08 Frangi Ec Firedesign Ws

Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012
Fire resistance assessment of timber structures

Basic design methods
Worked examples
FRANGI Andrea
Member of CEN/TC250/SC5 and HGF
ETH Zurich
Institute of Structural Engineering
Vxj, 8 storeys
(Sweden)
London, 9 storeys (UK)

Bolzano, 7 storeys (Italy)
Berlin, 7 storeys
(Germany)
What is Eurocode 5?
Eurocode 5 (EN 1995) provides rules for the
design of timber structures.
EN 1995-1-2 is the Fire Part of Eurocode 5
The two other parts of Eurocode 5 are:
EN 1995-1-1 Common rules and rules for buildings
EN 1995-2 Bridges
Scope of EN 1995-1-2
EN 1995-1-2 deals with passive methods
of fire protection
EN 1995-1-2 gives design rules
for the verification of the
load-bearing function
separation function
Passive methods of fire protection

Main objective: limitation of the spread of fire by guaranteeing
the load-carrying capacity of the structure
(Requirement on Mechanical Resistance R)
the separating function of walls and floors
(Requirement on Insulation I and Integrity E)
Load-bearing R Integrity E Insulation I
Basic fire requirements

Fire
exposure
Load-bearing
elements without
separating
function
On all sides
Non-load-bearing
elements with
separating
function
On only one
side
Load-bearing
elements with
separating
function
On only one
side
Columns / beams
Walls
Floors
Timber behaviour in fire

Pyrolysis: thermal degradation of wood producing combustible
gases and accompanied by a loss in mass (starting from
about 250C)
Charring rate :
Ratio between charring depth
dchar and fire time t (in mm/min)
Fire time
t = 63min
Residual
cross-section
d char
=
t
d char 50mm
=
=
= 0.8 mm min
63 min
t
Char layer
Material behaviour in fire
Charring rate
depends on fire exposure
constant value for

ISO-fire exposure
Charring depth (mm)

Mean value fire tests
depends on wood
species
spruce: 0.7 mm/Min.
small influence of
moisture content and
density of wood
Fire time (min)
Grundlagen Holz-Brand
10

Char layer protects the residual crosssection from high temperatures
Temperature (C)
Residual crosssection
- cold
- load-bearing
Source: proHolz, Austria
Depth x (mm)
11
Intumescent coating systems on steel members

Mode of action: intumescent systems expand at a temperature of
about 200C by a factor of 30 to 60 and form a compact insulating
layer.
900
800
Temperatur [C]
Temperature
(C)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Zeit [min]
Time
(min)
12

layer.
900
800
Temperatur [C]
Temperature
(C)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Zeit [min]
Time
(min)
13

layer.
900
800
Temperatur [C]
Temperature
(C)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Zeit [min]
Time
(min)
14
Intumescent coating
systems
Modern manmade
intumescent materials
applied to steel structural
elements are in essence an
attempt to replicate what
timber does naturally.
From paper Overview of design issues for tall
timber buildings, I. Smith, A. Frangi,
Structural Engineering International SEI 2/2008
15
Fire resistance of
timber elements
Basic strategies
Use of massive
cross-sections
Increase of cross-
sections by charring
depth
Protection of the timber
elements with non

combustible materials
16
dchar,0
Charring
timber slab
One-dimensional charring: charring rate 0
Charring
dchar,n
dchar,0
dchar,0
glued laminated beam
17
Charring
dchar,n
dchar,0
dchar,0
glued laminated beam
Notional charring: notional charring rate n

Equivalent residual cross-section
18
Charring rates according to EN 1995-1-2
19
20
Charring model for unprotected surfaces

40
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
Time t
Influence of fall off of cladding

Fall off of cladding
Timber slab after 17 minutes ISO-fire exposure
21
22
Fire behaviour of initially protected surfaces

Charring rate not
constant
Unprotected
timber surfaces
Increased charring rate

after failure of cladding
Timber element
Cladding
Protected timber surfaces

Increased charring rate
after failure of cladding
the temperature in the furnace is

already at a high level when the
claddings fall off
no protective char layer exists

when the claddings fall off
23
Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Different charring phases
tch = time of start of charring

tf = failure time of cladding (fall off)
For wood-based panels and gypsum
plasterboards type A or H: tch = tf
For gypsum plasterboards type F: tch < tf
24
25

For wood-based panels and gypsum plasterboards type A or H: tch = tf
40
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
2a
tch =t tff
Time t
26

40
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
( phase 2a ) = 2
2a
tch =t tff
Time t
27

40
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
( phase 2b) =
2b
25 mm
( phase 2a ) = 2
2a
tch t=f tf
ta
Time t
28

40
Charring 30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
2a
( phase 2a ) <
t ch
Time t
29

40
Charring 30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
( phase 2b) = 2
2b
2a
( phase 2a ) <
0
t ch
tf
Time t
30

( phase 2c ) =
40
Charring 30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
1
2c
25 mm
2b
2a
( phase 2b) = 2
( phase 2a ) <
t ch
tf
Time t
ta
31

Charring depth (mm)
Fire time (min)
32
Time of start of charring
For wood-based panels
For gypsum plasterboards type A, H or F

(one layer)
tch = 2.8 12.5 14 = 21 min
Where hp is the thickness of the panel, in mm
Failure modes of protective boards
Thermal degradation (mechanical failure)
la,min
of the boards
Pull-out failure of fasteners due to
excessive charring of timber member
33
Failure modes of protective boards
Wood-based panels: tch = tf

Gypsum plasterboards type A or H: tch = tf
Gypsum plasterboards type F
No generic failure times given in EN 1995-1-2
To be determined by testing (prEN 13381-7)
34
Design of timber structures in fire
35
Verification methods for the load-bearing

function
Analysis of
entire structure (global analysis)

sub-assemblies (e.g. frames)
members (e.g. walls, floors, columns, beams)
Ed,fi R d,fi
36
Verification methods for the load-bearing

function
Ed,fi R d,fi
Combinations of actions for accidental design
situations (EN 1990)
As simplification for residential, social,

commercial and administration areas:
Ed,fi = 0.6.Ed
37
Design strength in fire
f d,fi = k mod,fi
f 20
M,fi
38
39
f d,fi = k mod,fi
f 20
M,fi
20 %
fractile
of cold
strength
40
f d,fi = k mod,fi
f 20 = k fi f k
f 20
M,fi
20 %
fractile
of cold
strength
41
f 20 = k fi f k
42
f d,fi = k mod,fi
f 20
M,fi
modification factor
(elevated temperature
and moisture)
20 %
fractile
of
strength
43
f d,fi = k mod,fi
f 20
M,fi
modification factor
(elevated temperature
and moisture)
20 %
fractile
of
strength
partial factor = 1,0
44

Reduced cross-section method
char layer
zero strength layer
effective cross-section
k mod,fi = 1
45

Reduced cross-section method
dchar,n
def = dchar,n + k0 d0
k0.d0
d0 = 7 mm
def
kmod,fi = 1.0
fd,fi = f20 = k fi fk
46
Worked example
8x1m=8m
A ----A
Section A-A
4m
4m
Finishing 6mm
Topping 60mm
Insulation 40mm
Boards 50mm
Secondary beam
C24, 120x260mm
Material properties
Solid timber C24
Glued laminated timber GL24h
fm,k = 24 N/mm2
fm,k = 24 N/mm2
fc,0,k = 21 N/mm2
Emean = 11000 N/mm2
Main beam
GL24, 160x735mm
47
Worked example
Finishing 6mm
Topping 60mm
Insulation 40mm
Boards 50mm
1. Actions
1.1 Perm. load
Finishing
Topping
Insulation
Boards
0.09 kN/m2
1.32 kN/m2
0.06 kN/m2
0.28 kN/m2
1.75 kN/m2
Secondary beam
C24, 120x260mm
Main beam
GL24, 160x735mm
Partitions 1.00 kN/m2

1.2 Self weight
Secondary beam 120/260 mm
Main beam
160/735 mm
1.3 Live load Residential
2.0 kN/m2
a=1m => 0.17 kN/m2

a=4m => 0.17 kN/m2
(2 = 0.3)
Bemessungsmethode gemss SIA 265
48
Worked example
2. Secondary beam Fire resistance R 30
Solid timber 120/260 mm (C24)
=> Notional charring rate n = 0.8 mm/min
Fire exposure on 3 sides, tfi,req = 30 min
bfi = 120 - 2 . (30 . 0.8 + 7)
= 58 mm
hfi = 260 - (30 0.8 + 7)
= 229 mm
k0.d0
= 506.9 . 103 mm3
Wfi =
fm,d,fi = kfi . fm,k = 1.25 . 24 = 30.0 N/mm2

Md,fi
(
1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 1 4 2
=
d,fi =
Md,fi
Wfi
= 13.9 N / mm2
= 7.0 kNm
fm,d,fi = 30.0 N / mm2
49
Worked example
3. Main beam Fire resistance R 30
Glued laminated timber 160/735 mm (GL24h)
bfi = 160 - 2 . (30 . 0.7 + 7)
= 104 mm
hfi = 735 - (30 . 0.7 + 7)
= 707 mm
k0.d0
= 8664 . 103 mm3
Wfi =
fm,d,fi = kfi . fm,d = 1.15 . 24 = 27.6 N/mm2

Md, fi
(
1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 4 82
=
d,fi =
Md,fi
Wfi
= 13.6 N / mm2
= 118.1 kNm
fm,d,fi = 27.6 N / mm2
Bemessungsmethode gemss SIA 265
50
Worked example
k0.d0
4. Column Fire resistance R 30

bfi = 160 - 2 . (30 . 0.8 + 7)
= 98 mm
hfi = 160 - 2 . (30 . 0.8 + 7)
= 98 mm
= 9.6 . 103 mm2
Afi =
d,fi =
(1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 4 8 = 59.0 kN

2
Nd,fi
A fi
= 6.1 N / mm2 fc,0,d,fi = k c,fi k fi fc,0,k
A ----A
Nd, fi =
8x1m=8m
4m
4m
51
Worked example
Buckling length: = 3.0m
ifi =
fi =
Ifi
=
A fi
k0.d0
98 983 12
= 28.3 mm
98 98
3000
=
= 106.0
ifi 28.3
rel,fi =
f
fc,0,k
21
fi
106
c,0,k = fi
=
= 1.8
E0,05
2 3 Emean 3.14 2 3 11000
52
Worked example
rel,fi =
f
fc,0,k
fi
106
21
c,0,k = fi
=
= 1.8
E0,05
2 3 Emean 3.14 2 3 11000
kc,fi
Glued laminated timber
Solid
timber
rel,fi
=>
k c,fi = 0.27
53
Worked example
k0.d0

bfi = 160 - 2 . (30 . 0.8 + 7)
= 98 mm
hfi = 160 - 2 . (30 . 0.8 + 7)
= 98 mm
= 9.6 . 103 mm2
Afi =
Nd, fi =
d,fi =
(1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 4 8 = 59.0 kN

2
Nd,fi
A fi
= 6.1 N / mm2 fc,0,d,fi = 0.27 1.25 21 = 7.1 N / mm2
54
Fire resistance of
60 minutes?
Basic strategies
Use of massive
cross-sections
Increase of cross-
sections by charring
depth
Protection of the timber
elements with non

combustible materials
Worked example
5.1 Column Fire resistance R 60
Solid timber 160/160 mm (C24) => Notional charring rate n = 0.8 mm/min
Protection with gypsum plasterboards, Type A, single layers, 18mm
t ch = 2.8 hp 14 = 2.8 18 14 = 36 min
40
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
2b
25 mm
2a
tcht=f tf
ta
Time t
55
56
Worked example
Protection with gypsum plasterboards, Type A, single layers, 18mm
t ch = 2.8 hp 14 = 2.8 18 14 = 36 min
t a = 36 +
25
25
= 36 +
= 51.5 min
2 n
2 0.8
40
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
2b
25 mm
2a
tcht=f tf
ta
Time t
57
Worked example
k0.d0

Protection with gypsum plasterboards, Type A, 18mm

tch = 36 min; ta = 51.5 min
bfi = 160 - 2 . (25 + 8.5 . 0.8 + 7) = 82.4 mm
.
hfi = 160 - 2 (25 + 8.5 0.8 + 7) = 82.4 mm

Afi =
40
= 6.8
103
mm2
Charring
30
depth
d char,0
20
or
d char,n
[mm] 10
0
2b
25 mm
2a
tcht=f tf
ta
Time t
58
Worked example
ifi =
fi =
Ifi
=
A fi
k0.d0
82.4 82.43 12
= 23.8 mm
82.4 82.4
3000
=
= 126.0
ifi 23.8
rel,fi =
f
fc,0,k
fi
126.0
21
c,0,k = fi
=
= 2.1
E0,05
2 3 Emean
3.14
2 3 11000
59
Worked example
rel,fi =
f
fc,0,k
fi
126.0
21
c,0,k = fi
=
= 2.1
E0,05
2 3 Emean
3.14
2 3 11000
kc,fi
Solid
timber
rel,fi
=>
k c,fi = 0.20
60
Worked example
Solid timber 160/160mm (C24)
k0.d0

Protection with gypsum plasterboards, Type A, 18mm
tch = 36 min; ta = 51.5 min
bfi = 160 - 2 . (25 + 8.5 . 0.8 + 7) = 82.4 mm
hfi = 160 - 2 . (25 + 8.5 . 0.8 + 7) = 82.4 mm
= 6.8 . 103 mm2
Afi =
Nd, fi =
d,fi =
(1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 4 8 = 59.0 kN

2
Nd,fi
A fi
= 8.7 N / mm2 fc,0,d,fi = 0.20 1.25 21 = 5.3 N / mm2
Worked example
Increase of cross-sections by charring depth ( 30 . 0.8 = 24mm)
Solid timber 210/210 mm (C24) => Notional charring rate n = 0.8 mm/min
bfi = 210 - 2 . (60 . 0.8 + 7)
= 100 mm
hfi = 210 - 2 . (60 . 0.8 + 7)
= 100 mm
= 10 . 103 mm2
Afi =
Nd, fi =
d,fi =
(1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 4 8 = 59.0 kN

2
Nd,fi
A fi
= 5.9 N / mm2 fc,0,d,fi = k c,fi k fi fc,0,k
61
62
Worked example
ifi =
fi =
k0.d0
Ifi
100 1003 12
=
= 28.9 mm
A fi
100 100
3000
=
= 103.8
ifi 28.9
rel,fi =
f
fc,0,k
fi
103.8
21
c,0,k = fi
=
= 1.8
E0,05
2 3 Emean
3.14
2 3 11000
63
Worked example
5.2. Column Fire resistance R 60
rel,fi =
f
fc,0,k
fi
103.8
21
c,0,k = fi
=
= 1.8
E0,05
2 3 Emean
3.14
2 3 11000
kc,fi
Solid
timber
rel,fi
=>
k c,fi = 0.27
64
Worked example
5.2. Column Fire resistance R 60
k0.d0

bfi = 210 - 2 . (60 . 0.8 + 7)
= 100 mm
hfi = 210 - 2 . (60 . 0.8 + 7)
= 100 mm
= 10 . 103 mm2
Afi =
Nd, fi =
d,fi =
(1.75 + 1.0 + 0.17 + 0.17 + 0.3 2) 4 8 = 59.0 kN

2
Nd,fi
A fi
= 5.9 N / mm2 fc,0,d,fi = 0.27 1.25 21 = 7.1 N / mm2
Connections in fire
65
Fire test with a multiple shear steel-totimber dowelled connection
66
Connections
Only symmetrical three-member connections

Dowel-type fasteners (nails, bolts, dowels, screws) and
connectors (split-ring, shear-plate and toothed-plate
connectors)
67
Connections
Timber connections
Connections with
dowel-type
fasteners
Connections with
side members of wood
Simplifed rules
Reduced load
method
Axially loaded
screws
Connections with
external steel plates
EN 1993-1-2
(steel design)
Design by
testing
68
Connections with steel elements in fire

Connections with side
steel plates
Connection with side steel

plates and annular ringed
shank nails
Connections with slottedin steel plates
Multiple shear steel-to-timber

dowelled connection
Connections with side members of wood

Simplified rules fire resistance determined by thickness of side members
and protective panels, and fastener end/edge distances
Reduced load method load-carrying capacity vs time assumed as oneparameter exponential empirical model
afi
a3
a4
afi
a4 afi
afi
t1
69
70
Simplified rules unprotected connections

Connections designed according to EN 1995-1-1
Fastener / connector
type
Fire resistance
td,fi [min.]
Provisions
Nails
15
d 2,8 mm
Screws
15
d 3,5 mm
Bolts
15
t1 45 mm
Dowels
20
t1 45 mm
Connectors (EN 912)
15
t1 45 mm
d is the diameter of the fastener

t1 is the thickness of the side member
71
Simplified rules unprotected connections

Greater fire resistance (not exceeding 30 min.) by increasing:
thickness of side members
afi
width of the side members
a3
end / edge distance to fasteners
a4
afi
n
is the notional charring rate
kflux is a coefficient taking into account
treq
td,fi
increased heat flux through the fastener

is the required fire resistance
is the fire resistance of the unprotected
connection (previous table)
a4 afi
afi
t1
72
Simplified rules protected connections

Wood panelling, wood-based panels or gypsum plasterboard type A or H
additional protection
using panels
glued-in plugs
fasteners fixing of the

Gypsum plasterboard type F
hp
afi
member providing
protection
tch
treq
td,fi
is the time until start of charring of the protected

member tch = tch (hp)
is the required fire resistance
is the fire resistance of the unprotected connection
member
bolt head
afi
73

Fixing of additional protection by nails or screws
100 mm (along the boards edges)
Distance between fasteners
Edge distance of fasteners afi
Penetration depth of fasteners
300 mm (for internal fastenings)
6d (wood-based panels or gypsum plasterboard type A or H)

10d (gypsum plasterboard type F)
using panels
afi
fasteners fixing of the

hp
char layer
panel
unburnt timber
afi
afi
afi
la
74

Connections with internal steel plates
width bst of the steel plate

(with unprotected edges)
steel plates narrower than the

timber member are protected if
Unprotected edges in
general
R30
bst 200 mm
R60
bst 280 mm
Unprotected edges in
one or two sides
R30
bst 120 mm
R60
bst 280 mm
plate thickness 3 mm
joints with glued-in strips or
protective wood based boards
dg
dg
dg
dg
dg
dg
bst
R30
dg 30 mm
R60
dg 60 mm
R30
dg or hp 10 mm
R60
dg or hp 30 mm
hp
hp
Connections: Reduced load method

Load-carrying capacity vs Fire resistance
assumed as one-parameter exponential empirical model
model parameter k for each connection type and limited to a maximum fire exposure period
75
76

Load-carrying capacity after a given fire exposure
EN 1995-1-1
Fv,Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity

td,fi
kfi
M,fi
at normal temperature
is the design fire resistance (in minutes)
is a factor to convert 5-percentile values
to 20-percentile
is the partial safety factor for timber in fire
Connection type
Maximum period of
validity for k
Nails and screws
0.08
20 min.
Bolts wood-to-wood (d 12)
0.065
30 min.
Bolts wood-to-wood (d 12)
0.085
30 min.
Dowels wood-to-wooda (d 12)
0.04
40 min.
Dowels steel-to-wooda (d 12)
0.085
30 min.
Connectors (EN 912)
0.065
30 min.
requires one bolt for every four dowels

Fire resistance for a given load level
77
78
Connections: Worked example

Steel-to-timber dowelled connection with internal steel plate
Ed
a3 = 84 mm a1 = 84 mm
a4 = 55 mm
a2 = 50 mm
a4 = 55 mm
Ed = 40 kN
GL 24h k = 380 kg/m3
td,fi 30 min ?
12 dowels, class 6.8 fu = 600 N/mm2
79
80
81
82
83
Fire design model for multiple shear steel-totimber dowelled connections
84
85
Influence of steel plates and steel dowels

on charring
Timber
Temp. [C]
850
700
580
400
200
20
Timber with steel plates

Temp. [C]
850
700
580
400
215
74
Timber with steel plates and

steel dowels
Temp. [C]
850
700
580
400
230
114
Charring behaviour
86
Fire design model for multiple shear

steel-to-timber dowelled connections
t1: thickness of timber

side member
Rd,t,fi = Aef ft,0,k kfi

Fire design model for multiple shear steel-totimber dowelled connections

Fire design model for multiple shear
steel-to-timber dowelled connections
87
88
Informative annexes
Parametric fire exposure

Advanced calculation methods
Load-bearing timber frame assemblies with
cavity insulation
Charring of members in wall and floor
assemblies with void cavities
Analysis of the separating function of wall and
floor assemblies
89
Advanced calculation methods (e.g. FE analysis)
Thermal analysis
Effective thermal properties include effects of mass
transport, and cracking and surface recession of
char-layer (only valid for standard fire exposure)
Structural analysis
Thermo-mechanical properties include transient
effects of combined moisture and elevated
temperature and mechano-sorptive creep
90
Advanced calculation methods (e.g. FE analysis)
91
dchar,n
Timber frame assemblies with cavities completely

filled with insulation
Modification factors kmod,fi are given
Fire separating function of

walls and floors
92
93
Requirements for separating function

Criterion I (insulation)
T 140k
(average temperature rise)
T 180k
(maximum temperature rise)
Criterion E (integrity)
Insulation I
no sustained flaming or hot gases

to ignite a cotton pad
no cracks or openings in
excess of certain dimensions
Integrity E
94
Separating function of wall and floor assemblies

Components additive method
tins =
ins,0,i
kpos k j
Calculation of the time tins by adding the

contribution to the fire resistance of the
different layers
95

tins =
ins,0,i
kpos k j
Basic value of layer i
96

tins =
ins,0,i
kpos k j
Position coefficient
97

Position coefficient kpos
tins,1 > tins,2

The coefficient kpos considers the influence of the
position of the layers in the assembly
Coefficients of design model
98

tins =
ins,0,i
kpos k j
Joint coefficient
for joints not backed
by e.g. battens
99

Heat paths
Separating function: Worked example

1. Wall Fire resistance EI 60, Geometry
Layer 1: Gypsum plasterboard type A, 12.5 mm
Layer 2: Plywood, 12 mm
Layer 3: Rock fibre batts, 80 mm; = 26 kg/m3
100

2. Wall Fire resistance EI 60, Basic value of layers
tins,0 = 1.4 hp = 1.4 1.5 = 17.5 min
tins,0 = 0.95 hp = 0.95 hp = 11 min

tins,0,i = 0.2 hins k dens = 0.2 80 1.0 = 16 min
tins,0 = 0.95 hp = 0.95 hp = 11 min

tins,0 = 1.4 hp = 1.4 1.5 = 17.5 min
101

3. Wall Fire resistance EI 60, Position coefficients
102

4. Wall Fire resistance EI 60, Joint coefficients
Layer 1 to 4:
kj = 1.0 (layer backed by other layer)
Layer 5:
kj = 1.0 (filled joints)
tins =
ins,0,i
kpos k j
103
104

5. Wall Fire resistance EI 60
tins =
ins,0,i
kpos k j
tins = 17.5 1.0 + 11 0.8 + 16 1.0 + 11 1.0 + 17.5 1.2 = 74 min
Steinhausen, 6 storeys (Switzerland)

105
Zrich, 7 storeys (Switzerland)
Lugano, 6 storeys
(Switzerland)
Baar, 5 storeys (Switzerland)
Quality of construction
Fire safety plan with all fire safety measures
Careful planning and detailing
Professionally implementation
of fire safety measures
during the execution
Periodic controls and

maintenance
The intensity of maintenance and controls must be set

depending of the type of structures and the type and
importance of the building
106
Concluding remarks
EN 1995-1-2 has filled many gaps in the knowledge
of structural timber design in fire
However, some problems are still to be solved,

hopefully before the next generation of Eurocodes
will be published
Further knowledge in
Fire safety in Timber Buildings
Technical guideline for Europe
SP Report 2010
107
Future evolution EN 1995-1-2
Evolution group: D. Dhima, A. Frangi (Chair), A. Just, P. Kuklik,

J. Schmid, N. Werther
Simplification (only one design principle

shall be available)
Harmonisation (Annexes should be moved

to the main part; other parts and other ENs)
Improvement / extension
Cross-laminated timber panel (new rules)
Timber-concrete-composite elements
(new rules)
Connections (Improved rules)
Failure of claddings (Improved rules)
Separating function (Improved rules)
108

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Workshop Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes Brussels, 27-28 November 2012

Fire resistance assessment of timber structures

London, 9 storeys (UK)

Bolzano, 7 storeys (Italy)

Passive methods of fire protection

Load-bearing R Integrity E Insulation I

Basic fire requirements

Timber behaviour in fire

Timber behaviour in fire

Material behaviour in fire

constant value for

Charring depth (mm)

spruce: 0.7 mm/Min.

Fire time (min)

Timber behaviour in fire

Source: proHolz, Austria

Material behaviour in fire

Intumescent coating systems on steel members

Material behaviour in fire

Intumescent coating systems on steel members

Material behaviour in fire

Intumescent coating systems on steel members

Material behaviour in fire

Material behaviour in fire

Protection of the timber

elements with non

Material behaviour in fire

One-dimensional charring: charring rate 0

glued laminated beam

glued laminated beam

Notional charring: notional charring rate n

Charring rates according to EN 1995-1-2

Charring model for unprotected surfaces

Influence of fall off of cladding

Fall off of cladding

Timber slab after 17 minutes ISO-fire exposure

Fire behaviour of initially protected surfaces

Increased charring rate

Protected timber surfaces

Fire behaviour of initially protected surfaces

the temperature in the furnace is

no protective char layer exists

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

tch = time of start of charring

For gypsum plasterboards type F: tch < tf

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Charring model for initially protected surfaces

Fire behaviour of initially protected surfaces

Fire time (min)

Time of start of charring

For wood-based panels

For gypsum plasterboards type A, H or F

Where hp is the thickness of the panel, in mm

Failure modes of protective boards

Thermal degradation (mechanical failure)

Failure modes of protective boards

Wood-based panels: tch = tf

Design of timber structures in fire

Verification methods for the load-bearing

entire structure (global analysis)