Pennsylvania
Vice Chair
Robert L. Walters
Arkansas
Secretary
Dwight A. Home
FHWA
Liaison
Jim McDonnell
AASHTO

State Members
Alabama

Florida

Kentucky

Don T. Arkle, P.E.

Brian A. Blanchard, P.E.

David Jones

Steven E. Walker, P.E.

Robert Greer

Kenneth Sperry, P.E.

Alaska

Jim Mills, P.E.

Louisiana

Gary Hogins, PE.

Georgia

N. Kent Israel

Arizona

Babs Abubakari, P.E.

Nicholas Kalivoda, III

Mary Viparina

James "Ben" Buchan, P.E.

Lloyd E. Porta, Jr.

Brent Story, P.E.

Maine

Charles D. Clements, P.E.

Hawaii

Jerome A. Casey, PE.

Phillip L. McConnell, P.E.

Gary c.P. Choy

Maryland

Julius Fronda

Robert D. Douglass

Idaho

Kirk G. McClelland

Steven C. Hutchinson

Massachusetts

Loren D. Thomas

.Iohn Blundo, P.E.

Illinois

Stanley Wood, Jr.

Arkansas

California
Mark Leja, P.E.

Colorado
Mithilesh "Mitch" Kumar
Gary W. Meacham

Connecticut

Michael Hine

Michigan
Mark A. Van Port Fleet, P.E.

Arthur W. Gruhn

Indiana

Michael W. Lonergan

Jeff Clanton, P.E.

Minnesota

James H. Norman

Gary Mroczka, P.E.

Mukhlar Thakur, P.E.

Delaware

Iowa

Mississippi

Michael F. Balbierer

Michael J. Kennerly

David Fostcr

James M. Satterfield

David L. Little

John B. Pickering, P.E.

Michael H. Simmons

Deanna Maifield

e.

Keith Purvis, P.E.

District of Columbia

Kansas

Missouri

Zahra Dorriz

Richard G. Adams, P.E.

David B. Nichols

Allen Miller

LaMonte C. Armstrong, PE.

Kathken Penney

James O. Brewer. P.E.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of Way

Montana

Pennsylvania

Paul R. Ferry

Brian D. Hare, P.E.

Lesly Tribelhom

Dean A. Schreiber, P.E.

Nebraska

Puerto Rico

Dawn Allyn

Ariel Perez

.James.J. Knott

Jose E. Santana-Pimentel

Don Turek

Rhode Island

Nevada

J. Michael Bennett, P.E.

DOT Member

Rick Marinelli, P.E.

FAA

Associate MemberBridge, Port and Toll

J. Lawrence Williams
N.J. Turnpike Authority
Barry L. Troup, P.E.
Penn. Turnpike Commission

Frank Csiga, .Jr., P.E.

South Carolina

Ruedy Edgington

Rocque L. Kneece, P.E.

Rand Pollard, P.E.

Robert I. Pratt, P. E.

Paul K. Sinnott, P.E.

John Y. Walsh, P.E.

Associate MemberCities and Counties

New Hampshire

South Dakota

Fred Abadi
City oj'Minneapolis

Scott D. Murrell
Port Autizority oj'NY and NJ

Craig A. Green

Joe J Feller

New Jersey

Joel Gengler

Associate Member-Federal

Kiran B. Patel

Tennessee

Ellen G. LaFayette
USDA Forest Sef1lice

Brian Strizki

Mark Holloran

New Mexico

Jeff C. Jones

Roy Maestas, P.E.

Texas

Dennis Peralta, P.E.

Mark A. Marek

Max E. Valerio, P.E.

New York
Philip J. Clark, P.E.
Daniel D' Angelo, P.E.

Utah
Stan Bums, P.E.

Vermont
Kevin Marshia, P.E.

Richard W. Lee, P.E.

North Carolina
Deborah M. Barbour

Virginia
Mohammad Mirshahi, P.E.
Barton A. Thrasher, P.E .

.Jay A. Bennett, PE.

Art McMillan

Washington
Richard Albin, P.E.

North Dakota
Mark Gaydos

Ohio
Dirk Gross
Timothy McDonald

Harold Pelerfeso, P.E.

Ken L. Smith, P.E., CVS

West Virginia
Randolph T. Epperly. .Jr.
Jason C. Foster

Cash Mise!

Oklahoma

Wisconsin
Beth Cannestra

Christine M. Scnkowski, PE.

Bruce E. Taylor

Wyoming
Paul P. Bereich

Oregon
Thomas Lauer

vi

u.s.

Tony Laird

Associate Member-International
Allan Kwan
Alberta
Richard Voyer
Britisiz Columbia
.Joe Bucik
Ontario
Sukhy Kent
Saskatchewan

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Righl-or-Way

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................................... 1
Applicability ............................................................... 2
Scope ..................................................................... 2
Definitions of Terms ......................................................... 2

General Considerations ............................................ 2

Safety .................................................................... 2
Design .................................................................... 3
Location .................................................................. 3
Preservation and Restoration .................................................. 3
Visual Quality .............................................................. 4

Underground Facilities ............................................ 5

General ................................................................... 5
Location ...................................................................... 5
Highway Structure Attachments ................................................... 5
Cover ........................................................................ 6
Separation .................................................................... 6
Protection ..................................................................... 6
Appurtenances .................................................................7
Encasements ................................................................... 7
Mechanical Protection ........................................................... 8

Installation ................................................................. 9
Untrenched Construction ........................................................ 10
Trenched Construction .......................................................... II
Utility Tunnels And Bridges ..................................................... 12

Pipelines ...................................................... 12
Power and Communication Lines .............................................. 13
Irrigation and Drainage Pipes ................................................. 13

Overhead Facilities .............................................. 14

Location and Safety ........................................................ 14
Design ................................................................... 14
Vertical Clearances ......................................................... 15

Ditches and Canals .............................................. 15

Glossary ....................................................... 16
References ..................................................... 20

vii

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-(!f- Way

INTRODUCTION
Transportation, communications, and utility networks are growing in complexity. Such networks include
highways, railways, and waterways at the surface; subways, pipelines, and cables below the surface;
communication lines and transmission lines above the surface; and wireless communication systems.
The possibility of two or more networks occupying a common right-of-way or intersecting increases as
the networks grow. As a result, problems arise due to the construction, maintenance, and operations of
one network affecting the others.
Each transportation agency has the responsibility to maintain highway right-of-way under its jurisdiction
and to preserve the operational safety, integrity, and function of the highway facility. Since the manner
in which utilities cross or otherwise occupy highway right-of-way can materially affect the safe
operation, maintenance, and appearance of the highway, it is necessary that such use and occupancy be
authorized and reasonably regulated. Transportation agencies have various degrees of authority to
regulate the use of utilities within highway rights-of-way generally through their authority to designate
and to control the use made of right-of-way acquired for public highway purposes. Their authority
depends upon Federal laws and regulations; and state laws or regulations that differ between states.
Also, a state may have local, city, or county government laws and regulations differing from those
applicable statewide. Aside from the necessary differences imposed by state and local laws, regulations,
franchises, govemmentallindustry codes, climate, and geography, reasonable uniformity in the
engineering requirements should be employed by transportation agencies to regulate the use of highway
right-of-way by utilities.
Utilities have various degrees of authority to install their lines and facilities on the right-of-way of
public roads and streets. Like transportation agencies, their authorities depend upon state laws and
regulations, which differ between states. Utilities also depend upon franchises, local laws, and
ordinances, which may differ in the several political subdivisions within a state.
It is in the public interest for utility facilities to be accommodated on highway right-of-way when such
use and occupancy do not adversely affect highway safety, construction, maintenance, or operations. In
this respect, guidelines outlining safe and rational practices for accommodating utilities within highway
right-of-way are of valuable assistance to the transportation agencies. The guidelines herein are provided
in the interest of developing and preserving safe highway operations and roadsides.
These guidelines make no reference to the legal right of utilities to use or occupy highway right-of-way
or to the financial responsibility involved in the adjustment or installation of utilities on such right-ofway. State law governs these matters. These guidelines should be interpreted and applied to the extent
consistent with state laws, which give utilities the right to use or occupy highway right-of-way.
It is the intent of these guidelines to assist the various transportation agencies in establishing and
administering reasonably uniform utility accommodation policies. Minimizing possible interference
and impairment to the highway and its structures, minimizing adverse visual impacts, and minimizing
maintenance are covered in these guidelines. Wherever appropriate, existing utility accommodation
policies should be updated in light of these guidelines.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of Way

APPLICABI LlTY
These guidelines apply to all public and private utilities, including, but not limited to, electric power,
communications, cable television, water, gas, oil, slurry, petroleum products, steam, sanitary sewers,
drainage, irrigation, and similar facilities that are to be located, adjusted, or relocated within the right-ofway of highways under the jurisdiction of transportation agencies. Such utilities may involve
underground, surface, or overhead facilities, either singularly or in combination.
These guidelines do not apply to the public-private partnerships for the installation and shared use of
fiber optic cable on freeways (Shared Resource Projects). Information on the implementation, planning,
design, and construction of Shared Resource Projects is contained in AASHTO Guidance on Sharing
Freeway and Highway Rights-of- Way for Telecommunications ( J).

SCOPE
These guidelines are provided for consideration and use by transportation agencies in regulating the
use and occupancy of highway right-of-way by utilities. They are limited to matters, which are the
responsibility of transportation agencies for preserving the safe operation, maintenance, construction,
and integrity of the highway.
Where the laws or orders of public authority, industry, or governmental codes, or transportation agencies
prescribe a higher degree of protection than provided by these guidelines, the higher degree of protection
shall prevail. These guidelines supplement, but do not alter the provisions of the AASHTO A Policy on
the Accommodation of Utilities within Freeway Right-of- Way (2).
It is recognized that a distinction exists between buried fiber optic cables and other utilities. These
guidelines supplement, but do not alter the provisions of AASHTO Guidance on Sharing Freeway
and Highway Rights-of- Way for Telecommunications (1).

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
The terminology used in utility guidelines and policies should depart as little as practical
from conventional usage. However, there is a need for some terms having restricted or special
meaning. The definitions used in this guide are in the Glossary. It is suggested that these definitions
be used universally.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SAFETY
Highway safety is important when accommodating utility facilities within highway right-of-way.
Utility accommodation should not adversely affect highway constructibility, operations,
maintenance, and safety.
The design, location, and manner in which utilities use and occupy highway right-of-way shall
conform to the policies of the transportation agency to provide and maintain a clear zone.

All permits for utility work should include provisions for the maintenance and protection of the
traveling public, as well as provide a safe workspace for the utility workers.

The transportation agency and the utility procedures should provide for emergency
maintenance operations.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

DESIGN
Highway and utility facilities, by tradition, practice, and, in some instances, laws, frequently
co-exist within the same corridors. Therefore, it is essential that these public service facilities
be compatibly designed and operated. Joint highway and utility planning and development
efforts are encouraged.
The potential impact on the highway and its use shall be considered in the design and location of
utility facilities within the highway corridor. Likewise, the impact of a new or reconstructed highway
or street on existing utility facilities should be considered in an attempt to avoid utility relocations.
The utility shall be responsible to ensure that their facility is properly designed, installed, operated,
and maintained including depth, clearances, and separation between lines, and the work is in
accordance with the transportation agency's utility accommodation policy.
The transportation agency should be responsible for review and approval of the utility's proposal
in accordance with the agency's utility accommodation policy.
Underground utilities should be accurately located using the American Society of Civil Engineer's
Standard Guidelinesfor the Collection and Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utility Data (3)
where the exact location of underground utility infrastructure is required. The survey information
should be developed early in the design process so that the designer can show on the plans the
accurate location of underground utilities that could cause injuries and property damage.

LOCATION
New utility lines should be located to minimize the need for later adjustment to accommodate
future highway improvements and to permit servicing such lines with minimum interference to
highway traffic.
New longitudinal utility installations should be located on a uniform alignment as near as
practicable to the right-of-way line and outside the clear zone.
Longitudinal utility installations on urban streets with closely abutting improvements may require
variances to the recommended location on the highway right-of-way and consideration of alternate
techniques conducive to safe traffic movement that are permitted by government and industry
codes. Such installations shall be resolved in a manner consistent with the prevailing limitations
and conditions.
The location of utility facilities and appurtenances shall be in accordance with the Americans
With Disabilities Act (5).

PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION

Erosion and Sediment Control. Appropriate erosion control devices should be placed before
work starts. The surface area disturbed by utility installations or relocations should be kept
to a minimum.

Restoration. Restoration methods should be in accordance with the transportation agency's

specifications and/or special provisions in utility use and occupancy agreements.
Drainage. Care should be taken in utility installations to avoid disturbing existing highway
or private drainage facilities.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highwav Right-of- Way

Trees. The transportation agency's utility accommodation policy andlor permission to spray, cut,
trim, or remove trees should be incorporated into the use and occupancy permit. When the removal
of a tree is authorized, the stump should either be cut to the ground or be removed and the hole
properly backfilled. All debris, refuse, and waste should be removed from the site. With the
transportation agency's approval, removed trees may be chipped andlor shredded and used as
mulch for site restoration.

Traffic Control. Traffic controls for utility construction and maintenance operations shall conform
to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (4) or the transportation agency's requirements.
Any utility construction or maintenance operation should be planned with full regard to safety, and
interference with roadway traffic should be kept to an absolute minimum. On heavily traveled
highways, utility construction operations interfering with traffic should not be allowed during
periods of peak traffic flow.
Maintenance. Maintenance activities within the right-of-way should be considered when installing
utility facilities and appropriate markers or other warning devices. The use and occupancy permit,
or where applicable the transportation agency utility accommodation policy, should identify the
maintenance operations that will be permitted and indicate situations where prior notification to the
transportation agency is required.
Records. Records shall be maintained by the utility company that describe the facility, usage, size,
configuration, material, location, and vertical clearance (or depth of cover) at time of installation
and any special features such as encasement. Upon completion of construction, the utility should
provide accurate as-built plans to the transportation agency, as requested. This information should
be in a reproducible form available to other utilities and transportation agencies.
Relocations. Where highway construction or alterations are considered, utility companies
should be involved early in the design process. This will permit joint and parallel activities to
be coordinated throughout the life of the highway project. Early involvement may facilitate
completion of utility relocations prior to the start of project construction. Where utilities exist
within the right-of-way of a highway to be widened or improved and a utility relocation is likely,
consideration should be given to again accommodate those existing utilities within the highway
right-of-way.

VISUAL QUALITY
Visual and environmental impacts need to be addressed when reviewing locations for new aerial
installations. The type and size of utility facilities and the manner and extent to which they are
permitted within the highway right-of-way can materially alter the scenic quality, appearance, and
view of highway roadsides and adjacent areas. For these reasons additional controls are applicable,
particularly in certain areas that have been acquired or set aside for their scenic quality. Such areas
may include scenic strips, overlooks, rest areas, recreation areas, the right-of-way of highways
adjacent thereto, and the right-of-way of sections of highways which pass through public parks,
historic sites, and wildlife refuges.
New aerial installations should be avoided in scenic areas where a feasible and prudent alternative
exists. They should be considered only where:
-

Other locations pose unusual difficulty, are unreasonably costly, or are more undesirable from
the standpoint of visual quality;

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-or Way

Locating the utility underground is not technically feasible or is unreasonably costly; and
The proposed installation can be made at a location and will employ suitable designs and
materials that give adequate attention to the visual qualities of the area being traversed.

UNDERGROUND FACILITIES
GENERAL

Location
Utility crossings should be avoided in deep cuts, near footings of bridges and retaining walls,
at highway cross drains where flow of water, drift, or streambed load may be obstructed,
in wet or rocky terrain where it is difficult to attain minimum cover, and through paved or
unpaved slopes under structures.
On longitudinal installations, the utility should be located on uniform alignment as near as
practicable to the right-of-way line. This will provide a safe environment for traffic operations,
preserve the integrity of the highway, and preserve space for future highway improvements or
other utility installations.

Highway Structure Attachments

Attachments to bridge structures should be avoided where it is feasible and reasonable to locate
utility lines elsewhere. Where other locations for a utility line to span an obstruction are not
practical consideration should be given to attaching the utility line to a bridge structure by a
method acceptable to the transportation agency.
Generally, acceptable utility installations are those that will occupy a position beneath the
structure's deck, between the outer girders or beams <;>r within a cell. The utility should always
be located above the low superstructure steel or masonry. When the utility is attached to a structure
in such a manner, the future inspection and maintenance of the structure should not be hindered to
the point where this necessary work cannot be reasonably accomplished.
Appropriate controls should be developed by each transportation agency for the size and pressure
for pipelines conveying hazardous materials, and for the location of shutoff valves on each side of
the structure. For security purposes, gas, oil, sewer, or other hazardous utility facilities should not
be allowed on structures identified as most critical.
In areas subject to seismic concern, special attention is needed in the design, installation, and
maintenance of utilities attached to highway structures. This is necessary in order to minimize
the effects of seismic activity and is especially important when the utility line carries hazardous
or high-pressure substances.

Cover
On transverse (crossing) installations, the critical controls for depth of cover are the low points
in the highway cross section (see Figure 1). Usually these are the bottoms of the longitudinal
ditches. On longitudinal installations the critical controls for cover are the depths of lateral
drainage facilities, bridge structures, and likely highway maintenance operations. In cold climates
the depth of cover should be sufficient to withstand the greatly increased impact loads transmitted
through the frozen soil. Minimum coverage requirements should be in accordance with the
transportation agency's utility accommodation policy.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

Right-af-Way
Roodwoy

Troveled woy

Bas.

(0)

ENCASED CROSSING

RIQIlt-of-Woy
Roadway <Typ_l

l.4arker

Subbase

Subbase

(b) UNCASED CROSSING

Figure 1. Examples of Features for Utility Crossings

Where less than minimum cover will result, the utility line shall be provided with additional
mechanical protection by the utility company_ In such instances, the designer should consider
increasing wall thickness or encasing the utility facility when the depth of cover is less than
desirable, taking into account the relative risk with respect to the product carried and
engineering and safety factors.

Separation

Utility facilities should be separated from highway facilities to avoid damage during installation
and to provide for reasonable success in locating utilities with electronic devices. Separation of
the utilities from highway facilities or other utilities may require the acquisition of additional
property by the utility company.

Electric power and communication cables, gas lines, water lines, and sewer lines should be
separated from one another as required by appropriate codes and ordinances.

Protection

All non-metallic underground lines shall be accompanied by a trace wire, metallic tape, or other
method to effectively locate and mark the underground lines. Whenever feasible, such methods
should include devices incorporated into the utility line. The method used to locate and mark
the exact location of the line shall be in accordance with the transportation agency's utility
accommodation policy.

No underground facility should be permitted within the highway right-of-way unless the facility
operator subscribes to the services of a "call-before-you dig" system serving two or more utilities
in the area. Where such service is not available, the facility operator should be required to:

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

(a) provide copies of as-built records including horizontal and vertical controls to the
transportation agency; (b) update these records annually or whenever a change occurs;
(c) provide a single, reliable, 24-hour telephone number to be used for locating and temporarily
marking requests for emergency and routine activities by the transportation agency or by any
entity planning to work within the highway right-of-way.
The utilitiy owner should place, as appropriate, permanent markers identifying the location of
underground utilities, whether the utilities are crossing the highway or installed longitudinally.
Markers should be installed in such a manner as to not interfere with highway safety and
maintenance operations. Preferably, the markers should be located at the right-of-way line if that
location will provide adequate warning. The telephone numbers to request marking the line
location prior to excavation and for emergency response should appear on the marker.
When it is likely that highway construction or maintenance activities could involve existing
underground utilities, it is desirable to locate and identify these facilities well in advance of the
commencement of the work as an aid to work crews. The location of each underground utility
should be identified by the utility owner with stakes, paint, or other temporary on-the-surface
markings coded with an identifying color consistent with the American Public Works Association's
Recommended Marking Guidelines for Underground Utilities (6) by utility type.

Appurtenances
Vents, drains, markers, manholes, shafts, shut-offs, cross-connect boxes, pedestals, pad-mounted
devices, and similar appurtenances should not be located where they would interfere with the
accessible facilities for the disabled.
Appurtenances protruding more than 100 mm (4 in.) above the ground line should be located
outside the clear zone and as close to the right-of-way line as pratical. If no feasible alternative
exists, appurtenances within the clear zone should meet breakaway criteria or be shielded by a
traffic barrier.
Utility accesses and valve covers should not be located in the roadway of rural highways. In urban
and suburban areas there may be no feasible alternative to locating utility accesses and valve
covers in the roadway, in which case they should not be located in a wheel path, if possible.
Coordination among utilities is essential where utility accesses and valve covers are to occupy
highway right-of-way.

Encasement
The following controls are suggested for providing encasement of pipeline crossings of the highway:
Casings should be considered for the following conditions:
-

Crossings of freeways, expressways, and other controlled access highways and at other
locations where it is necessary to avoid trenched construction.

As protection for carrier pipe from external loads or shock either during or after construction
of the highway.

As a means of conveying leaking fluids or gases away from the area directly beneath the
roadway to a point of venting at or near the right-of-way line or to a point of drainage in the
highway ditch or a natural drainage way.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

The transportation agency should determine the need for casing of pressurized carrier pipes
and carriers of materials that are flammable, corrosive, expansive, energized, or unstable.
Jacked or bored installations of coated carrier pipes should be encased. Exceptions may be
made where assurance can be provided against damage to the protective coating.
Consideration should be given to encasement or other suitable protection for any pipeline
(a) with less than minimum cover, (b) near footings of bridges or other highway structures or
across unstable or subsiding ground, (c) near other locations where hazardous conditions may
exist, or (d) on a structure that crosses an environmentally sensitive waterway or other natural area.
Rigid encasement or suitable bridging should be used where support of pavement would be
impaired by depression of flexible carrier pipe (see Figure 2). Casings should be designed to
support the load of the highway and superimposed loads thereon and, as a minimum, should
equal the structural requirements for highway drainage facilities. Casings should be composed
of materials of satisfactory durability under conditions to which they may be exposed.
Where pipelines are encased, the encasement should extend a suitable distance beyond the slope
or ditch lines. For all access-controlled highways, the encasement should extend from right-ofway line to right-of-way line. On curbed sections, it should extend outside the outer curbs. Where
appropriate, the encasement should provide for future widening of the highway without need for
any utility adjustment.
Casing pipe should be sealed at the ends with a flexible material to prevent flowing water and
debris from entering the annular space between the casing and the carrier. The installations should
include necessary appurtenances, such as vents and markers (see Figure lea)).
For steel carrier pipes that employ cathodic protection anticorrosion systems: (a) the carrier and
casing pipes should be effectively insulated from one another; (b) carrier and casing should be
cathodically protected as a unit; or (c) consideration should be given to alternate mechanical
protection in lieu of encasement.
Mechanical Protection
For some conditions, pipeline crossings of the highway may be installed without encasement. The
following controls are suggested for providing mechanical protection to uncased pipeline crossings
of the highway (see Figure 3).
On uncased construction the carrier shall conform to the material and design requirements
of utility industry and governmental codes and standards. In addition, the carrier pipe should be
designed to support the load of the highway plus superimposed loads thereon when the pipe is
operated under all ranges of pressure from maximum internal to zero pressure. Such installations
should employ a higher factor of safety in the design, construction, and testing than would
normally be required for cased construction.
Suitable bridging, concrete slabs, or other appropriate measures should be used to protect
existing un cased pipelines which by reason of shallow cover or location make them vulnerable
to damage from highway construction or maintenance operations (see Figure 3). Such existing
lines may remain in place without further protection measures if they are of adequate depth and
do not conflict with the highway construction or maintenance operations, provided both highway
and utility officials are satisfied that the lines are, and will remain, structurally sound and
operationally safe.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

HIOhway grade ""\

HIQhwoy orode " " \

NaturOl ground line

ReInforced Concr.t. HOIf-Plpe

PlaIn or ReInforced Concrete

": .. '

(0)

HALF PIPE PROTECTION

HIQhwoy Ql"'ode " " \

.: ..

'~

',41':

~'

'

(b) FLOA TlNG SLAB PROTECTION

HIQhwoy Ilrode ""\

SymmetrlCOl about

Reinforced Concrete Sill

Sectional plote

..

(e)

PLATE ARCH PROTECTION

(d) MONOLITHIC ARCH OR BOX

Figure 2. Examples of Protection of Existing Utility Lines Under a Highway

Uncased crossing of welded steel pipelines which carry flammable, corrosive, expansive,
energized, or unstable materials, particularly if carried at high pressure or potential, may be
permitted, provided additional protective measures are taken in lieu of encasement. Such measures
would employ a higher factor of safety in the location, design, construction, and testing of the
uncased-carrier pipe, including such features as increased depth of cover, thicker wall pipe,
radiograph testing of welds, hydrostatic testing, coating and wrapping, and cathodic protection.

INSTALLATION
Untrenched construction is the preferred method to install utility facilities crossing highways and streets
in order to minimize disturbance of pavement surface. When the trench method is employed to install a
utility crossing a highway, pavement restoration can be complicated by the details involved with the
restoration and need for a detailed Traffic Control Plan.

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

CasIng

.,rapplng or
cootlno

Bored hole
Grout
(0)

ENCASED

(bl COATED

(el GROUTED

Ground or povement

t)

Trench

Trench

Trench

>

(.)

.'. ~ : 'Co~c~~t'e"
'. : .

: 4

. . .. .
. .... !
. : ~ .. Concrete ''- '.

. . '..

. -.....-."--'-..:.j

Fill

(dl CRADLED

(fICAPPED

(el BOXED OR

JACKETED

41

'.

..

,..

"

'

.....

'.

";"

'. .'..... R.elnfl?rced conqrete. ': . '. '. ' .

..

...

'

..

'

"

. :.... .

..

'.:. '.

',;::

..:..

'.' .'~' .'

(gl ALLIED MECHANICAL PROTECTION

BY USE OF TUNNEL

Figure 3. Example of Mechanical Protection for Underground Utility Crossings

Untrenched Construction
Methods may include directional drilling, micro tunneling, driving, coring, or boring.
The size of the untrenched construction should be restricted and the conditions specified
under which the void outside the carrier or casing must be backfilled with grout. Where soils are
favorable and the carrier is 1.2 m (4 ft) or more deep, the diameter of the untrenched construction

10

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-oF Way

hole may be five percent larger than the diameter of the carrier. Grout backfill should be
considered for carriers or casings more than 300 mm (12 in.) in diameter and for overbreaks,
unused holes, or abandoned carriers or casings. Untrenched excavations 100 mm (4 in.) or less
in diameter may be exempt from void filling requirements in accordance with the transportation
agency's utility accommodation policy.
Portal limits of pipeline crossings should be established beyond the surfaced areas of the highway
so as to avoid impairing the roadway during installation of the pipeline. Where a bulkhead seals
the pipeline portal, the portal should be suitably offset from the surfaced area of the highway.
Where a bulkhead is not installed in the pipeline, the portal should be offset not less than the
vertical difference in elevation between the surfaced area of the highway and the pipeline.

Trenched Construction
At highway crossings, care must be taken to prevent the trench from becoming a drainage channel.
On longitudinal lines, care must be taken to prevent the trench from interfering with surface or
subsurface drainage.
Proper pavement restoration details depend on a number of factors including construction methods,
pavement type, pavement conditions, and proximity of pavement joints. The transportation
agency's standard specifications for trenching and backfilling shall be applied. Where no
specification exists, the following applies:
-

When the existing highway pavement is cut to accommodate a utility installation, the opening
should be saw cut to match the pavement thickness.

The width of pavement removal should be determined by the width of the required trench plus
300 mm (12 in.) minimum on each side of the trench (See Figure 4). The additional pavement
removal is intended to minimize later development of a sag in the surface of pavement over
the trench. In the event the distance of any adjacent longitudinal or transverse joint or crack is
less than 1.2 m (4 ft) from the recommended width of cut, the pavement should be removed
and replaced to that joint or crack.

Trenches should be cut to have vertical faces, where soil and depth conditions permit,
with a maximum width of outside diameter of casing or carrier, plus 0.5 m (2 ft). They
shall be shored where required by law. Lateral and vertical support shall be provided for
all existing facilities and structures. Short tunnel sections should be used near adjacent
utilities or facilities.

Bedding should be provided to a depth of 150 mm (6 in.) or half the diameter of the casing
or carrier, whichever is less. Bedding should consist of granular material, free of lumps, clods,
stones, and frozen materials and should be graded to a firm but yielding surface without abrupt
change in bearing value. Unstable soils and rock ledges should be sub-excavated from the
bedding zone and replaced by suitable material. The bottom of the trench should be prepared
to provide uniform bedding throughout the length of the installation.

Backfill under the roadway and foreslopes should be placed in two stages: first, fill to the
level of the top of carrier or casing and second, fill to the former surface. Fill should consist
of suitable material placed in layers of appropriate thickness to permit consolidation by
compaction according to current applicable specifications. For backfill of trenched pavement,
materials and methods of compaction should be adapted to achieve prompt restoration of
traffic service.

II

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

The transportation agency may require that backfill and/or repaving be performed by either
its forces, under its direction at the expense of the utility owner, or by a licensed contractor
certified by the transporation agency. Where a utility owner can demonstrate that it is capable
of acceptable and adequate repair, it may be authorized to perform its own restoration using
specifications acceptable to the transportation agency.
Pavement Removal

Pavement Removal

Pavement Structure

Note: In the event the distance to any adjacent

longitudinal or transverse joint or crack is less
than 1.2 m (4 ft) from the cut, the pavement
should be removed and replaced to that jOint or
crack.

Figure 4. Illustration of a Pavement Cut

During construction, open trenches or other excavations within the clear zone should not be
permitted to remain beyond the workday unless backfilled, covered, delineated, or shielded
in accordance with the transportation agency's utility accommodation policy.

Utility Tunnels and Bridges

A utility tunnel or a bridge occasionally is provided for a carrier or casing crossing a major
highway at a strategic location. Where it can be foreseen that several utility crossings will be
needed, the cost of a tunnel (either a large casing or a box culvert) or a bridge may be less than
that for the alternate of several untrenched or separate carriers or casings. Where these conditions
exist, the transportation agency should take steps as necessary to ensure that adequate coordination
is performed with and among the utilities to anticipate their needs for future crossings and to
converge their facilities to a single joint use crossing.
In a tunnel or on a bridge, provision shall be made to isolate mutually hazardous materials
being carried, such as fuel and electric energy, by auxiliary encasement of incompatible
carriers or by establishing separate compartments.
The utility tunnel or utility bridge structure should conform in appearance, location, cover,
earthwork, and markers to the culvert and bridge practices of the transportation agency.

PIPELINES
Pressure pipelines shall conform to the currently applicable sections of Federal (7, 8, 9, 10),
state, local, and industry codes.
Liquid petroleum pipelines shall conform to the currently applicable recommended practice
of the American Petroleum Institute ( 11) for pipeline crossings under highways.

[2

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway

Right-oj~ Way

Any pipeline carrying hazardous materials shall conform to the rules and regulations of the
U.S. Department of Transportation (8) governing the transportation of such materials.
Water lines shall conform to the currently applicable standards by the American Water
Works Association (12).
A pipeline crossing should be avoided within basins of an underpass drained by a pump if
the pipeline carries a liquid, liquidfied gas, or other potentially hazardous materials.
Additional protection shall be provided for any pipeline with less than minimum cover.

Vents should be located at the high end of short casings and generally at both ends of casings
longer than 45 m (150 ft). Vent standpipes should be located and constructed so as not to interfere
with maintenance or use of the highway nor to be concealed by vegetation; preferably they should
stand on a fence or right-of-way line (see Figure lea)). In urban areas, such vents should be
permitted only where they do not affect pedestrian traffic.

Drains should be provided for casings and tunnels enclosing carriers of liquid, liquified gas,
or heavy gas. Drains may outfall into roadside ditches or at locations approved by the
transportation agency. Such outfall should not be used as a wasteway for purging the carrier unless
specifically authorized.
Shut-off valves, preferably automatic, shall be installed in lines at or near ends of structures.
Pipeline installation permits should specify the class of materials being carried, the maximum
working, test, or design pressures, and the design standards for the carrier.
When it is anticipated that there will be a change in the class of materials being carried or an
increase in the maximum design pressure specified in the permit, the utility shall be required to
give the transportation agency advance notice and obtain approval for such changes. The notice
shall specify the applicable codes to be used.
.

POWER AND COMMUNICATION LINES

Electric power and communication facilities shall conform to the currently applicable National
Electrical Safety Code (/3). Where the Code apparently does not apply, the minimum standards
in that Code for the lowest voltage line shall apply. Utility owners or industry standards may
prescribe more protection.

Factors such as water conditions, type of soil, and facility congestion may cause variation
in the technique and practices for installation of underground power and communication lines.
Installation methods include trenching or plowing of conduit, duct, or buried cable; plowing for
burial of cable; jacking or pushing of pipe or conduit; and small boring or mechanical compaction
for pulling pipe, duct, or cable.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PIPES

Irrigation and drainage pipes installed across highway right-of-way should be designed and constructed
in accordance with the transportation agency's specifications for highway culverts and bridges. If these
facilities are privately owned, the transportation agency should require proof of insurance (with the
agency named as an additional insured) as a condition of permit approval.

13

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

OVERHEAD FACILITIES
LOCATION AND SAFETY
In keeping with the nature and extent of roadside development alongside highways, above-ground
facilities should be located outside of the clear zone and as near as practical to the right-of-way
line. Where there are curbed sections, the utilities should be located as far as practical behind the
face of outer curbs and, where feasible, behind the sidewalks at such locations that will not
interfere with adjacent property use and in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (5).
The location of overhead utility facilities on highways with narrow right-of-way or on urban
streets with closely abutting improvements requires special considerations. Before locating the
utility at other than the right-of-way line, consideration should be given to designs employing selfsupporting, armless single-pole construction, with vertical alignment of wires or cables, or other
techniques permitted by governmental or industry codes that are conducive to a safe traffic
environment. Exception to these clearances may be made where poles and guys can be placed at
locations behind existing guardrail, and/or beyond drainage ditches, the toe or top of slopes,
retaining walls, or in other similar protected locations.
Appurtenances with the clear zone protruding more than 100 mm [4 in] above the ground line
should be located outside the clear zone and as near to the right-of-way line, as practical. If no
feasible alternative exists, appurtenances within the clear zone should meet breakaway criteria or
be shielded by a traffic barrier.
Where irregular-shaped portions of the right-of-way extend beyond or do not reach the normal
right-of-way limits, variances in the location of utilities should be allowed to maintain a reasonably
uniform alignment for longitudinal installations. Such installations will reduce the need for guys
and anchors between poles and roadway.
Longitudinal installations of poles, guys, or other facilities should not be located in a highway
median. If longitudinal installations are constructed, the facility shall be installed in such a manner
that it does not create a hazard to the traveling public.
For crossings of a highway, poles should not be located in the highway median unless there is no
feasible option. In which case, if located within the clear zone, they shall be a breakaway design
or shielded by a traffic barrier.

DESIGN
All overhead lines regardless of voltage or metallic content shall meet the requirements of the
National Electrical Safety Code (J 3).

Designs employing self-supporting, armless, single-pole construction, with vertical alignment

of wires, or cables, or other techniques permitted by governmental or industry codes should be
considered whenever feasible. However, they must be conducive to safe traffic operations.

Joint-use, single-pole construction should be encouraged at locations where more than one utility
or type of facility is involved. Where such designs are used, the National Electrical Safety
Code ( J3) shall be followed.
The distance between utility poles should be the longest feasible span lengths consistent with
geometric and design line loading considerations.

14

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

Where practical and economically feasible, existing pole lines should be replaced with buried
cables when relocation is necessary within the highway right-of-way. Buried cable may not be
practical where there will be multiple connections to overhead lines, to utility customers, or
where line voltage is high.

VERTICAL CLEARANCES
The minimum vertical clearance for overhead power and communication lines above the highway and
approaches to the highway should conform to the current National Electrical Safety Code ( /3). Greater
clearances should be used when required by state law, regulation, or policy.

DITCHES AND CANALS

Ditches and canals not required for highway drainage, which closely parallel the highway, should not be
constructed within the highway right-of-way. Where ditch maintenance roads are adjacent to ditches or
canals that cross the highway, consideration should be given to safety, traffic operations, and the cost of
a grade separation when providing for the continuity of such roads.

15

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

GLOSSARY
Arterial Highway-A general term denoting a highway primarily for through traffic, usually on a
continuous route.
Average Daily Traffic-The average 24-hour volume, being the total volume during a stated period
divided by the number of days in that period. Unless otherwise stated, the period is a year. The term is
commonly abbreviated as ADT.
Backfill-Material used to replace or the act of replacing material removed during construction;
also may denote material placed or the act of placing material adjacent to structures.
Bedding-Composition and shaping of soil or other suitable material to support a pipe, conduit, casing,
or utility tunnel.
Boring-The operation by which large carriers or casings are jacked through oversize bores. The bores
are carved progressively ahead of the leading edge of the advancing pipe as soil is mucked back through
the pipe.
Cap-A rigid structural element surmounting a pipe, conduit, casing, or utility tunnel.
Carrier-A pipe directly enclosing a transmitted fluid (liquid, gas, or slurry). Also an electric
or communication cable, wire, or line.
Casing-A larger pipe, conduit, or duct enclosing a carrier

Clear Zone-The total roadside border area, starting at the edge of the traveled way, available for safe
use by errant vehicles. This area may consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non-recoverable slope,
and/or a clear run-out area. The desired width is dependent upon the traffic volumes and speeds, and on
the roadside geometry.
Coating-Material applied to or wrapped around a pipe.
Conduit-An enclosed tubular casing, singularly or multiple, for the protection of wires, cables,
or lines, usually jacketed and often extended from utility access hole to utility access hole.

Control of Access-The condition where the right of owners or occupants of abutting land or other
persons to access, light, air, or view in connection with a highway is fully or partially controlled by
public authority.
Full Control of Access-The authority to control access is exercised to give preference to through
traffic by providing access connections with selected public roads only by prohibiting crossings at
grade or direct private driveway connections.
Partial Control of Access-The authority to control access is exercised to give preference to
through traffic to a degree that, in addition to access connections with selected public roads, there
may be some crossings at grade and some private driveway connections.

16

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

Coring-The operation by which a small casing is drilled into firm soil. As the pipe advances, the core
material is removed by sluicing during or after the drilling.
Cover-Depth to top of pipe, conduit, casing, cable, or similar line or utility tunnel below the earth
or roadway surface.
Cradle-A rigid structural element below and supporting a carrier or casing.
Direct Burial-Installing a utility underground without encasement.
Drain-An appurtenance to discharge liquid contaminants from casings.
Driving-The operation by which a small pipe is driven through compressible soils by a steady
thrust, hammering, or vibrating. A casing or corrosion-resistant covering shall be used.
Duct-An enclosed tubular casing for protecting wires, lines, or cables, often flexible or semi-rigid.
Encasement-Structural element surrounding a carrier or casing.
Encroachment-Unauthorized use of highway right-of-way or easements by such items as signs,
fences, buildings, utilities, parking, storage, etc.
Expressway-A divided arterial highway for through traffic with partial control of access and generally
with grade separations at major intersections.
Freeway-A controlled-access, divided arterial with grade separations at intersections.
Frontage Road-A local street or road auxiliary to and located on the side of an arterial highway for
service to abutting property and adjacent areas and for control of access.
Grounded-Electrically connected to earth or to some extended conducting body which serves instead
of the earth whether the connection is intentional or accidental.
Grout-A fluid mixture of cement and water or of cement, sand, and water used to fill joints and voids.
Also called slurry.
Highway, Street, or Road-A general term denoting a public way for the transportation of people,
materials, goods, and services, but primarily for vehicular travel, including the entire area within the
right-of-way.
Interchange-A system of interconnecting roadways in conjunction with one or more grade separations
providing for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways on different levels.
Jacket-A concrete encasement placed around a carrier or casing.
Manhole (Utility Access Hole)-An opening in an underground system which workers may enter
for the purpose of making installations, removals, inspections, repairs, connections, and tests.
Median-The portion of a divided highway separating the traveled ways for traffic in
opposite directions.
17

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

Pavement Structure-The combination of subbase, base course, and surface course placed
on a subgrade to support the traffic load and distribute it to the roadbed.
Permit-The written agreement by which a transportation agency approves the use and occupancy
of highway rights-of-way by utility facilities or private lines. Also called Occupancy Agreement.
Pipe-A formed hollow cylinder for the conveyance of liquids or gases. Cylinders formed from plate
material in the course of the fabrication of auxiliary equipment are not pipe as defined here.
Flexible Pipe-A plastic, fiberglass, or metallic pipe having large ratio of diameter-to-wall
thickness which can be deformed without undue stress.
Rigid Pipe-Pipe assigned for diametric deflections of less than one percent.
Semi-Rigid Pipe-Pipe designed to tolerate from one percent to three percent
diametric deflection.
Plowing-Direct burial of a line by means of a "plow" type mechanism, which breaks the ground,
places the line and closes the break in the ground in a single operation.
Pressure-The relative internal pressure in a pipe.
Private Lines-Privately owned facilities, which conveyor transmit the commodities outlined
in the definition of utility facilities, but are devoted exclusively for private use.
Ramp-A turning roadway at an interchange for travel between intersection legs.
Rest Area-A roadside area with parking facilities separated from the roadway provided for
motorists to stop and rest for short periods. It may include drinking water, toilets, tables and benches,
telephones, information, and other facilities for travelers.
Right-of-Way-A general term denoting land, property, or interest therein, usually in a strip, acquired
for or devoted to transportation purposes.
Roadside-A general term denoting the area adjoining the outer edge of the roadway. Extensive
areas between the roadways of a divided highway may also be considered roadside.
Roadway-The portion of a highway, including shoulders, for vehicular use. A divided highway
has two or more roadways.
Scenic Overlook-A roadside area provided for motorists to stop their vehicles beyond the shoulder,
primarily for viewing the scenery in safety.
Scenic Strips-Strips of land or water adjacent to highways, or interests therein, which are acquired
by the transportation agency for restoration, preservation, or enhancement of scenic beauty adjoining
a highway.
Slab, Floating-A slab between a utility line and a structure or pavement, that does not contact either.

18

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of- Way

Sleeve-A short casing through pier or abutment of highway structure.

Siurry-A thin mixture of liquid, especially water, and any of several finely divided substances, such as
cement or clay particles. Also called grout.
Temporary Barrier-A temporary device used to prevent vehicular access into construction or
maintenance work zones and to redirect an impacting vehicle so as to minimize damage to the vehicle
and injury to the occupants, while providing worker protection.
Traffic Barrier-A device used to prevent a vehicle from striking a more severe obstacle
or feature located on the roadside or in the median, or to prevent crossover median accidents.
Traffic Control Plan-A plan for handling traffic through a specific highway or street work zone
or project.
Transportation Agency-The department, agency, commission, board, or official of any state or
political subdivision thereof charged by its law with the responsibility for highway administration.
Traveled Way-The portion of the roadway for the movement of through traffic.
Trenched-Installed in a narrow open excavation.
Untrenched-Installed without breaking the ground or pavement surface for such operations
as jacking, tunneling, or boring.
Utility Access Hole (Manhole)-An opening in an underground system which workers may enter
for the purpose of making installations, removals, inspections, repairs, connections, and tests.
Utility Accommodation Policy-A statement of the policies and procedures used by a transportation
agency to regulate and accommodate utilities within the highway right-of-way.
Utility Facility-A privately, publicly, or cooperatively owned line, facility, or system for producing,
transmitting, or distributing communications, cable, heat, gas, oil, crude products, water, steam, waste,
storm water not connected with highway drainage, or any other similar commodity, including any fire
or police signal system or street lighting system, which directly or indirectly serves the public.
Utility Tunnel-An underpass for one or more utility lines.
Vent-An appurtenance to discharge lighter than air contaminants from a casing.

19

A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way

REFERENCES
(1)

AASHTO. Guidance on Sharing Freeway and Highway Rights-of-Way for Telecommunications.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, DC, 1996.

(2)

AASHTO. A Policy on the Accommodation of Utilities Within Freeway Right-oj~ Way. American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, DC, 2005.

(3)

American Society of Civil Engineers. Standard Guidelines for the Collection and Depiction of
Existing Subsuiface Utility Data. CI 38-02. American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA,
2002.

(4)

U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board. Code of Federal Regulations.
Title 36, Part 1191-Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings
and Facilities, Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Guidelines. Washington, DC.

(5)

American Public Works Association. Recommended Marking Guidelines for Underground Utilities.
American Public Works Association. Kansas City, MO, September 2001.

(6)

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Manual on

Control Devices. ANSI D6.1. FHWA. Washington, DC, 2003.

(7)

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Code of Federal

Regulations. Title 23, Part 645-Utilities. FHWA. Washington, DC.

(8)

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration. Code (~f
Federal Regulations. Title 49, Part 191-Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline;
annual reports, incident reports, and safety-related condition reports. RSPA. Washington, DC.

(9)

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration. Code of

Federal Regulations. Title 49, Part I92-Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline:
Minimum Federal Safety Standards. RSPA. Washington, DC.

Un~form

Traffic

(10) U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration. Code of

Federal Regulations. Title 49, Part 195-Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline. RSPA.
Washington, DC.
(11) American Petroleum Institute. Recommended Practice 1102, Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads
and Highways, 6th Edition. American Petroleum Institute. Washington, DC, April 1993.
(12) American Water Works Association, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. (Telephone:
303-794-7711, Fax: 303-795-7603, and e-mail: standards@awwa.org).
(13) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. National Electrical Safety Code. ANSI C2.
Piscataway, NJ, 2005. (Available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.,
IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854).

20