Chapter 2 Properties of Fluids

2-43
A block is moved at constant velocity on an inclined surface. The force that needs to be applied in the
Solution
horizontal direction when the block is dry, and the percent reduction in the required force when an oil film is applied on the
surface are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The inclined surface is plane (perfectly flat, although tilted). 2 The friction coefficient and the oil film
thickness are uniform. 3 The weight of the oil layer is negligible.
Properties

The absolute viscosity of oil is given to be

= 0.012 Pa s = 0.012 N s/m2.

(a) The velocity of the block is constant, and thus its

Analysis
acceleration and the net force acting on it are zero. A free body diagram of the
block is given. Then the force balance gives
F1
F x 0 : F1 F f cos 20 FN 1 sin 20 0 (1)
Fy

0:

FN 1 cos 20

Friction force: F f

fFN 1

F f sin 20

(2)

20

(3)

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and solving for FN1 gives
W
150 N
FN 1
177.0 N
cos 20 f sin 20
cos 20 0.27 sin 20
Then from Eq. (1):
F1 F f cos 20 FN1 sin 20 (0.27 177 N) cos 20 (177 N) sin 20
(b) In this case, the friction force is replaced by the shear force
applied on the bottom surface of the block due to the oil. Because
of the no-slip condition, the oil film sticks to the inclined surface
at the bottom and the lower surface of the block at the top. Then
the shear force is expressed as

Fshear

w As

V
As
h

2. 4 N

0.8 m/s
4 10-4 m

Replacing the friction force by the shear force in part (a),

Fy

0:

0:

F2

F2

Fshear cos 20

FN 2 cos 20

FN 2 sin 20

Fshear sin 20

(2.4 N) cos 20

50 cm

0.4 mm
Fshear =
FN2

V= 0.8 m/s

wAs

W = 150 N

(4)

(5)

(160.5 N) sin 20

160.5 N

57.2 N

F2
105.5 57.2
100%
100% 45.8%
F1
105.5
Note that the force required to push the block on the inclined surface reduces significantly by oiling the

Percentage reduction in required force =

Discussion
surface.

105.5 N

Eq. (5) gives FN 2 ( Fshear sin 20 W ) / cos 20 [(2.4 N ) sin 20 (150 N)] / cos 20
Substituting into Eq. (4), the required horizontal force is determined to be

F2 Fshear cos 20 FN 2 sin 20

Then, our final result is expressed as

FN1

Ff
200

200
W = 150 N

200

0.012 N s/m 2 0.5 0.2 m2

Fx

V= 0.8 m/s

F1

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2-51
Solution
determined.

Chapter 2 Properties of Fluids

The torque and the rpm of a double cylinder viscometer are given. The viscosity of the fluid is to be

Assumptions 1 The inner cylinder is completely submerged in oil. 2 The

viscous effects on the two ends of the inner cylinder are negligible. 3 The fluid
is Newtonian.

Analysis
Substituting the given values, the viscosity of the fluid is
determined to be
(0.8 N m)(0.0012 m)
T
0.0231 N s/m 2
2 3
2
3
-1
4 R nL 4 (0.075 m) (200 / 60 s )(0.75 m)

l = 0.12 cm
fluid

Discussion
This is the viscosity value at the temperature that existed during
the experiment. Viscosity is a strong function of temperature, and the values
can be significantly different at different temperatures.

2-52E
Solution
The torque and the rpm of a double cylinder viscometer are
given. The viscosity of the fluid is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The inner cylinder is completely submerged in the fluid. 2

The viscous effects on the two ends of the inner cylinder are negligible. 3 The
fluid is Newtonian.
Analysis Substituting the given values, the viscosity of the fluid is determined
to be
(1.2 lbf ft)(0.05/12 ft)
T
9.97 10 5 lbf s/ft 2
2 3
2
3
-1
4 R nL 4 (5.6 / 12 ft) ( 250 / 60 s )(3 ft)

l = 0.05 in
fluid

Discussion
This is the viscosity value at temperature that existed during
the experiment. Viscosity is a strong function of temperature, and the values can be significantly different at different
temperatures.

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Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics

3-47
Solution
Two chambers with the same fluid at their base are separated by a piston. The gage pressure in each air
chamber is to be determined.
Piston
Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance. 2 The
variation of pressure with elevation in each air chamber is
A
air B
negligible because of the low density of air.
air
Properties
We take the density of water to be =1000
D
kg/m3.
50 cm
Analysis
The piston is in equilibrium, and thus the net
force acting on the piston must be zero. A vertical force
balance on the piston involves the pressure force exerted by
water on the piston face, the atmospheric pressure force, and
the piston weight, and yields
PC Apiston

Patm Apiston W piston

PC

Patm

30 cm
E

W piston

PE

PC

g CE

Patm

Pair B

PD

PC

g CD

Patm

Substituting,
Pair A, gage
Pair B, gage
Discussion

W piston
Apiston

W piston
Apiston

25 cm

30 cm

water

Apiston

90 cm

The pressure at the bottom of each air chamber is determined

from the hydrostatic pressure relation to be
Pair A

g CE

Pair

g CD

Pair B, gage

25 N
1N
(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.25 m)
( 0.3 m) 2 / 4
1 kg m/s 2

25 N
1N
(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.25 m)
( 0.3 m)2 / 4
1 kg m/s 2

A, gage

W piston
Apiston

W piston
Apiston

2806 N/m 2

g CE
g CD

2.81 kPa

2099 N/m 2

2.10 kPa

Note that there is a vacuum of about 2 kPa in tank B which pulls the water up.

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Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics

3-97E
Solution
A vertical cylindrical tank open to the atmosphere is rotated about the centerline. The angular velocity at
which the bottom of the tank will first be exposed, and the maximum water height at this moment are to be determined.

2 ft

Assumptions 1 The increase in the rotational speed is very slow so that the liquid in the container always acts as a rigid
body. 2 Water is an incompressible fluid.

Taking the center of the bottom surface of the rotating vertical cylinder as the origin (r = 0, z = 0), the
Analysis
equation for the free surface of the liquid is given as
z s (r )

h0

4g

(R 2

2r 2 )

where h0 = 1 ft is the original height of the liquid before rotation. Just before dry spot appear at the center of bottom
surface, the height of the liquid at the center equals zero, and thus zs(0) = 0. Solving the equation above for
and
substituting,
4 gh0
R2

4 32.2 ft/s 2 1 ft
1 ft

11.35 rad/s

11.4 rad/s

Noting that one complete revolution corresponds to 2 radians, the rotational speed of the container can also be expressed
in terms of revolutions per minute (rpm) as
n

11.35 rad/s 60 s
2 rad/rev 1 min

108 rpm

Therefore, the rotational speed of this container should be limited to 108 rpm to avoid any dry spots at the bottom surface
of the tank.
The maximum vertical height of the liquid occurs a the edges of the tank (r = R = 1 ft), and it is
z s (R)
Discussion
property.

h0

R2
4g
2

(1 ft )

(11.35 rad/s) 2 (1 ft) 2

4(32.2 ft/s 2 )

2.00 ft

Note that the analysis is valid for any liquid since the result is independent of density or any other fluid

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Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics

3-103
Solution
Milk is transported in a completely filled horizontal cylindrical tank decelerating at a specified rate. The
maximum pressure difference in the tanker is to be determined.
Assumptions

Properties
1020 kg/m3.

1 The acceleration remains constant. 2 Milk is an incompressible substance.

The density of the milk is given to be

Analysis
We take the x- and z- axes as shown.
The horizontal deceleration is in the x direction, and
thus ax is positive. Also, there is no acceleration in
the vertical direction, and thus az = 0. The pressure
difference between two points 1 and 2 in an
incompressible fluid in linear rigid body motion is
given by
P2

P1

a x (x2

x1 )

( g a z )( z 2

ax = 3 m/s2

z1 )

P2

P1

a x (x2

1
x

x1 )

g(z2

z1 )

The first term is due to deceleration in the horizontal direction and the resulting compression effect towards the front of the
tanker, while the second term is simply the hydrostatic pressure that increases with depth. Therefore, we reason that the
lowest pressure in the tank will occur at point 1 (upper front corner), and the higher pressure at point 2 (the lower rear
corner). Therefore, the maximum pressure difference in the tank is
Pmax P2 P1
a x ( x 2 x1 ) g ( z 2 z 1 )
[a x ( x 2 x1 ) g ( z 2 z 1 )]
(1020 kg/m 3 ) (2.5 m/s 2 )( 7 m) (9.81 m/s 2 )( 3 m)
(17.9 30.0) kN/m 2

47.9 kPa

1 kN

1000 kg m/s 2

since x1 = 7 m, x2 = 0, z1 = 3 m, and z2 = 0.

Note that the variation of pressure along a horizontal line is due to acceleration in the horizontal direction
Discussion
while the variation of pressure in the vertical direction is due to the effects of gravity and acceleration in the vertical
direction (which is zero in this case).
3-104
Solution
A vertical U-tube partially filled with
alcohol is rotated at a specified rate about one of its arms.
The elevation difference between the fluid levels in the two
arms is to be determined.
Assumptions

1 Alcohol is an incompressible fluid.

Taking the base of the left arm of the U-tube

Analysis
as the origin (r = 0, z = 0), the equation for the free surface
of the liquid is given as
z s (r )

h0

4g

(R 2

h0 =
20 cm

2r 2 )

where h0 = 0.20 m is the original height of the liquid before rotation,

and = 4.2 rad/s. The fluid rise at the right arm relative to the fluid
level in the left arm (the center of rotation) is
h

z s ( R ) z s (0 )

Discussion

h0

R2
4g
2

h0

R2
4g
2

R2
2g
2

(4.2 rad/s) 2 (0.25 m) 2

2(9.81 m/s 2 )

R = 25 cm

0.056 m

The analysis is valid for any liquid since the result is independent of density or any other fluid property.

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Chapter 8 Flow in Pipes

8-110
The flow rate of water is to be measured with flow nozzle equipped with an inverted air-water manometer.
Solution
For a given differential height, the flow rate and head loss caused by the nozzle meter are to be determined.
1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The discharge coefficient of the nozzle meter is Cd = 0.96.

Assumptions

The density and dynamic viscosity of water are given to be

Properties
respectively.
Analysis

2/ 4

d /4
2

0.50

(0.02 m) 2 / 4

3.142 10

32 cm

m2

Noting that P = 4 kPa = 4000 N/m2, the flow rate becomes

V

= 1.002 10-3 kg/m s,

The diameter ratio and the throat area of the meter are

d/D

A0

= 998 kg/m3 and

2( P1 P2 )
4
(1
)

AoCd

(3.142 10

0.781 10

2 w gh
4
)
w (1

AoCd

AoCd

2(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.32 m)

m )(0.96)
1 0.504

2 gh

Water

2 cm

4 cm

m3 /s

which is equivalent to 0.781 L/s. The average flow velocity in the pipe is
V

V
Ac

V
D2 / 4

0.781 10 3 m 3 / s
(0.04 m)2 / 4

0.621 m / s

The percent pressure (or head) loss for nozzle meters is given in Fig. 8-59 for
hL

( Permanent loss fraction )(Total head loss)

0.62(0.32 m)

= 0.5 to be 62%. Therefore,

0.20 m H2O

The head loss between the two measurement sections can be determined from the energy equation, which simplifies to (z1
=z2)
hL

Discussion

P2
f g

V22 V12
2g

hw

D/d

2g

1 V12

0.32 m

The Reynolds number of flow through the pipe is

VD

Re
Substituting the
Cd

P1

(998 kg/m 3 )(0.621 m/s)(0.04 m)

1.002 10 -3 kg/m s

(4/2) 4 1 0.621 m/s

2 9.81 m/s 2

0.025 m H 2 O

2.47 10 4

and Re values into the orifice discharge coefficient relation gives

0.9975

6.53 0.5
Re 0.5

0.9975

6.53(0.50) 0.5
( 2.47 104 ) 0.5

which is almost identical to the assumed value of 0.96.

0.968

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Chapter 8 Flow in Pipes

8-123 [Also solved using EES on enclosed DVD]

Solution
A pipeline that transports oil at a specified rate branches out into two parallel pipes made of commercial
steel that reconnects downstream. The flow rates through each of the parallel pipes are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 Entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow is fully
developed. 3 Minor losses are disregarded. 4 Flows through both pipes are turbulent (to be verified).
Properties
The density and dynamic viscosity of oil at 40 C are
of commercial steel pipes is = 0.000045 m.

= 876 kg/m3 and

= 0.2177 kg/m s. The roughness

Analysis
This problem cannot be solved directly since the velocities (or flow rates) in the pipes are not known.
Below we will set up the equations to be solved by an equation solver. The head loss in two parallel branches must be the
same, and the total flow rate must the sum of the flow rates in the parallel branches. Therefore,
h L,1

h L,2

(1)

V V1 V 2
V1 V 2 3
(2)
We designate the 30-cm diameter pipe by 1 and the 45-cm diameter pipe by 2. The average velocity, the relative roughness,
the Reynolds number, friction factor, and the head loss in each pipe are expressed as
V1
V1
V1
V1
V1
(3)
2
Ac,1
D1 / 4
(0.30 m) 2 / 4
V2
rf 1
rf 2
Re 1
Re 2

V2
Ac ,2
1

D1
2

D2

V2

D 22

/4

4.5 10 m
0.30 m
5

4.5 10 m
0.45 m
Re 1

V 2 D2
1

f1

Re 2
2.0 log

f2

1 10

(876 kg/m 3 )V2 (0.45 m)

0.2177 kg/m s

/ D2
3.7
f1

2.51

Re 1

f1

Re 2

L1 V12
D1 2 g

45 cm

f1

2.0 log

1.5 10
3.7

2.0 log

1 10
3.7

V12
500 m
0.30 m 2(9.81 m/s 2 )

2.51

Re1

f1

2.51

Re 2

f2

(7)
(8)

(9)

V 22
800 m
(10)
0.45 m 2(9.81 m/s 2 )
This is a system of 10 equations in 10 unknowns, and solving them simultaneously by an equation solver gives
h L,2

V1

0.91 m 3 /s, V 2

f2

L 2 V 22
D2 2 g

f2

h L,1

500 m

(6)

f2

800 m

(5)

f1

2.51

30 cm

(876 kg/m )V1 (0.30 m)

0.2177 kg/m s

/ D1
3.7

3 m3/s

2.0 log
h L,1

(4)

(0.45m) 2 / 4

1.5 10

V1 D1

V2

V2

2.09 m 3 /s ,

V1 = 12.9 m/s, V2 = 13.1 m/s, h L,1

h L ,2

h L, 2

f2

392 m

Re1 = 15,540,
Re2 = 23,800, f1 = 0.02785, f2 = 0.02505
Note that Re > 4000 for both pipes, and thus the assumption of turbulent flow is verified.
Discussion
This problem can also be solved by using an iterative approach, but it would be very time consuming.
Equation solvers such as EES are invaluable for theses kinds of problems.

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