YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

YDS Okuma - eviri &

Kelime 3

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

7. Motivation - An Effective Human Resource

Management Strategy
Employers should recognize the importance of labor motivation towards the success of the
organization. And therefore an effective human resource management strategy should be adopted in
order to establish proper labor satisfaction.
Motivation refers to a strategy used for improving employer- employee relations in an organization.
Motivation is a driving force within the employees by which they attempt to achieve their targets and
goals in order to fulfill organizational expectations. There are several different theories of motivation
and it is important for both employer and employee to be aware of them.
An appropriate starting point is considering money as a motivator. Many employers believe that the
workers would be motivated by obtaining the highest possible income. Of cause the most basic and
primary motivating factor of a rational economic man is the maximum gain. In this strategy employers
can motivate their labors through increasing their salaries and wages, extra payment through
performance evaluation and other financial benefits such as transport allowance, medical allowance
etc.
Another factor that can motivate people is socialization at work. According to this thinking strategy, top
management and employers should pay attention to the needs of their people. The manager should
always try to be a coordinator or a guide rather than being a discretionary controller. And group work
and team work would improve good human relations within the company. This will result in increase in
worker's efficiency and job satisfaction.
Carrying out social activities that provide opportunity for employees and management to get-together
and interact with each other can be recognized under this category. Some common activities
organized by companies all around the world are New Year festivals, Christmas parties, annual trips
and sports and cultural events. These types of events will give the chance to both sides to get to know
each others needs and ideas.
But these types of motivation factors should always establish equal treatment among the labor force.
No discrimination should be done on the grounds of gender, race, religion or social status. Treating all
workers equally is a crucial factor in increasing the job satisfaction. If one worker or groups of workers
are discriminated on some ground, they will be unsatisfied. And human resource management
strategy of such a company would become a total failure.
Another effective motivation factor is open and two way communication. The labors should have the
opportunity to inform their matters and problems to the management while the top managers should
inform the workforce about the decisions they made regarding the company. Promoting of both
upward and downward communication in a company may help to improve the trust between
employees and employers and decrease the number of disputes arising in a workplace.
In order to maintain a good industrial relationship, training and skill development of employees can be
used. Some companies may think training and development of labor skills is an unwanted cost for the
organization, but as this will increase the skill and knowledge of a worker, it will help to reduce
production cost and improve productivity of a company. Employer should identify the importance of
employee training for their higher performances and good labor relations.
Most recently developed motivation plan is welfare activities. Providing housing loans, insurance

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

schemes are most commonly practiced welfare activities. Providing nutritious meals, transport facilities
and daycare center facilities are also some welfare activities that can be helped to improve labor
motivation.
Now many corporate persons are heading towards the recognition of corporate social responsibility.
This new concept also can be used to improve the labor relations in a company. Evaluating
educational performances of worker's children, providing health care coverage for the whole family are
mostly seen labor motivation activities.
Motivation - An Effective Human Resource
Management Strategy
employer
iveren
recognize that
tanmak, kabul etmek
importance
nem
motivation
motivasyon
therefore
bu yzden
effective
etkili
management
ynetim
in order to DO
mek mak iin
establish that
kurmak belirlemek
proper
dzgn, uygun
satisfaction
tatmin
refer to
atfta
bulunmak,bahsetmek
improve
gelimek,gelitirmek
attempt to do
aba , abalamak
achieve
baarmak, ulamak
target
hedef
goal
ama, hedef
fulfill
gerekletirmek,yerine
getirmek
expectation
beklenti,umut
different from
farkl
both / and
hemhem-aware of /that
farknda
appropriate
uygun, dzgn
consider
dnmek, grmek
motivator
motive eden
believe that
inanmak
obtain from
elde etmek
income
gelir
basic
temel
primary
ana
rational
mantkl
gain
kazanmak
salary
maa
wage
cret
payment
deme
evaluation
deerlendirme
financial
mali
benefit from
fayda,faydalanmak
such as
rnein,gibi
allowance
izin verilen miktar
socialization
sosyalleme
according to
e gre
pay attention to
dikkat etmek
always
herzaman

coordinator
guide to
rather than
discretionary
within
efficiency
satisfaction
carry out
provide
opportunity
interact with
each other
common
annual
chance
industrial
self-fulfillment
behind
expect that
certain that
challenge
responsibility for
workplace
special
contribution to
such as
cost cost-cost
establish that
equal to
treatment
discrimination
on the grounds of
gender
equally
crucial
discriminate
unsatisfied
resource
total
failure
communication
inform that / of
workforce
decision
regarding
promote
upward
downward

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koordinatr
rehber, rehberlik etmek
den ziyade
istee bal
-de / da
verimlilik
tatmin
yapmak , gerekletirmek
salamak,temin etmek
frsat
etkilemek
birbirine birbirlerine
yaygn,ortak
yllk
ans
endstriyel
kendini gerekletirme
arkasnda
ummak, beklemek
belli , baz ,kesin, emin
engel glk
sorumluluk
iyeri
zel
katk
rnein, gibi
maliyet,mal olmak
kurmak, belirlemek
eit
tedavi
ayrm
bahanesiyle,nedeniyle
cinsiyet
eit bir ekilde
hayati
ayrm yapmak
tatmin olmam
kaynak
toplam
baarszlk
iletiim
birlgi, vermek
iyeri
karar
ile ilgili
ilerletmek, terfi ettirmek
yukar doru
aa doru

YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

trust
decrease
dispute
arise-arosearisen from / out
of
maintain
industrial
relationship
development
unwanted
knowledge
productivity
identify
importance
recently
welfare
insurance

gven, gvenmek
azalma,azalmak
tartma, tartmak
ortaya kmak

muhafaza etmek
,srdrmek
endstriyel
iliki
gelime
istenmeyen
bilgi
retkenlik
tanmlamak
nem
son zamanlarda
zenginlik,refahlk
sigorta

death
donation
commonly
practice
nutritious
transport
daycare
corporate
towards
recognition
evaluate
educational
provide
coverage
responsibility for

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lm
ba
yaygn bir ekilde
uygulama
besleyici
tama , tamak
gnlk bakm
irket
e doru
tanma
deerlendirmek
eitimsel
salamak, temin etmek
kapsama
sorumluluk

YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

8. Continents of the World

In order to understand about the continents, we need to go over what exactly a continent is. Then we
can get into the details about each of the continents on an individual level. So, what is a continent? A
continent is a huge, continuous mass of land, that is separated by any other mass of land by a large
expanse of water, namely the oceans. Extensive coastlines mark the edges of the continents.
Continents are generally referred to as mainlands. Continents are believed to have been formed due
to the tectonic movements of the earth's crust. It is believed that in the beginning, all the land mass
that we see today, was joined together on the surface of the earth. This land mass got fragmented and
divided into the seven continents that we see today due to the movement below the earth's crust, that
forced them to spread apart and form separate landmasses. Given below is a detailed account of the 7
continents.
Asia
Total Area: 17,212,000 sq.mi. Asia is the largest continent in the world, by area and by population. It
spans the northern and eastern hemisphere and is home to more than half of the total population of
the world. It occupies almost 9% of the total land mass of the earth. If you ever plan to travel to Asia,
you would like to take a look at the different prevalent cultures of Asia. Some of the important
countries in Asia are India, Japan, U.A.E, Oman, etc. Other countries also worth visiting are Malaysia,
Thailand, Indonesia, etc. Asia is home to two of the oldest civilizations in the world, namely the Indian
and the Chinese. Asians are known for the strong influence that customs and traditions have on their
lives. Asia experiences all types of climates, from hot deserts to snow covered mountains, from hot
and humid beaches to pleasant tropical breezes.
Africa
Total Area: 11,668,598.7 sq.mi. Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It houses 54
countries; including South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mauritius, etc. It comes second to Asia in population
too, housing around 15% of the world population. The upper portion of Africa, being close to the
equator, has dry and arid desert areas. But as we go lower, there is plenty of grassland vegetation of
different types present. The 'steppes' grasslands of Africa are world famous. Also, there are the
glorious rainforests in the central and southern regions of this continent. The problem of deforestation
is affecting the forest cover in Africa at a much faster rate than the rest of the world.
North America
Total Area: 9,540,000 sq.mi. The Americas have been divided into two; North America lies in the
Northern Hemisphere. It also partly falls into the Western Hemisphere. Some countries that are
present in North America are United States of America, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Costa Rica, etc. The
characteristic feature of the physical geography of North America is that it has a vast plain region
(Great Plains), high mountains (Rocky), low lying beaches, and also the perpetually snow topped
region of Greenland. Since the number of countries in North America is much lesser than in the other
continents, the number of cultures and languages spoken is much limited as compared to Asia.
South America
Total Area: 6,890,000 sq.mi. South America lies in the southern and the western hemisphere. It
houses countries like Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, etc. The major resources in South America
are its minerals. These include copper, iron ore, silver, gold, etc. Biodiversity is another key factor in
South America, with different types of plants and animals growing and living here. The topography of
this continent includes record holding waterfalls (Angel Falls: highest), mountain ranges (Andes:
longest), Atacama desert (driest) and others.
Antarctica
Total Area: 5,405,430 sq.mi. The southern most land mass of the earth is called the continent of
Antarctica. It constitutes islands that are covered in ice and snow all year round, owing to the location
of the South Pole within itself. The human population in Antarctica mostly includes annual tourists or
researchers visiting the region.
Europe

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

Total Area: 3,930,000 sq.mi. Europe is the continent closest to Asia, being separated from it by the
Ural Mountains and others in the east, and the Black Sea in the southeast. Some of the countries that
it houses are Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, Greece, etc. It
experiences temperate climate, and gets its warmth from the westerlies that blow warm air towards the
continent. Different types of flora and fauna flourish in Europe. Since the number of small countries is
quite large in Europe, there is a multitude of ethnicities in the demographics of the continent.

Australia
Total Area: 2,941,299 sq.mi. Australia is the smallest continent in the world, but it is the largest island.
A majority of the population of Australia resides in its mainland owing to the infertile land and the
desert regions towards the outer area of the continent. It is home to the Great Barrier Reef, which is
the world's largest coral reef. The level of prosperity and human development is quite high in Australia.
It boasts of economic independence, a decent life expectancy rate and good health and education
facilities. The culture in Australia revolves around the arts, media, sports, wine, etc.

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

Continents of the World

in order to DO
mek mak iin
continent
kta
exactly
tam olarak
huge
byk
continuous
devaml,srekli
mass
kitle,ktle
separate
ayrmak,ayr
expanse
yaylma,alma
namely
yani
extensive
youn, genileme
coastline
ky boyu
generally
genellikle
mainland
ana kara
movement
hareket
join in
katlmak
surface
yzey
spread
yaymak,yaylmak
population
nfus
hemisphere
yarm kre
occupy
igal etmek
prevalent
yaygn
visit
ziyaret etmek,ziyaret
civilization
uygarlk,medeniyet
strong
gl
influence
etki,etkilemek
custom
gelenek
tradition
gelenek
climate
iklim
cover
kaplamak,rt
humid
nemli
pleasant
ho
breeze
rzgar
close
kapatmak, yakn
dry
kurak
arid
kurak
desert
l
plenty of
bir ok
famous
nl
glorious
grkemli
central
nemli,merkezi
deforestation
ormanszlama
affect
etkilemek

partly
present
characteristic
feature
vast
plain
perpetually
compared to
major
resource
key
grow-grew-grown
topography
constitute
owing to
location
mostly
annual
researcher
region
experience
temperate
warmth
towards
quite
multitude
island
majority
infertile
prosperity
development
boast
independence of /
from
decent
expectancy
facility
revolve around

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ksmen
uanki ,
mevcut,sunmak,hediye
zellik
zellik
geni
ak,dz
srekli
karlatrldnda
ana,nemli
kaynak
anahtar
bymek, gelimek
corafi yap
oluturmak
-den dolay
konum
ounlukla
yllk
aratrmac
blge
deneyim , yaamak,
geirmek
scak
scaklk
e doru
olduka
byklk
ada
ounluk
ksr, verimsiz
zenginlik
gelime
sahip olmak, vnmek
bamszlk
uygun
beklenti
tesis, olanak
dnmek

YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

9. How to Prevent Cancer

A few lifestyle adjustments and changes in the dietary habits can help in preventing cancer.
Cancer is one of the fatal diseases which kills many people every year, it accounts for more than 20
percent of all deaths every year in United States. There are different types of cancer; lung cancer,
blood cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, etc. An uncontrollable growth of cells which destroys
tissues, and at times spreads to other regions of the body is known as cancer. The human body
produces cells that divide and grow, it is a controlled action. In our body, cells die and are replaced
with new cells, but when cells don't die and new ones are produced they stack up causing tumors.
These tumors are termed as cancerous when they affect the neighboring tissue.
A vaccine for hepatitis B virus which causes liver cancer and a vaccine for the human papilloma virus
(HPV) which causes cervical cancer exist in the market. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
have approved these two vaccines which boost the immune system and help the body fight cancer.
Avoid Smoking
Lung cancer accounts for almost 30 percent of all cancer related deaths, smoking is one of the main
reasons behind lung cancer. Smoking also causes the body's immune system to weaken and this can
lead to other types of cancer to thrive. Carcinogens in tobacco affect the cell division, this is one of the
main reasons for cancerous growth of cells. If you smoke, you should quit as a preventive measure,
even second-hand smoke inhalation can cause cancer.
Avoid Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol abuse increases the risk of getting cancer, and you should limit your alcohol intake. Studies
have linked alcohol to liver cancer and many other types of cancer. A study done in women also
indicated that women who drink are at a greater risk of getting breast cancer. The liver produces
acetaldehyde to breakdown the ethanol in alcohol, and excess productions of acetaldehyde can lead
to liver cancer. Alcohol also increases the risk of mouth cancer, stomach cancer, esophagus cancer.
Veggie and Fruit Diet
Include veggies and fruit in your diet, this doesn't mean you have to become a vegan; it just means eat
more vegetables and fruits than you do normally. Antioxidants in fruits like cantaloupe, apple, etc help
the immune system fight any cell abnormality. Citrus fruits like orange, lemons are high on vitamin E
content which helps the body eliminate bad cells. Vegetables are the best foods to prevent cancer,
and they are high in fiber and most have negative calories, which make them a good source of energy
for the body. Most vegetables also act as diuretics and help the body get rid of toxins. Start an alkaline
diet to prevent cancer, include vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, celery, tomatoes, etc.
Exercise
One of the best ways to prevent cancer is to keep your body healthy by doing regular exercise.
Exercise is the best way to boost your immune system and is also good for blood circulation. Exercise
will not only help you fight obesity but will also keep your insulin levels under check. High insulin
growth factor levels will put you at risk for developing various types of cancer.
Salt and Sugar
One of the major contributors to stomach cancer is eating excess salt, it is known to damage the inner
lining of the stomach. A high salt diet is responsible for high blood pressure which can also lead to
heart attack. Cancer cells thrive on the energy the body gets from sugar, one of the ways to prevent
cancer is to cut down on your sugar intake. Having a diet high in salt and sugar increases your risk of
getting colon cancer.
Add garlic to your diet, and limit the intake of red meat. To avoid skin cancer protect yourself from the
harmful UV and UB rays of the sun. Taking vitamin E and vitamin D supplements will also help you
prevent cancer, if you have a family history for cancer, get yourself screened at regular intervals, early
detection can prevent complications.

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

How to Prevent Cancer

lifestyle
yaam tarz
adjustment
ayarlama,dzenleme
dietary
nsel
prevent from
nlemek ,alkoymak
fatal
lmcl
account for
oluturmak,aklamak
death
lm
lung
akcier
blood
kan
breast
meme
stomach
mide
uncontrollable
kontrol edilemez
growth
byme
destroy
ykmak
spread
yaymak, yaylmak
produce
retmek
divide into
blmek, blnmek
grow
bymek,gelimek
deitirmek,yerini
replace
almak
cancerous
kanserli
neighboring
komu , bitiik
vaccine
a
exist
var olmak
approve
onaylamak
boost
artrmak,glendirmek
immune system
baklk sistemi
mcadele,dvmek,
fight
mcadele etmek
relate
iliki
smoking
sigara ime
main
ana
reason for
sebep
behind
arkasnda
weaken
zayflatmak
sebep olmak,yol
lead to
amak
division
blm alan
growth
byme
quit
vazgemek, brakmak
preventive
nleyici
measure
lmek,nlem
second-hand
ikinci el, pasif iicilik
inhalation
soluma
abuse
istismar etmek
increase
artmak,art
limit
snr,snrlandrmak
intake
alm
link
iliki
gstermek,iaret
indicate that
etmek
drink
imek
produce
retmek
breakdown
kme,bozulma
excess
ar
production
retim
include
iermek,kapsamak

vegan
mean
normally
abnormality
high
eliminate
source
act as
get rid of
healthy
regular
exercise
circulation
not only but also
check
develop
various
contributor
damage
inner
responsible for
pressure on
thrive
cut down on
add
avoid
protect
harmful to
supplement
history
screen
interval
early
detection
complication

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vejeteryan
anlamna gelmek,
demek istemek
normal olarak
anormallik
yksek
ortadan kaldrmak
kaynak
olarak hareket etmek
kurtulmak, bandan
atmak
salkl
dzenli
egzersiz
dolam
sadecedeil , --- da
kontrol etmek
gelimek
eitli
katk yapan
zarar,zarar vermek
i
den sorumlu
bask
bymek, gelimek
azalmak, azalma
eklemek
saknmak, kanmak
korumak
zararl
takviye
tarih,gemi
taramak,ekran
aralk
erken, ba
bulma,tespit etme
karmaa,sorun

YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

English into Turkish

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

7. Motivasyon Etkili Bir nsan Kaynaklar Ynetimi

Stratejisi
verenler organizasyonlarn baars iin ii motivasyonunun nemini fark etmeliler. Ve bu yzden
etkili bir insan kaynaklar ynetimi stratejisi ii memnuniyetini salamak iin benimsenmelidir.
Motivasyon, bir organizasyondaki iveren-ii ilikisini gelitirmek iin kullanlan bir strateji demektir.
Motivasyon, organizasyondaki beklentileri gerekletirmek iin iilerin hedeflerine ve amalarna
ulamaya altklar itici bir gtr. Bir ok farkl motivasyon teorisi vardr ve iverenlerin ve iilerin
bunlarn farknda olmalar nemlidir.
Uygun bir balang noktas paray motive edici etmen olarak dnmektir. ou iveren, iilerin
mmkn olan en yksek geliri elde ederek motive edileceine inanrlar. Elbette mantkl bir ekonomi
insan iin en temel ve en nemli motive edici faktr maksimum kazantr. Bu stratejide iverenler,
iilerini maalarn ve cretlerini arttrarak, ekstra demelerle performans deerlendirmesiyle ve yol
demesi, salk demesi vb. gibi dier finansal ayrcalklarla motive edebilirler.
nsanlar motive edebilecek baka bir faktr ite sosyallemedir. Bu dnce stratejisine gre, ynetim
ve iiler insanlarn ihtiyalarna dikkat etmeliler. Mdr, daima koordinatr yani ihtiyari kontrolcden
ziyade bir rehber olmaya almaldr. Ve grup almas ve takm almas irket ierisinde iyi insan
ilikilerini gelitirecektir. Bu da iilerin veriminde ve i memnuniyetinde art ile sonulanacaktr.
iler ve ynetimin bir araya gelip birbirleriyle etkileim kurmalarna frsat salayacak sosyal aktiviteler
dzenlemek bu kategorinin altnda deerlendirilebilir. Dnyann drt bir yannda irketler tarafndan
dzenlenen baz yaygn aktiviteler, yeni yl festivalleri, Noel partileri yllk geziler, spor ve kltrel
aktivitelerdir. Bu tr aktiviteler her iki tarafn da birbirlerinin ihtiyalarn fikirlerini renmek iin frsat
sunacaktr.Ama bu tr motivasyon faktrleri i gc ierisinde daima eit muamele kurmaldr.
Cinsiyet, rk, din ve sosyal stat asndan hibir ayrmclk yaplmamaldr. Tm iilere eit
davranmak i memnuniyetini artrmada nemli bir faktrdr. Eer bir iiye ya da bir grup iiye bir
sebeple ayrmclk yaplrsa, memnun olmayacaklardr. Ve byle bir irketin insan kaynaklar ynetimi
stratejisi tamamen baarsz olacaktr.
Baak bir motivasyon faktr ak ve iki ynl iletiimdir. iler problemleri ve sorunlar konusunda
ynetime bilgi verme frsatna sahip olmaldrlar ayn zamanda st yneticiler iilere irket hakknda
aldklar kararlar konusunda bilgi vermelidirler. irkette hem yukar hem de aa doru iletiime tevik
etmek ii ve iveren arasndaki gveni gelitirmeye ve i yerinde kan tartmalarn saysnn
dmesine yardmc olacaktr.
yi bir endstriyel ilikiyi srdrmek iin, ilerin eitilmesi yeteneklerinin gelitirilmesi kullanlabilir.
Baz irketler, eitimin ve ii yeteneklerinin gelitirilmesini organizasyon iin istenmeyen bir bedel
olduunu dnebilirler; ama bu iinin yeteneini ve bilgisini arttraca iin, bu retim maliyetini
azaltp irketin verimliliini gelitirecektir. veren ii eitiminin daha yksek performans ve iyi ii
ilikileri iin nemini kavramaldr.
Son zamanlarda gelitirilen motivasyon plan refah aktiviteleridir. Konut kredisi, mevduat sigorta
sistemi salamak en yaygn uygulanan refah aktiviteleridir. Besleyici yemekler, ulam olanaklar ve
ocuk bakm merkezi olanaklar salamak da ii motivasyonunun gelitirilmesine yardmc olabilecek
refah aktivitelerinden bazlardr.
u anda birok kurumsal kii, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluu fark etmeye doru ilerliyor. Bu yeni
kavram da irket ierisinde ii ilikilerini gelitirmek iin kullanlabilir. ilerin ocuklarnn eitim
performanslarn deerlendirmek, tm ailenin salk masraflarn karlamak ounlukla ii
motivasyonu aktivitesi olarak grlr.

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

8. Dnyann Ktalar
Ktalar anlayabilmek iin, ktann tam olarak ne olduunun zerinden bir gemek gerekir. O zaman
her bir kta hakknda bireysel seviyede detaylara inebiliriz. yleyse kta nedir? Kta, dier byk kara
paralarndan engin sularla yani okyanuslarla ayrlan byk, srekli kara parasdr. Geni okyanus
kylar ktalarn snrlarn belirler. Ktalar genellikle anakara olarak adlandrlr. Ktalarn yer
kabuundaki tektonik hareketlerle olutuuna inanlr. Bugn grdmz tm kara paralarnn
balangta dnya yzeyinde bir arada olduuna inanlr. Bu kara paras paralanp onlar ayrlmaya
zorlayp farkl kara paralar oluturan yer kabuunun altndaki hareketlerden dolay bugn
grdmz yedi ktaya ayrld. Aada 7 ktann detayl anlatmlar verilmitir.
Asya
Toplam yz lm: 17.212.000 mil kare. Asya yz lm ve nfus asndan dnyadaki en byk
ktadr. Kuzey ve dou yarmkreye yaylr ve toplam dnya nfusunun yarsndan fazlasna ev
sahiplii yapar. Eer Asyaya seyahat etmeyi planlarsanz, Asyada yaygn olan farkl kltrlere
bakmak istersiniz. nemli lkelerden bazlar; Hindistan, Japonya, Birleik Arap Emirlikleri, Umman
vb.dir. Ziyaret etmeye deecek olan dier lkeler; Malezya, Tayland, Endonezya vb.dir. Asya
dnyadaki en eski iki uygarla ev sahiplii yapyor yani Hint ve in uygarlklar. Asyallar geleneklerin
greneklerin hayatlar zerindeki gl etkileriyle bilinirler. Asya scak llerden karla kapl dalara,
scak nemli sahillerden tutun ho tropik meltemlere kadar tm iklim trlerini yaar.
Afrika
Toplam yz lm: 11.668.598,7 mil kare. Afrika dnyadaki ikinci en byk ktadr. Gney Afrika,
Msr, Moritus vb. dahil 54 lke barndrr. Dnya nfusunun %15ini barndrarak nfus asnda da
Asyadan sonra ikincidir. Ekvatora yakn olan Afrikann st ksm kurak ve orak l blgeleridir. Ama
aa indike farkl trde bitki rtsnn olduu bolca ayrlar vardr. Afrikann bozkr ayrlar
dnyaca nldr. Ayn zamanda bu ktann orta ve gney blgelerinde grkemli yamur ormanlar
vardr. Ormanszlama problemi, dnyann dier blgelerine gre daha hzl bir oranda Afrikadaki
ormanlar etkiliyor.
Kuzey Amerika
Toplam yz lm: 9.540.000 mil kare. Amerika ktalar ikiye blnmtr; Kuzey Amerika kuzey
yarmkrededir. Ayn zamanda ksmen bat yarm kreye der. Kuzey Amerikadaki baz lkeler
Amerika Birleik Devletleri, Kanada, Kba, Meksika, Kosta Rika vb.dir. Kuzey Amerikann karakteristik
fiziksel corafyas udur: byk ova blgesi (Byk Ovalar), Yksek dalar (Rocky), Alakta bulunan
sahiller ve ayrca srekli karla kapl Grnland blgesi. Kuzey Amerikadaki lkelerin says dier
ktalara gre ok daha az olduundan kltr ve konuulan dil says Asyaya kyasla ok snrldr.
Gney Amerika
Toplam yz lm: 6.890.000 mil kare. Gney Amerika, gney ve bat yarm krede yer alr. Brezilya,
Arjantin, Peru Venezella vb. gibi lkeleri barndrr. Gney Amerikadaki temel kaynaklar
mineralleridir. Bunlar bakr, demir, gm, altn vb.dir. Burada yetien ve yaayan farkl bitki ve hayvan
trleriyle, biyoeitlilik Gney Amerikadaki dier bir nemli faktrdr. Bu ktann topografyasnda rekor
seviyede elaleler (Angel Falls: en yksek), sra dalar (Andes: en uzun), Atacama l (en kurak) ve
dierleridir.
Antarktika
Toplam yz lm: 5.405.430 mil kare. Dnyann en gneyindeki kara paras Antarktika ktasdr.
Gney kutup noktasnda yer aldndan tm yl boyunca karla ve buzla kapl adalardan oluur.
Antarktikadaki insan nfusu ounlukla yllk ziyarete gelen turist ve aratrmaclardan oluur.

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Avrupa
Toplam yz lm: 3.930.000 mil kare. Avrupa Asyaya en yakn ktadr, douda Ural dalar ve dier
dalarla, gneydouda Karadenizle Asyadan ayrlr. Belika, Fransa, Birleik Krallk, svire,
Danimarka, talya, Yunanistan vb. ktann barndrd lkelerden bazlardr. Ilman iklim yaanr ve
scakln ktaya doru esen Bat rzgrlarndan alr. Avrupada farkl trde hayvan ve bitki rts
yetiir. Avrupada kk lke says oluka ok olduundan ktann demografisinde birok etnik grup
bulunur.
Avustralya
Toplam yz lm: 2,941,299 mil kare. Avustralya dnyadaki en kk ktadr, ama en byk adadr.
Avustralya nfusunun ounluu, ktann d ksmlarnda verimsiz toprak ve l blgeleri
bulunduundan anakarada yaar. Dnyann en byk mercan kayal olan Great Barrier Reefe ev
sahiplii yapar. Avustralyada zenginlik seviyesi ve insan geliimi olduka yksektir. Ekonomik
bamszl, iyi bir yaam sresi oran, iyi sal ve iyi eitim olanaklar ile vnr. Avustralyada
kltr, sanat, medya, spor, arap vb. etrafnda dner.

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9. Kanser nasl nlenir ?

Birka yaam tarz dzenlemesi ve beslenme alkanlklarnda deiiklii kanseri nlemede yardmc
olabilir.
Kanser her yl birok insan ldren lmcl hastalklardan birisidir, Birleik Devletlerde her yl tm
lmlerin yzde 20sinden fazlasndan sorumludur. eitli kanser trleri vardr; akcier kanseri, kan
kanseri, meme kanseri, mide kanseri vb. Dokular yok eden ve bazen vcudun dier blgelerine
yaylan kontrol edilemez hcre bymesi kanser olarak bilinir. nsan vcudu blnen ve byyen
hcre retir, bu kontroll bir eylemdir. Vcudumuzda hcreler lr ve yerine yenileri geer, ama
hcreler lmediinde ve yenileri retildiinde onlar ylp tmre sebep olur. Bu tmrler komu
dokular etkilediinde kanserli olarak adlandrlr.
Karacier kanserine sebep olan hepatit B virs iin bir a ve rahim kanserine sebep olan insan
papilloma virs (HPV) iin bir a piyasada mevcut. ABD gda ve ila kurumu (FDA) baklk
sistemini glendiren ve vcudun kanserle savana yardmc olan bu iki ay onaylad.
Sigara imekten kann
Akcier kanseri, kanserle ilikili tm lmlerin yzde 30undan sorumludur, sigara imek akcier
kanserinin arkasndaki en temel sebeplerinden birisidir. Sigara imek ayn zamanda vcudun
baklk sisteminin zayflamasna sebep olur ve bu dier kanser trlerinin gelimesine yol aar.
Ttndeki karsinojenler hcre blnmesini etkiler, bu kanserli hcre bymesinin temel sebeplerinden
birisidir. Eer sigara iiyorsanz nleyici tedbir olarak onu brakmalsnz, hatta pasif iicilik bile
kansere sebep olabilir.
Alkol kullanmndan kann
Alkol kullanm kanser olma riskinizi arttrr ve alkol almnz azaltmalsnz. Aratrmalar, alkol
karacier kanseri ve birok dier kanser tryle ilikilendirmitir. Kadnlarda yaplan bir aratrma da
alkol ien kadnlarn meme kanserine yakalanma riskinin daha yksek olduunu gsteriyor. Karacier
alkoln iindeki etanol paralamak iin acetaldehyde retir, ve ar acetaldehyde retimi karacier
kanserine yol aar. Alkol ayn zamanda az kanseri, mide kanseri, yemek borusu kanser riskini
arttrr.
Sebze ve meyve ile beslenme
Beslenmenize sebze ve meyveyi dahil edin, bu vejetaryen olmak zorundasn anlamna gelmez;
normalde yediinizden daha fazla sebze ve meyve yemeniz anlamna geliyor. Kavun, elma vb. gibi
meyvelerin iindeki antioksidanlar baklk sisteminizin herhangi bir hcre dzensizliine kar
savamasna yardmc olur. Portakal, limon gibi turungiller, hcrelerin yok etmesine yardmc olan E
vitamini ierii yksektir. Sebzeler kanser nne gemede en iyi gdalardr ve fiberi yksektir ve
ounun onlar vcut iin iyi bir enerji kayna yapan negatif kalorileri vardr. ou sebze diyretik
olarak ilev yapar ve vcudun toksinlerden kurtulmasna yardmc olur. Kanseri nlemek iin alkalin
diyetine balayn, brokoli, lahana, kereviz, domates vb. gibi sebzeleri dahil edin.
Egzersiz
Kanseri nlemenin en iyi yollarndan birisi dzenli egzersiz yaparak vcudu salkl tutmaktr. Egzersiz
baklk sistemini glendirmenin en iyi yoludur ve kan dolam iin de iyidir. Egzersiz sadece
obezite ile savamaz ayn zamanda inslin seviyenizi kontrol altnda tutar. Yksek inslin byme
faktr seviyeleri sizi eitli kanser trleri gelitirme riskine sokar.
Tuz ve eker
Mide kanserine nemli derecede katkda bulunan eylerden birisi ar tuz yemektir, midemizin i
eperine zarar verdii biliniyor. Tuz oran ayn zamanda kalp krizine yol aabilecek yksek beslenme
yksek tansiyondan sorumludur. Kanser hcreleri vcudun ekerden ald enerji ile oalr; kanseri
nlemenin yollarndan birisi eker almnz ksmaktr. Yksek tuz ve ekeri olan bir beslenme ekli
kolon kanserine yakalanma riskinizi arttrr.
Beslenmenize sarmsak ekleyin ve krmz et almnz snrlandrn. Cilt kanserinden kanmak iin
kendinizi gnein zararl UV ve UB nlarndan koruyun. E ve D vitamini takviyesi kanseri nlemenize
yardmc olur, eer aile yknzde kanser varsa, dzenli aralklarla kontrole gidin, erken tehis
istenmeyen durumlar nler.

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VOCABULARY CHECK
1-9
aim
full
employment
sound
like
situation
of course
employed
probably
think that
rate
in reality
meaning
suggest that
fully
willing
capable of
prevailing
entire
almost
situation
close
purchase
demand
shortage
supply
lead to
ultimately
company
force
biodiversity
undoubtedly
intricate
existence
concern
encompass
estimate
environmentalist
actual
dependent on
unaware that / of
loss
acknowledge that
survival
revolve around

lay off
cause
nationwide
equilibrium
hence
balance
aim at
frictional
following
mention that
state that
in case of
cyclical
indicate that
growth
proportional to
skilled
unskilled
however
due to
frictional
transitional
search for
quit-quit-quit
join in
such
still
labor
force
extinction
occur
approximately
since
imply that
perfectly
occurrence
repeat
evolve
even though
simple
process
increase
budge
affect
consider

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inhabit
enormous
preserve
crucial
undergo
aging
process
different from
cause
insecurity
just as
unstoppable
stand- stood-stood
in front of
suddenly
notice that
reflect
recent
peak
pause
retire
enjoy
hard-earned
adjust
lifestyle
challenge
advance
especially
relate with
mental
physical
function
physiological
middle
bulge
due to
accumulation
unburned
lack of
treat
stand out
observe that
senior
as if
wonder
manage to
right

focus on
frame
healthy
penniless
citizen
hide-hid-hidden
full of
thought
quick
subject
seriously
due to
take care of
no matter
plenty of
slowly
coincide with
production
keep on
decline
result in
acceleration
give rise to
psychological
swing
create
recollection
undermine
confidence
unsure
dilemma
reassess
goal
limit
necessary
beneficial
avoid
obesity
helpful
neutralize
free
elderly
appointment
monthly
schedule
senior
adjust

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remain
healthy
necessity
step
face
uphill
nutrient
saturated
weight
in addition
exercise
relax
promote
reduce
inherent
daily
struggle
treatment
worried about
fertility
affect
reproductive
threshold
enlargement
affect
openly
globalization
integration
society
varied
process
trade
simple
no longer
divide into
territory
foreign
more
village
because
possible to do
exactly
go on
literally
definition
fully
concept

according to
condition
acquire
disorder
indulge
abusive
substance
habit
such as
heavily
moderate
simple
normally
pump
efficiently
aware that / of
mortality
because of
balanced
regular
combination
necessary
export
import
allow
outsourcing
especially
important
set up
subcontinent
relatively
compared to
result in
increase
profit
as for
sudden
helpful
before
tool
happen
habit
as well
even
education
knowledge
current

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whether or
pros and cons
overt
responsible for
a wide range of
available to
remember that
rarity
at all
extremely
scene
completely
variety
grocery
consumer
section
choice
secondary
competition
increase
producer
manufacturer
only
quality
survive
ensure that
not only / but also
usual
result
local
anymore
brand
lifestyle
emphasis on
forget
disregard
ethnicity
preference
lose
heritage
flood
especially
bring about
dramatic
search for
imagine that
serve as

concern
whole
share
merely
limited to
exchange
deep
attitude
thought
tolerant
thereby
promote
progressive
bring about
social
political
aware of
effect
discuss
rosy
paint
country
apparel
the same
frequent
depend on
phenomenon
draw up
affect
cause
simply
manufacture
instead
utilize
promote
save
several
businessman
resource
answer
precious
developing
security
distribute
support
multi-user
provide

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

efficient
excellent
processor
manage
huge
operate
incomparable
thus
to a large extent
integral
invention
classic
indeed
daily
root
trace back
calculator
computing
device
from then on
look back
go through
timeline
creat
remain
personal
business
give rise to
development
literal
endow
portability
convenience
provide
capability
vital
component
resource
handle
execution
interrupt
multiple
maintain
asthma
common
disease
respiratory

interactive
interface
interaction
user-friendly
common
perform
complex
information
thanks to
computational
within
execute
instruction
sequence
language
remind that
industry
progressive
possess
offer
support
variety
capable of
affect
due to
maintain
document
traditional
education
presentation
assignment
entertainment
perhaps
ability to do
network
multiple
achieve
exchange
possible
effect
type
ensure
undertake
mattress
collect
insect
proof

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come from
trigger
carry
narrow
inflamed
build up
excessive
distinct from
wheeze
during
entire
respiration
patient
cough
inhalation
uncomfortable
tighten
strike
sleeplessness
discomfort
hypersensitive
stimulant
pollutant
medicine
medication
severe
breathing
attack
sudden
life-threatening
prevalent
diagnose
understand that
cure
totally
treatment
individual
ensure that
in conjunction with
ancient
especially
highly
evolve
essential
remove
long-term
infection

suffer from
ensure
well- guarded
pollutant
require that
surgery
examine
responsible for
sudden
attack
advise
give up
increase
frequency
instant
available to
useful
common
improve
immensely
though
side effect
medical
medicine
prescribe
in case
unmanageable
unable to
breathe
continuous
inhale
solution
administer
severe
hospitalization
require
relief
infection
tendency
practice
manage
offer
effective
importance
inhalation
exhalation
inflow

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underlying
clearly
rigorous

well-regarded
administer
register
specific

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YDS Okuma - eviri & Kelime 3

underlying
clearly
rigorous

well-regarded
administer
register
specific

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