Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Checklist
Session outline
Reference list and further reading
Training activities
Support materials
Objectives
To develop an understanding of:
Relevance
For certain projects, impacts on people can be by far the most
important consideration. Adverse social impacts can reduce
the intended benefits of a proposal, and can threaten its
viability if they are severe enough. In such cases, a social
impact assessment (SIA) is carried out as part of the EIA process,
or sometimes as a parallel or separate review. This approach is
used to analyse the impacts of a proposal on individuals and
communities, and to mitigate the adverse effects and enhance
the positive effects. It also provides a framework to manage
social change.
Timing
Two hours (not including training activity)
Topic 13
Social
Impact
Assessment
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Information checklist
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Session outline
Briefly outline the role and purpose of SIA in relation to the EIA process.
Note that social impacts may also require a comprehensive study,
parallel to, but separate from, an EIA.
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Impact
Assessment
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13-1
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lifestyle impacts on the way people behave and relate to family, friends
and cohorts on a day-to-day basis;
The main types of social impact that occur as a result of these project-related
changes can be grouped into five overlapping categories:
Note the types of projects that can require SIA, and indicate how
social impacts can vary with different stages of the project life cycle.
Ask participants to identify the social changes that are important
locally in this context.
Social impacts can be a significant aspect of many types of projects, not only
proposals for large scale development, such as a dam or highway, but also in
the closing down of existing facilities, such as a military base or government
facility. Like environmental impacts, the referents of project-induced social
change include severity, duration, probability, importance, etc. They also
vary with the setting and the characteristics of the community affected. For
example, mining or energy developments adjacent to a small, remote
community or in an area occupied or used by indigenous people are almost
always associated with major social impacts.
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Often, in EIA, most attention is focused on such high profile issues, notably
for projects which displace people and affect vulnerable ethnic minorities (as
emphasised in the policy of the World Bank). These are unquestionably
important internationally, not infrequently raising issues of human rights
and social justice (see case example below). In particular, involuntary
resettlement has extreme social impacts, which in many cases warrant
separate and specific study. However, these issues are a relatively small subset of the overall social impacts associated with development projects.
Examples of projects with important and everyday social impacts include:
landfill and hazardous waste disposal sites (perceived health risks, loss
of amenity);
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affected. Sardar Sarovar became the focus of the debate, in India and internationally,
Social
Impact
Assessment
on how to balance economic development on the one hand, and human rights and
environmental protection on the other.
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For such projects, the benefits of undertaking a systematic SIA can include:
none at all was carried out (see, report of the World Commission on Dams at
http://www.dams.org).
In many cases, the above benefits of SIA are not anticipated or expected by
the different parties involved in the process. For example:
developers may focus only on the short term costs of the SIA, see it as a
process that may be hijacked by proponents, or consider the risk of
early disclosure outweighs any potential benefit of conducting the
study;
communities may not consider the SIA process as impartial or may see
it as a mechanism to deflect their objections to a project.
Discuss the steps and principles of SIA, noting the similarities and
differences to the process followed in EIA.
Typically, the SIA process follows the iterative steps taken in the EIA
process, although with a different emphasis to take account of the impacts
on people (as shown in Box 2 below). Most obvious is the particular type of
information gathered for an SIA, which can include basic characteristics of
the affected population, current issues, political and civic institutions, social
structures, cultural traditions and attitudes and social-psychological
attributes. A participatory approach is also strongly represented in the SIA
process, beginning at the earliest stage and continuing throughout. Other
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elements of the SIA process that are distinctive include prediction of impacts
in terms of how affected people will respond in attitude and behaviour.
As in EIA, SIA practitioners place considerable importance on mitigation,
monitoring and impact management. In addition, post-project analysis is
recognised as critical to gaining a better understanding of social impacts and
how to manage them. However, in practice, implementation and follow up
are not always undertaken systematically, and, often, SIA continues to be a
one-off exercise that cannot be grounded in the context of comparable
projects. This process constrains SIA practice, undermines its potential
contribution to decision-making and inhibits its acceptance by others; for
example, when people affected by a proposed change, understandably,
individualise and exaggerate impacts and comparable, empirical
information is wanting.
In this context, considerable guidance is now available on SIA good practice,
both generally and with specific reference to EIA procedures established by
countries or international agencies such as the World Bank. The principles
and guidelines outlined in Box 3 were prepared by leading SIA practitioners
from the US. However, they are sufficiently generic to have gained a
measure of international acceptance. Most importantly, perhaps, the
principles and main steps of the SIA process indicate how common issues of
SIA practice, such as data limitations, can be addressed.
Other SIA practitioners have refined this framework to meet their particular
purposes. Currently, an IAIA project is underway to develop International
Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment (see www.iaia.org).
For example, this project has identified principles relating to the integration
of biophysical and social impacts which:
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1.
6&7
2.
3.
scoping identify and prioritise the range of likely social impacts through a
variety of means, including discussion or interviews with numbers of all
potentially affected
5.
projection of estimated effects analyse and predict the probable impacts of the
proposal and the alternatives against baseline conditions (with versus without
the action)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
8&9
involve the diverse public identify and involve all potentially affected groups
and individuals
analyse impact equity identify who will win and who will lose, and emphasise
Topic 13
focus the assessment deal with the issues and public concerns that really count
not those that are just 'easy to count'
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Impact
Assessment
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identify methods and assumptions and define significance describe how the SIA is
conducted, what assumptions are used and how significance is determined
identify data sources use published social scientific literature, secondary data
and primary data from the affected area
plan for gaps in data make clear any incomplete or unavailable information
and the reasons why this could not be obtained
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13-2
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A number of tools and techniques are used to assess the human impact of
development proposals. Much of the analytical work in SIA centres on
prediction of potential change in key social variables as established in the
The World Bank tool kit has particular reference to SIA in the context of
developing countries. It emphasises interactive methods, which can be used
to collect baseline information, to build a profile of the existing social
situation and to gain an understanding of how a proposal might affect a
community. Some of the methods engage stakeholders directly in the
process of predicting impacts. For example, participatory and communitybased approaches involve affected local people in estimating how their
lifestyles are likely to alter as a result of projected changes. However, these
estimates should be corroborated, especially if there is no local experience of
the kinds of impacts expected.
scoping phase. Some of the methods that are commonly applied for this
purpose are outlined in Box 4. A larger kit of social assessment tools and
methods identified by the World Bank are described in Handout 13-2. It
classifies methods into five types of overlapping approach: analytical,
communitybased, observation and interview, participatory, and workshopbased.
Depending on its scope, an SIA may use a number of tools and techniques.
This can help to address the problem of incomplete data, as well as compare
and highlight any variations in information derived from different sources.
Generally, an integrated approach, which combines a number of methods,
will provide the most composite and reliable prediction of impacts and
identification of suitable measures to mitigate and manage them. In practice,
however, this is not always possible, and often no more than two or three
SIA tools will be used in an EIA-based process.
At a minimum, the prediction of social impacts should be based on:
comparison with similar cases what is the experience with the effects
of proposed actions on similar communities elsewhere?
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employment, into the future (with or without modifying the rate of change)
population multipliers extrapolated increases in population size are coefficients for
the change in other variables, such as employment and demand for housing,
infrastructure or services
consulting experts use of expert knowledge such as researchers, professional
consultants, local authorities, or knowledgeable citizens
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Analysing impact equity, who gains and who loses from a proposal, is
central to the SIA process. Good practice principles are set out in Box 5.
Normally, emphasis will be given to identifying and mitigating adverse
impacts. These impacts should be specified and reported for each group
likely to be differently affected and appropriate mitigation measures taken
to ensure their brunt is not borne disproportionately. In this regard,
particular attention is given to highlighting adverse impacts on people who
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Examples include:
communities and groups who are dependent on land and resources for
their subsistence and livelihood, typically, are significantly affected by
a proposal that reduces or degrades the resource base or alters their
access, use or management regime;
long term residents or the elderly may suffer greater health and
psychological impacts than other groups as a result of community
disruption; and
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Assessment
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14 &15
enhance benefits for local people through job training and development
packages
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Impact
Assessment
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Reference list
The following references have been quoted directly, adapted or used as a
primary source for major parts of this topic.
Berger T (1994) The Independent Review of the Sardor Sarovar Projects, 1991-1992.
Impact Assessment 12:1, 3-20.
Goodland R (1999) Social and Environmental Assessment to Promote Sustainability.
Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact
Assessment, Glasgow. (Informal draft available from Environment Department,
World Bank, Washington, D.C.)
Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact
Assessment (1994) Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment. Impact
Assessment, 12(2): 107-152.
Taylor N, Goodrich C and Bryan H (1998) Social Assessment. In Porter A and
Fittipaldi J (eds) Environmental Methods Review: Retooling Impact Assessment for the
New Century (pp.210-218). The Press Club, Fargo, USA.
Vanclay F (1999) Social Impact Assessment. In Petts J. (ed) Handbook of Environmental
Impact Assessment (Vol 1, pp. 301-326). Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK.
World Bank Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Knowledge
Bank at http://www.worldbank.org
World Commission on Dams (2001) Dams and Development: A New Framework for
Decision-Making. Earthscan, London (also at) http://www.dams.org
Further reading
Asian Development Bank (1994) Handbook for the Incorporation of Social Dimension in
Projects. Social Development Unit, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
Burdge R and Vanclay F (1995) Social Impact Assessment in Vanclay F and Bronstein
D (eds) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (pp. 31-65). John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, UK.
Cernea M and Kudat A (eds) (1997) Social Analysis for Investment Projects: Rationale,
Content and Methods. ESSD Monograph 16, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
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Training activities
Training activities
Training activities will be more instructive if they are framed around a local
proposal. Consider inviting prospective course participants to make a presentation if
they have expertise in this area of EIA.
Discussion themes
13-1 What types of social issues and impacts are associated with
development proposals locally?
13-2 How are these impacts addressed and under which processes? Does
the EIA process apply? If not, is this because of the legal provision or
just accepted practice?
13-3 What changes, if any, would be necessary to include consideration of
social impacts in the EIA process? What should be the scope of
consideration of social impacts in EIA? Should there be a separate SIA
process?
13-4 Where SIA is part of EIA it follows similar steps, including scoping
and consideration of alternatives. What information needs to be
gathered to identify the key social impacts of a development
proposal? How might this information then be used to identify
feasible alternatives to a proposal?
13-5 SIA methodology involves estimating the response of people to
predicted impacts and evaluating who gains and who loses (impact
equity). How might these activities be carried out as part of an SIA
conducted locally? What methods and expertise would be needed and
available for this purpose?
13-6 What measures might be used to mitigate social impacts that are
important locally? How could their effectiveness be monitored, and
what management strategies could be adopted in the event that an
impact is greater than forecast?
13-7 Consider whether local capacity and data sources are sufficient to
carry out the key stages and activities of SIA. If not, how can the
information and expertise best be developed, and what kind of
strategy can be followed in conducting SIA in the interim?
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Training activities
Speaker themes
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Assessment
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Training activities
Aim:
Group size:
Duration:
Resources required:
o
Description of activity:
o
Assign each group the task of adapting and applying one of the
methods (matrix, checklist etc) to identify the social impacts for a
project.
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Title:
Aim:
Training activities
Resources required:
o
Description of activity :
Each pair is to:
o
review the EIA/SIA report, listing the groups that were affected and
the major social impacts that were identified;
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Assessment
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Support materials
enhance benefits
Scope of SIA
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Support materials
6&7
identification of alternatives
8&9
10
secondary documents
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Impact
Assessment
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Support materials
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trend extrapolations
population multipliers
scenario building
comparative studies
12
13
14 & 15
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enhance benefits for local people through job training and development
packages
Handout 131
2.
arrest, imprisonment, detention, torture, intimidation or other abuse of human rights inflicted on
individual
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
changed attitude towards local community, level of satisfaction with the neighbourhood
25.
26.
27.
family violence
28.
29.
30.
changed perceptions about personal health and safety, risk, fear of crime
31.
32.
quality of housing
33.
homeliness
34.
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Handout 131:
35.
36.
10
11
debasement of culture
12
13
14
15
economic prosperity
16
17
18
19
actual crime
20
actual violence
21
22
23
24
Adapted from: Vanclay F (updated version) Summary of work on IAIA International Guidelines and Principles for
Social Impact Assessment.
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Handout 132
Community-based methods
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) covers a family of participatory approaches and methods, which
emphasises local knowledge and action. It uses to group animation and exercises to facilitate stakeholders
to share information and make their own appraisals and plans. Originally developed for use in rural
areas, PRA has been employed successfully in a variety of settings to enable local people to work together
to plan community-appropriate developments.
SARAR is an acronym of five attributes -- self-esteem, associative strength, resourcefulness, action
planning and responsibility for follow-through -- that are important for achieving a participatory
approach to development. SARAR is a philosophy of adult education and empowerment, which seeks to
optimise people's ability to self-organize, take initiatives, and shoulder responsibilities. It is best classed as
an experiential methodology, which involves setting aside hierarchical differences, team building through
training, and learning from local experience rather than from external experts.
Consultation methods
Beneficiary Assessment (BA) is a systematic investigation of the perceptions of a sample of beneficiaries and
other stakeholders to ensure that their concerns are heard and incorporated into project and policy
formulation. The purposes are to (a) undertake systematic listening, which "gives voice" to poor and other
hard-to-reach beneficiaries, highlighting constraints to beneficiary participation, and (b) obtain feedback
on interventions.
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Handout 13-2
to build community consensus about implementation plans; to cross-check information with a large
number of people; or to obtain reactions to hypothetical or intended actions.
Village Meetings allow local people to describe problems and outline their priorities and aspirations. They
can be used to initiate collaborative planning, and to periodically share and verify information gathered
from small groups or individuals by other means.
Participatory methods
Role Playing helps people to be creative, open their perspectives, understand the choices that another
person might face, and make choices free from their usual responsibilities. This exercise can stimulate
discussion, improve communication, and promote collaboration at both community and agency levels.
Wealth Ranking (also known as well-being ranking or vulnerability analysis) is a visual technique to
engage local people in the rapid data collection and analysis of social stratification in a community
(regardless of language and literacy barriers). It focuses on the factors which constitute wealth, such as
ownership of or right to use productive assets, their relationship to locally powerful people, labour and
indebtedness, and so on.
Access to Resources is a tool to collect information and raise awareness of how access to resources varies
according to gender, age, marital status, parentage, and so on. This information can make all the
difference to the success or failure of a proposal; for example, if health clinics require users to pay cash
fees, and women are primarily responsible for accompanying sick or pregnant family members to the
clinic, then women must have access to cash.
Analysis of Tasks clarifies the distribution of domestic and community activities by gender and the degree
of role flexibility that is associated with each task. This is central to understanding the human resources
that are necessary for running a community.
Mapping is an inexpensive tool for gathering both descriptive and diagnostic information. Mapping
exercises are useful for collecting baseline data on a number of indicators as part of a beneficiary
assessment or rapid appraisals, and can lay the foundation for community ownership of development
planning by including different groups.
Needs Assessment draws out information about people's needs and requirements in their daily lives. It
raises participants' awareness of development issues and provides a framework for prioritising actions
and interventions. All sectors can benefit from participating in a needs assessment, as can trainers, project
staff and field workers.
Pocket Charts are investigative tools, which use pictures as stimulus to encourage people to assess and
analyse a given situation. Made of cloth, paper or cardboard, pockets are arranged into rows and
columns, which are captioned by drawings. A "voting" process is used to engage participants in the
technical aspects of development issues, such as water and sanitation projects.
Tree Diagrams are multi-purpose, visual tools for narrowing and prioritising problems, objectives or
decisions. Information is organized into a tree-like diagram. The main issue is represented by the trunk,
and the relevant factors, influences and outcomes are shown as roots and branches of the tree.
Workshop-based methods
Objectives-Oriented Project Planning is a method that encourages participatory planning and analysis
throughout the project life cycle. A series of stakeholder workshops are held to set priorities, and integrate
them into planning, implementation and monitoring. Building commitment and capacity is an integral
part of this process.
TeamUP was developed to expand the benefits of objectives-oriented project planning and to make it more
accessible for institution-wide use. PC/TeamUP is a software package, which automates the basic step-bystep methodology and guides stakeholders through research, project design, planning, implementation,
and evaluation.
Source: edited and abridged from document on the World Bank web site (http//www.worldbank.org.)
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