Best Pneumatics

Best Pneumatics
Air Cylinders Drive System
Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

How to Read the Graph
This graph shows the full stroke time and stroke end velocity when a cylinder drive
system is composed of the most suitable equipment.
As the graph shown below, various load ratio and full stroke time which corresponds
to stroke and terminal velocity are indicated for every cylinder bore size.
Conditions
Pressure
0.5 MPa
Piping
length
1m
Series CJ2, Series CM2, Series CQ2
2m
Series MB, Series CQ2
3m
Series CS1, Series CS2
Cylinder orientation
Vertically upward
Speed controller
Meter-out, connected with cylinder directly, needle fully opened
Load factor
((Load mass x 9.8)/Theoretical output) x 100%
Example
When the cylinder bore size is , its stroke is L , and load ratio is d %, full stroke time t is obtainted, as an
arrow mark q, by reading the value on the abscissa over the point at which the ordinate L hits the full
stroke line (red line) of d %. Terminal velocity u is obtained, as an arrow mark w, by reading the value on
the abscissa below the point at which the ordinate L hits the terminal velocity line (blue line) of d %.
Full stroke time (t )
d%
Stroke (L)
d%
w
Stroke end velocity (u )
Full stroke time
Speed
(mm)
Stroke
Time (sec)
ON
SOL.OFF
Front matter 30
Stroke
end
velocity
Stroke
Glossary of Terms: Cylinders Motion Characteristics

(1) Piston start-up time
It is the time between the solenoid valve is energized (de-energized) and the piston (rod) of a cylinder
starts traveling. The accurate judgement is done by the start-up of acceleration curve.
(2) Full stroke time
It is the time between the solenoid valve is energized (de-energized) and the piston (rod) of a cylinder is reached at the stroke end.
(3) 90% force time
It is the time between the solenoid valve is energized (de-energized) and the cylinder output is reached at
90% of the theoretical output.
(4) Mean velocity
Values which devided stroke by full stroke time. In the sequence or diaphragm, it is used as a
substituting expression for full stroke time.
(5) Max. velocity
It is the maximum values of the piston velocity which occurs during the stroke. In the case of Graph (1), it will be the same
values as stroke end velocity. Like Graph (2), when lurching or stick-slipping occurs, it shows substantially larger values.
(6) Stroke end velocity
It is the piston velocity when the piston (rod) of a cylinder is reached at the stroke end. In the case of a cylinder with adjustable cushion,
it says the piston velocity at the cushion entrance. It is used for judging the cushion capability and selecting the buffer mechanism.
(7) Impact velocity
It is the piston velocity when the piston (rod) of a cylinder is collided with the external stopper at the stroke end or arbitrary position.
(Reference)
Balancing velocity: If a cylinder having enough longer stroke is driven by meter-out, the latter half of a stroke will be in an uniform
motion. Regardless of the supply pressure or a load, the piston speed for this time will be dependent only on the effective area S [mm2]
of the exhaust circuit and the piston area A [mm2] . Balancing velocity = 1.9 x 105 x (S/A) [mm/s] is estimated with this formula.
Note) These definitions are harmonized with SMC Model Selection Software.
Graph (2)
Graph (1)
Full stroke time
Full stroke time

Piston start-up time
Max. speed
Acceleration
Speed
Speed
0
90% force time

Exhaust chamber
pressure
90% force time

Supply chamber
pressure
Supply chamber
pressure
Exhaust chamber
pressure
Stroke
Stroke
Acceleration
Time
Stroke end
velocity
Stroke end
velocity
Piston
start-up time
Time
Front matter 31
Best Pneumatics

Series CJ2/Bore size: 6, 10, 16
Speed
controller
Full stroke time (sec)

0.0
AS1201F
-M5-04
AN120
-M5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
10% 30%
50%
0.6
0.7
70%
0.8
0.9
1.0
60
45
SY3120-M5
TU0425 SYJ3120-M3
AN120
VQD1121-M5 AS1200
-M5
-M3
70%
30%
30
50%
10%
15
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
10
75
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ512-M5
-M5
VQZ1120-M5 AS1200
-M5
50
25
Stroke (mm)
100
AS1201F
-M5-04
16
100
AS1201F
-M5-04
75
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ512-M5
-M5
VQZ1120-M5 AS1200
-M5
50
25
Stroke (mm)
0
Solenoid valve
Silencer Tubing
(2 position)
Applicable model
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Stroke end velocity (mm/s)
For details corresponding to each various condition, make the use of Model Selection Software on SMC website for your decision.
How
How to
to Read
Read the
the Graph
Graph
This graph shows the full stroke
time and stroke end velocity when a
cylinder drive system is composed
of the most suitable equipment.
As the graph shown at right, various
load ratio and full stroke time which
corresponds to stroke and terminal
velocity are indicated for every
cylinder bore size.
Front matter 32
Conditions
Pressure
0.5 MPa
Piping length
1m
Cylinder orientation Vertically upward

Speed controller
Meter-out, connected with cylinder

directly, needle fully opened
Load factor
Series CM2/Bore size: 20, 25, 32, 40
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
Speed
controller

0.0
0.1
20
0.2
0.3
0.4
10%
0.5
30%
0.6
0.7
50%
0.8
0.9
70%
1.0
200
AS2201F
-01-04
150
AS2200
-01
70%
50%
100
30%
50
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
10% 0
25
150
100
AS2200
-01
50
Stroke (mm)
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
200
AS2201F
-01-04
32
SY5120-01
TU0604
SX5120-01
AN101
-01
200
AS2201F
-01-06
150
100
AS2200
-01
50
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-01
40
SY5120-01
TU0604
SX5120-01
AN101
-01
200
AS2201F
-02-06
150
100
AS2200
-02
50
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-01
0
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Applicable model
Silencer Tubing
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
When the cylinder bore size is , its stroke is L , and load ratio is d %, full stroke time t is obtainted, as
an arrow mark q, by reading the value on the abscissa over the point at which the ordinate L hits the full
Full stroke time
d%
d%
Speed
Stroke
w
ON
OFF
SOL
Stroke
end
velocity
Stroke (mm)
Stroke (L)
Example
Time (sec)
Front matter 33
Best Pneumatics

Series CQ2/Bore size: 12, 16, 20
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
Speed
controller 0.00

0.05
12
AS1201F
-M5-04
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

10% 30% 50% 70%
70%
50%
0.30
0.35
30%
0.40
0.45
0.50
20
10%
15
10
AS1200
-M5
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
0
20
15
10
AS1200
-M5
Stroke (mm)
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
16
AS1201F
-M5-04
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
20
AS1201F
-M5-04
40
30
20
AS1200
-M5
10
Stroke (mm)
0
Solenoid valve
Silencer Tubing
(2 position)
Applicable model
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
How
How to
to Read
Read the
the Graph
Graph
cylinder bore size.
Front matter 34
Conditions
Pressure
0.5 MPa
Piping length
1m

Speed controller

Load factor
Series CQ2/Bore size: 25, 32
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0425 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
Speed
controller 0.00

0.05
25
0.10
0.15
0.20
70% 50% 30%
AS1201F
-M5-04
0.25
10%
0.30
30%
0.35
50%
0.40
0.45
0.50
70%
10%
40
30
20
AS1200
-M5
10
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
32
AS2201F
-01-06
30
20
AS2200
-01
10
Stroke (mm)
SY3120-M5
AN120
TU0604 SYJ5120-M5
-M5
VQ1160-M5
40
0
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Applicable model
Silencer Tubing
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Full stroke time
d%
d%
Speed
Stroke
w
ON
OFF
SOL
Stroke
end
velocity
Stroke (mm)
Stroke (L)
Example
Time (sec)
Front matter 35
Best Pneumatics

Series CQ2/Bore size: 40, 50, 63
AN101
TU0604 SY5120-01
-01
Speed
controller

0.0
0.1
40
AS2201F
-01-06
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
10% 30%
0.6
0.7
50%
0.8
0.9
70%
70%
50%
1.0
100
75
50
AS2200
-01
30%
10%
25
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
50
75
50
AS2200
-02
25
Stroke (mm)
AN101
TU0604 SY5120-01
-01
100
AS2201F
-02-06
63
AN101
TU0805 SY5120-01
-01
100
AS3201F
-02-08
75
50
AS3000
-02
25
Stroke (mm)
0
Solenoid valve
Silencer Tubing
(2 position)
Applicable model
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
How
How to
to Read
Read the
the Graph
Graph
cylinder bore size.
Front matter 36
Conditions
Pressure
0.5 MPa
Piping length
2m

Speed controller

Load factor
Series CQ2/Bore size: 80, 100
SY7120-02
TU1065
SX7120-01
AN101
-01

0.0
0.1
80
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
10%
0.6
30%
0.7
50%
0.8
0.9
1.0
70%
70%
75
50%
AS4000
-03
50
30%
10%
25
0
100
ANB1
-03
AN30
-03
100
Stroke (mm)
AN110
-01
Speed
controller
100
AS5000
VFS41-03 -03
TU1208
VFR41-03 AS420
-03
75
50
25
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
0
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Applicable model
Silencer Tubing
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Full stroke time
d%
d%
Speed
Stroke
w
ON
OFF
SOL
Stroke
end
velocity
Stroke (mm)
Stroke (L)
Example
Time (sec)
Front matter 37
Best Pneumatics

Series MB/Bore size 32, 40, 50
ANB1
-01
SY5120-01
TU0604
SX5120-01
AN101
-01
Speed
controller

0.0
0.2
32
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10% 30%
1.2
1.4
1.6
50%
1.8
2.0
70%
400
300
AS2201F
-01-06
50%
70%
AS2200
-01
200
30%
10%
100
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
40
SY5120-01
TU0604
SX5120-01
AN101
-01
AS2201F
-02-06
300
200
AS2200
-02
100
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-01
400
50
ANB1
-01
SY5120-01
TU0805
SX5120-01
AN101
-01
400
AS3201F
-02-08
300
200
AS3000
-02
100
Stroke (mm)
0
Solenoid valve
Silencer Tubing
(2 position)
Applicable model
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
How
How to
to Read
Read the
the Graph
Graph
cylinder bore size.
Front matter 38
Conditions
Pressure
0.5 MPa
Piping length
2m

Speed controller

Load factor
Series MB/Bore size: 63, 80, 100

0.0
0.2
63
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10%
30%
1.2
50%
1.4
1.6
1.8
70%
2.0
400
300
SY7120-02
TU1065
SX7120-02
AN101
-01
AS4000
-03
200
100
70%
50% 30% 10%
80
ANB1
-02
AN20
-02
Stroke (mm)
AN110
-01
Speed
controller
400
AS5000
VFS31-02 -02
TU1065
VFR31-02 AS420
-02
300
200
100
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
100
AN30
-03
400
AS5000
VFS41-03 -03
TU1208
VFR41-03 AS420
-03
300
200
100
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-03
0
Solenoid valve
Silencer Tubing
(2 position)
Applicable model
Speed
controller
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Full stroke time
d%
d%
Speed
Stroke
w
ON
OFF
SOL
Stroke
end
velocity
Stroke (mm)
Stroke (L)
Example
Time (sec)
Front matter 39
Best Pneumatics

Series CS1, CS2/Bore size: 125, 140, 160
Speed
controller
ANB1
-03
AS420
-02
AN30
-03
VFR3100-03
SGP10A
VEX3320-03

0.0
1.0
125
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10% 30% 50% 70%
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
800
70% 50%
30%
AS5000
-02
10%
600
400
200
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
140
AN30
-03
VFR3100-03
SGP10A
VEX3320-03
800
AS420
-03
600
400
AS5000
-03
200
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-03
160
ANB1
-04
AN40
-04
800
600
VFR4100-04
SGP10A
VEX3320-04
AS420
-03
400
200
Stroke (mm)
0
Solenoid valve
Silencer Tubing
(2 position)
Applicable model
Speed
controller
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
How
How to
to Read
Read the
the Graph
Graph
cylinder bore size.
Front matter 40
Conditions
Pressure
0.5 MPa
Piping length
3m

Speed controller

Load factor
Series CS1/Bore size: 180, 200, 250, 300
ANB1
-04
AN40
-04
SGP15A VEX3500-04
VP3145-03
Speed
controller

0.0
1.0
180
2.0
3.0
5.0
6.0
10% 30% 50%
4.0
70%
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
800
70%
50%
600
30%
AS420
-03
10%
400
200
Stroke (mm)
Applicable model
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Silencer Tubing
200
AN40
-04
600
SGP15A VEX3500-04
VP3145-03
AS420
-04
400
200
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-04
800
250
600
ANB1
-06
VEX3500-06
SGP20A
VP3145-04
AN500
-06
AS600
-10
400
200
Stroke (mm)
800
300
800
600
VEX3500-10
SGP20A
VP3145-06
AN600
-10
AS600
-10
400
200
Stroke (mm)
ANB1
-10
0
Solenoid valve
(2 position)
Applicable model
Silencer Tubing
Speed
controller
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Full stroke time
d%
d%
Speed
Stroke
w
ON
OFF
SOL
Stroke
end
velocity
Stroke (mm)
Stroke (L)
Example
Time (sec)
Front matter 41
Best Pneumatics
Solenoid Valves Flow Characteristics

(How to indicate flow characteristics)
1. Indication of flow characteristics
Indication of the flow characteristics in specifications for equipment such as solenoid valve, etc. is depending on Table (1).
Table (1) Indication of Flow Characteristics
Corresponding equipment Indication by international standard Other indications
C, b
Equipment
for pneumatics
Standards conforming to
ISO 6358: 1989
JIS B 8390: 2000
S
Cv
JIS B 8390: 2000

Equipment: JIS B 8373, 8374, 8379, 8381
ANSI/(NFPA)T3.21.3: 1990
2. Equipment for pneumatics

2.1 Indication according to the international standards
(1) Standards conforming to
ISO 6358: 1989 : Pneumatic fluid powerComponents using compressible fluids
Determination of flow-rate characteristics
JIS B 8390: 2000 : Pneumatic fluid powerComponents using compressible fluids
How to test flow-rate characteristics
(2) Definition of flow characteristics
Flow rate characteristics are indicated by the comparison between sonic conductance C and critical pressure ratio b.
Sonic conductance C
: Values which devide the passing mass flow rate of an equipment in a choked flow condition by
the product of the upstream absolute pressure and the density in the standard condition.
Critical pressure ratio b : It is the pressure ratio which will turn to the choke flow (downstream pressure/upstream
pressure) when it is smaller than this values. (critical pressure ratio)
Choked flow
: It is the flow which upstream pressure is higher than the downstream pressure
and it is being reached the sonic speed in a certain part of an equipment.
Gaseous mass flow rate is in proportion to the upstream pressure, and not
dependent on the downstream pressure. (choked flow)
Subsonic flow
: Flow in more than the critical pressure ratio.
Standard condition
: Air in the state of temperature 20C, absolute pressure 0.1 MPa (= 100 kPa = 1 bar), relative humidity 65%.
It is stipulated by adding the abbreviation (ANR) after the unit depicting air volume.
(standard reference atmosphere)
Standard conforming to: ISO 8778: 1990 Pneumatic fluid powerStandard reference
atmosphere, JIS B 8393: 2000: Pneumatic fluid powerStandard reference atmosphere
(3) Formula of flow rate

It can be indicated by the practical unit as following.
When
P2 + 0.1
b, choked flow
P1 + 0.1
Q = 600 x C (P1 + 0.1)
293
(1)
273 + t
When
P2 + 0.1 > b, subsonic flow
P1 + 0.1
Front matter 42
Q = 600 x C (P1 + 0.1)
P2 + 0.1
2
b
P1 + 0.1
1
1b
293
(2)
273 + t
Q : Air flow rate [dm3/min (ANR)], dm3 (Cubic decimeter) of SI unit are also allowed to described by L
(liter). 1 dm3 = 1 L.
C
b
P1
P2
t
: Sonic conductance [dm3/(sbar)]

: Critical pressure ratio [-]
: Upstream pressure [MPa]
: Downstream pressure [MPa]
: Temperature [C]
Note) Formula of subsonic flow is the elliptic analogous curve.

Flow characteristics curve is indicated in Graph (1). For details, make the use of SMCs Energy Saving Program.
Example)
Obtain the air flow rate for P1 = 0.4 [MPa], P 2 = 0.3 [MPa], t = 20 [C] when a solenoid valve is
performed in C = 2 [dm3/(sbar)] and b = 0.3.
According to formula 1, the maximum flow rate = 600 x 2 x (0.4 + 0.1) x
293
= 600 [dm3/min (ANR)]
273 + 20
0.3 + 0.1
Pressure ratio = = 0.8
0.4 + 0.1
Based on Graph (1) it is going to be 0.7 if it is read by the pressure ratio as 0.8 and the flow ratio to be b = 0.3.
Hence, flow rate = Max. flow x flow ratio = 600 x 0.7 = 420 [dm3/min (ANR)].
1
0.9
0.5
b = 0.1
0.8
0.7
Flow rate ratio
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
P1
0.2
Equipment
C, b
0.1
0
0
P2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pressure ratio (P2 + 0.1) / (P1 + 0.1)
Graph (1) Flow characteristics line
Front matter 43
Best Pneumatics

(How to indicate flow characteristics)
2.1 Indication by international standards
(4) How to test
By piping the equipment on test with the test circuit as shown in figure (1), while maintaining the upstream pressure to a
certain value which does not go down below 0.3 MPa, measure the maximum flow rate to be saturated in the first place. Then
next, measure this flow at the point of 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% flow and the upstream pressure and downstream pressure. And
from this maximum flow rate, figure out the sonic conductance C. Also, substitute the other each data for the subsonic flow
formula to figure out b and then obtain the critical pressure ratio b from that average.
Pressure gauge or
pressure convertor
Thermometer
Air supply
Filter
Shut off
valve
d3 3d1
10d3
Differential pressure gauge

or differential pressure converter
3d3
10d1
d2
Pressure control
equipment
d1
3d1
Flow control valve
10d2
3d2
Flow meter
Pipe for measuring

Equipment
temperature
for test
Pipe for measuring Pipe for measuring
pressure in the
pressure in the
upstream side
downstream pressure
Fig. (1) Test circuit based on ISO6358, JIS B 8390.
2.2 Effective area S

(1) Standards conforming to
JIS B 8390: 2000: Pneumatic fluid powerComponents using compressible fluids
Determination of flow-rate characteristics
Equipment standards: JIS B 8373: 2 port solenoid valve for pneumatics
JIS B 8374: 3 port solenoid valve for pneumatics
JIS B 8379: Silencer for pneumatics
JIS B 8381: Fittings of flexible joint for pneumatics
(2) Definition of flow characteristics
Effective area S: It is the cross-sectional area with having an ideal throttle without friction which was deduced by
the calculation of the pressure changes inside air tank or without reduced flow when
discharging the compressed air in a choked flow from an equipment attached to air tank. It is
the same concept representing the easy to run through as sonic conductance C.
(3) Formula of flow rate
When
P2 + 0.1 0.5, choked flow
P1 + 0.1
293
Q = 120 x S(P1 + 0.1) (3)
273 + t
When
P2 + 0.1 > 0.5, subsonic flow
P1 + 0.1
Q = 240 x S (P2 + 0.1) (P1 P2)
293
(4)
273 + t
Conversion with sonic conductance C:
S = 5.0 x C(5)
Front matter 44
Q :Air flow rate[dm3/min(ANR)], dm3 (cubic decimeter) of SI unit is good to be described by L (liter), too. 1 dm3 = 1 L
S : Effective area [mm2]
P1 : Upstream pressure [MPa]
P2 : Downstream pressure [MPa]
t : Temperature [C]
Note) Formula of subsonic flow (4) is only applicable when the critical pressure ratio b is the unknown equipment. In the formula by sonic conductance C (2), it is the same formula when b = 0.5.
(4) Test method
By piping an equipment for test with the test circuit shown in the figure (2), discharge air to the atmosphere
until the pressure inside the air tank goes down to 0.25 MPa (0.2 MPa) from the air tank filled with compressed
air of a certain pressure (0.5 MPa) which does not go down below 0.6 MPa. Measure the discharging time for
this time and the residual pressure inside the air tank which had been left until it turned to be the normal
values, and then figure out the effective area S by the following formula. The volume of air tank should be
selected within the specified range by corresponding to the effective area of an equipment for test.
In the case of JIS B 8373, 8374, 8379, 8381, the pressure values are in the parenthesis and the coefficient of
formula is 12.9.
V
Ps + 0.1
293
S = 12.1 log10 () (6)
t
P + 0.1
T
Solenoid
valve
Equipment for test
Air tank
Air supply Filter
Shut off
valve
Pressure gauge
or
pressure convertor
Timer (Clock)
Pressure recorder
Rectifier tube in the

downstream side
before discharging [MPa]

P : Residual pressure inside air tank
after discharging [MPa]
T : Temperature inside air tank
before discharging [K]
Control
circuit
Rectifier tube in the

upstream side
S : Effective area [mm2]

V : Air tank capacity [dm3]
t : Discharging time [s]
Ps : Pressure inside air tank
Power
supply
Pressure switch
Thermometer
Pressure control
equipment
Fig. (2) Test circuit based on JIS B 8390
2.3 Flow coeffiecient Cv factor

The United States Standard ANSI/(NFPA)T3.21.3:1990: Pneumatic fluid powerFlow rating test
procedure and reporting methodFor fixed orifice components
defines the Cv factor of flow coefficient by the following formula based on the test conducted by the test
circuit analogous to ISO 6358.
Q
Cv = (7)
P (P2 + Pa)
114.5
T1
P : Pressure drop between the static pressure tapping ports [bar]
P1
P2
Q
Pa
T1
: Pressure of the upstream tapping port [bar gauge]

: Pressure of the downstream tapping port [bar gauge]:P2 = P1 P
: Flow rate [dm3/s standard condition]
: Atmospheric pressure [bar absolute]
: Test conditions of the upstream absolute temperature [K]
Test condition is P1 + Pa = 6.5 0.2 bar absolute, T1 = 297 5K, 0.07 bar P 0.14 bar.
A which ISO6358 stipulates as being applicable only when the

pressure drop is smaller than the upstream pressure and the compression of air does not become a problem.
This is the same concept as effective area
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Air Cylinders Drive System

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Series CJ2, Series CM2, Series CQ2

Series MB, Series CQ2

Series CS1, Series CS2

Meter-out, connected with cylinder directly, needle fully opened

((Load mass x 9.8)/Theoretical output) x 100%

Air Cylinders Drive System

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Glossary of Terms: Cylinders Motion Characteristics

Full stroke time

90% force time

90% force time

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Full stroke time (sec)

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Cylinder orientation Vertically upward

Meter-out, connected with cylinder

((Load mass x 9.8)/Theoretical output) x 100%

Air Cylinders Drive System

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Series CM2/Bore size: 20, 25, 32, 40

Full stroke time (sec)

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Full stroke time (t )

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Full stroke time (sec)

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Cylinder orientation Vertically upward

Meter-out, connected with cylinder

((Load mass x 9.8)/Theoretical output) x 100%

Air Cylinders Drive System

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Series CQ2/Bore size: 25, 32

Full stroke time (sec)

70% 50% 30%

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Full stroke time (t )

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Full stroke time (sec)

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Cylinder orientation Vertically upward

Meter-out, connected with cylinder

((Load mass x 9.8)/Theoretical output) x 100%

Air Cylinders Drive System

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Series CQ2/Bore size: 80, 100

Full stroke time (sec)

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Full stroke time (t )

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Full stroke time (sec)

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)

Cylinder orientation Vertically upward

Meter-out, connected with cylinder

((Load mass x 9.8)/Theoretical output) x 100%

Air Cylinders Drive System

Full Stroke Time & Stroke End Velocity

Series MB/Bore size: 63, 80, 100

50% 30% 10%

Stroke end velocity (mm/s)