Determining the Head loss

Theory:
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow of a non-conducting fluid,
an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli who
published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.
Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely
denoted as Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different forms of the Bernoulli equation for
different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid for incompressible flows
(e.g. most liquid flows and gases moving at low Mach number). More advanced forms may in
some cases be applied to compressible flows at higher Mach numbers (see the derivations of the
Bernoulli equation).
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that,
in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all
points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and
internal energy remains constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid implying an
increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy occurs with a simultaneous decrease in
(the sum of) its static pressure, potential energy and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of
a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir
the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential g h) is the same
everywhere.
Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing
horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be because
the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower
pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower
pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the
highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the
pressure is highest.
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy
principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behaviour that is usually labelled with
the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is
increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive,
but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow
through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.
Bernoullis equation for dynamic and static pressures:

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Objective:
The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to identify the head loss in the set-up.

Materials needed:
1. Water
2. Pump with 1/2hp input
3. Pipes about 45in long and 20mm nominal diameter
4. Hose about 30 in long and 30mm nominal diameter
5. 6 valves
6. 3pcs Pressure gauge

Procedures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Prepare the set-up. Be sure that before doing anything, the area is secure from any danger.
Place the pail of water inside the designated area which will act as reservoir.
Immerse the hose from the tank and the hose from the primer to the reservoir.
Open all the valves.
Pour water to the primer. Close valve 2 and hold the end of hose 1 (which is connected to
the primer).
Close valve 1 after the primer has been set.
Check the power reading. Plug and turn on the set-up.
Open valve 2 and let go of hose 1.
Let the water flow constantly for 1 hour and check the pressures and flow rates for every
20-30 minutes. Tabulate data.

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Methodology:

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Data and Analysis:

Data gathered in this Experiments

TRIAL

PRESSURE 1
(psi)

FLOWRATE(L/min)
Q1

Q2

Q3

PRESSURE 2

% Error

(psi)

%error= theory-experiment x 100

theory

12.4

8.4

1.5

31.57%

12.5

8.2

1.6

29.47%

12.4

8.4

1.6

10.30%

12.4

8.4

1.5

1.83%

12.4

8.4

1.5

1.83%

Using Bernoullis equation:

And since there is no change in dynamic pressure:

Pressure reading (psi)

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

7
6
5
4

Pressure 1
Pressure 2

3
2
1
0

Chart 1.0: Trial no. 4 data

Theoretical Value of Head loss = 1.6495m

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Solving for the total length:

For the Reynolds Number:

The calculated value for the Reynolds Number is 28,611 which fall as turbulent type of flow in
the experiment.

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Results and Discussions:

There is a 10.02% difference between the two computed values. This % error may caused
by the frictions of the pipes or unsteady flow of the setup. The theoretical head loss value is
computed from Bernoullis equation and on the other hand, the experimental value is from
Darcy-Weisbach equation.

Conclusion:
We conclude that in doing this experiment we must wait 20-30mins enable for the setup to
be stable, and we must consider some errors cause by friction of pipes, missed read, unsteady
flow, and malfunction of pressure gage. These circumstances were addressed by the researcher
since when they computed the first sets of experimental datum they arrived in a huge value of
percentage differences.

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Comparison of Bernoulli and Darcy Weisbach

2.5

1.5
Darcy Weisbach
Bernoulli

0.5

0
Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Trial 4

Trial 5

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

Republic of the Philippines

Mindanao University of Science and Technology
C.M. Recto Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Determining the Head Loss

Submitted to:
Engr. Leonel Pabilona
Instructor

Submitted by:
Tumabiene, James S.
Jimenez, Nico Bryan M.

Date performed: 09/09/2015

Determining the Head loss

September 15, 2015

Date performed: 09/09/2015