Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PowerStation 4.0
User Guide
Copyright 2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
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Chapter 13
Short-Circuit Analysis
The PowerStation Short-Circuit Analysis program analyzes the effect of three-phase, line-to-ground, lineto-line, and line-to-line-to-ground faults on the electrical distribution systems. The program calculates the
total short-circuit currents as well as the contributions of individual motors, generators, and utility ties in
the system. Fault duties are in compliance with the latest editions of the ANSI/IEEE standards (C37
series) and IEC standards (IEC 909 and others).
This chapter describes definitions and usage of different tools you will need to run short-circuit studies.
In order to give you a better understanding of the standards applied to short-circuit studies and to interpret
output results more easily, some theoretical background and standard information are also included.
The ANSI/IEEE Short-Circuit Toolbar and IEC Short-Circuit Toolbar sections explain how you can
launch a short-circuit calculation, open and view an output report, or select display options. The ShortCircuit Study Case Editor section explains how you can create a new study case, what parameters are
required to specify a study case, and how to set them. The Display Options section explains what options
are available for displaying some key system parameters and the output results on the one-line diagram,
and how to set them.
The ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods section lists standard compliance information and both general and
detailed descriptions of calculation methods used by the program. In particular, definitions and
discussion of , 1.5-4, and 30 cycle networks, calculation of ANSI multiplying factors, and high voltage
and low voltage circuit breaker momentary and interrupting duties are provided. The Required Data
section describes what data are necessary to perform short-circuit calculations and where to enter them. If
you perform short-circuit studies using IEC Standards, the IEC Calculation Methods section provides
useful information on standard compliance, definitions on most commonly used IEC technical terms, and
general and detailed descriptions of calculation methods for all important results, including initial
symmetrical short-circuit current, peak short-circuit current, symmetrical short-circuit breaking current,
and steady-state short-circuit current. Finally, the Short-Circuit Study Output Report section illustrates
and explains output reports and their format.
13-1
Short-Circuit Analysis
13-2
Short-Circuit Analysis
Alert
After performing a short-circuit study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all
devices with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case.
13-3
Short-Circuit Analysis
You can also view output reports by clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case
Toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for short-circuit
calculations. To view any of the listed output reports, click on the output report name, and then click on
the View Output Report button.
Short circuit text output reports (with an .shr extension) can be viewed by any word processor such as
Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word. Currently, by default, the output reports are viewed by
Notepad. You can change the default viewer in the ETAPS.INI file to the viewer of your preference
(refer to Chapter 1).
The text output reports are 132 characters wide with 66 lines per page. For the correct formatting and
pagination of output reports, you MUST modify the default settings of your word processor application.
For Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word applications we have recommend settings that are explained
in the Printing & Plotting section.
13-4
Short-Circuit Analysis
13-5
Short-Circuit Analysis
13-6
Short-Circuit Analysis
Alert View
After performing a short-circuit study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all
devices with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case.
13-7
Short-Circuit Analysis
You can also view output reports by clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case
Toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for short-circuit
calculations. To view any of the listed output reports, click on the output report name, and then click on
the View Output Report button.
PowerStation text output reports (with an .shr extension) can be viewed by any word processor such as
Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word. Currently, by default, the output reports are viewed by
Notepad. You can change the default viewer in the ETAPS.INI file to the viewer of your preference
(refer to Chapter 1).
The text output reports are 132 characters wide with 66 lines per page. For the correct formatting and
pagination of output reports, you MUST modify the default settings of your word processor application.
For Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word applications we have recommend settings that are explained
in the Printing & Plotting section.
13-8
Short-Circuit Analysis
Project View
13-9
Short-Circuit Analysis
Study Case ID
Study case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a study case by simply deleting the old ID
and entering a new ID. The study case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator
button at the bottom of the editor to go from one study case to the next existing study case.
XFMR Tap
Two methods are provided for modeling transformer off-nominal tap settings:
Adjust Base kV
Base voltages of the buses are calculated using transformer turn ratios, which include the transformer
rated kVs as well as the off-nominal, tap settings.
13-10
Short-Circuit Analysis
In case a system contains transformers with incompatible voltage ratios (including taps) in a loop, it can
lead to two different base voltage values at a bus, which prevents the short-circuit calculation from
continuing. If this situation occurs, ETAP will post a message to inform you of this condition and give
you the option to continue the calculation with the Use Nominal Tap alternative. If you answer Yes, it
will carry out the calculation with the Use Nominal Tap option.
Cable/OL Heater
Select the appropriate check boxes in this option group to include the impedance of equipment cable and
overload heaters of medium and/or low voltage motors in short-circuit studies.
Report
You can select the following options for short-circuit output reports.
Contribution Level
Choose how far away you want to see the short-circuit current contributions from individual buses to each
faulted bus by specifying the number of bus levels away in this section. Note that for large systems,
choosing a high bus level results in very large output reports (the report grows exponentially with the
number of levels being chosen).
When selecting contribution levels of n buses away, depending on the number of faulted buses, the
calculated results are displayed on the one-line diagram and printed in the output report as follows:
Motor Status
When this option is selected, motors whose status is either Continuous or Intermittent will make
contributions in short-circuit. Motors with Spare status will not be considered in the short-circuit
analysis.
13-11
Short-Circuit Analysis
Loading Category
When this option is selected, you can select a loading category from the selection box to the right. In the
short-circuit calculation, motors that have non-zero loading in the selected loading category will have a
contribution in short-circuit. Motors with zero loading in the selected loading category will not be
included in the short-circuit analysis.
Both
When this option is selected, a motor will make contribution in short-circuit if it meets either the Motor
Status condition or the Loading Category condition. That is, for a motor to be excluded in the shortcircuit analysis, it has to be in the Spare status and have zero loading in the selected loading category.
Bus Selection
PowerStation is capable of faulting one or more buses in the same run; however, in the latter case buses
are faulted individually, not simultaneously. Depending on the specified fault type, the program will
place a three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault at each bus which is
faulted for short-circuit studies.
When you open the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor for the first time, all buses are listed in the Dont
Fault list box. This means that none of the buses are faulted. Using the following procedures, you can
decide which bus(es) you want to fault for this study case.
To fault a bus, highlight the bus ID in the Dont Fault list box and click on the Fault button. The
highlighted bus will be transferred to the Fault list box.
To remove a bus from the Fault list box, highlight the bus ID and click on the Fault button. The
highlighted bus will be transferred to the Dont Fault list box.
If you wish to fault all buses, or medium voltage buses, or low voltage buses, select that option and
click on the Fault button. The specified buses will be transferred from the Dont Fault list box to
the Fault list box.
To remove all buses, or medium voltage buses, or low voltage buses from the Fault list box, select
that option and click on the Fault button. The specified buses will be transferred from the Fault list
box to the Dont Fault list box.
13-12
Short-Circuit Analysis
When the ANSI standard is selected, this page will appear as shown below.
13-13
Short-Circuit Analysis
Fixed X/R
PowerStation uses the specified machine X/R ratio (=Xd/Ra) for both cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks.
The intention of this option is to account for the fact that ANSI standard does not consider variable
machine X/R ratio.
13-14
Short-Circuit Analysis
Xsc
Input:
X/R = 10
Calculated:
Ra
15
25
1.5
2.5
Variable X/R
PowerStation uses the specified machine X/R ratio and subtransient reactance (Xd) to calculate the
armature resistance (Ra). This resistance is then used for both cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks. Note
that the motor reactance for 1.5-4 cycle network is larger than the motor reactance for cycle networks.
Therefore, this option results in a higher machine X/R ratio and a higher short-circuit contribution for the
interrupting fault calculation of a high voltage circuit breaker than the fixed X/R option.
The following example shows Ra and X/R calculations when variable X/R is considered:
Cycle Network
15
25
Input:
Xsc
Input:
X/R = 10
Calculated:
Ra
1.5
1.5
Final:
X/R
10
16.7
HV CB Interrupting Capability
According to ANSI standards, the rated interrupting capability entered in the High Voltage Circuit
Breaker Editor corresponds to the maximum kV of the circuit breaker. When the circuit breaker is
utilized under a voltage below this maximum kV, its capability is actually higher than the rated
interrupting kA. In this section, you specify the operating voltage to be used to adjust breaker rating.
Nominal kV
When this option is selected, the nominal kV of the bus, connected to the circuit breaker, is assumed to be
the operating voltage, and breaker, interrupting rating is adjusted to this voltage value.
Nominal kV & Vf
When this option is selected, the operating voltage of the breaker is calculated as the multiplication of the
prefault voltage and the nominal kV of the bus the circuit breaker is connected to. The circuit breaker
interrupting rating is adjusted to this voltage value.
C Factor = 1.0
C Factor = 1.05
C Factor = 1.1
C Factor = 1.1
13-15
Short-Circuit Analysis
In calculations of the minimum steady-state short-circuit current, the factor Cmin is used as specified in
IEC 909 Standard.
Method A Using the uniform ratio X/R in calculating the peak current
Method B Using the X/R ratio at the short-circuit location in calculating the peak current
Method C Using equivalent frequency in calculating the peak current
Breaking kA
The breaking duty of circuit breakers and fuses are calculated based on the following two methods:
No Mtr Decay - AC asynchronous (induction) motor decay is not included in the calculation.
With Mtr Decay - AC asynchronous (induction) motor decay is included in the calculation.
Steady-State kA
Steady-state short-circuit current is an rms value which remains after the decay of transient phenomena
Max Value - Factors are used for steady-state short-circuit current that reflect maximum modeling
inaccuracies. This value is used to determine minimum device ratings.
Min Value - Factors are used for steady-state short-circuit that reflect minimum modeling
inaccuracies. This value is used for relay coordination purposes in preventing the occurrence of
nuisance trips and loading deviations.
R and X
In these two editor boxes, you enter the fault impedance in either ohms or percent, depending on the fault
impedance unit selected. Note that these values apply to all the faulted buses.
13-16
Short-Circuit Analysis
NFPA 70E
Check this box to include an arc flash analysis of NFPA 70E-2000 when you perform 3-phase device duty
calculation.
13.3.3 Alert
The Alert page allows the user to setup alerts on short-circuit calculation results. The objective is to alert
the user of certain conditions of interest in short-circuit studies. The alerts are determined based on
predetermined device ratings and system topology after performing a Short-circuit calculation
13-17
Short-Circuit Analysis
Alert
There are two categories of alerts generated by the short-circuit calculations: Critical and Marginal. The
difference between the two is their use of different condition percent values for the same monitored
parameter. If a condition for a Critical Alert is met, then an alert will be generated in the alert view
window and the overloaded element will turn red in the one-line diagram. The same is true for Marginal
Alerts, with the exception that the overloaded component will be displayed in the color magenta. Also,
the Marginal Alerts check box must be selected if the user desires to display the Marginal Alerts. If a
device alert qualifies it for both Critical and Marginal alerts, then only Critical Alerts are displayed.
Bus Alert
Short-circuit simulation Alerts for buses are designed to monitor crest, symmetrical and asymmetrical
bracing conditions. These conditions are determined from bus rating values and Short-circuit analysis
results. The percent of monitored parameter value in the Short-circuit study case alert setup page is fixed
at 100% for Critical Short-circuit Alerts. The Marginal alert percent value is user defined.
Auto Display
The auto display feature of the Short-circuit Study Case Editor Alert Setup page allows the user to decide
if the Alert View Window should be automatically displayed as soon as the Short-circuit calculation is
completed.
13-18
Short-Circuit Analysis
Display Options
If the study type is IEC short-circuit analysis, the options in the 3-Phase Faults section are Peak or Initial
Symmetrical rms current. The rest of the sections are the same as that for the ANSI short-circuit analysis.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
Units
Select the Units check box to show kA next to all displayed fault currents on the one-line diagram.
13-19
Short-Circuit Analysis
Display Options
For the ANSI short-circuit method (three-phase faults), select momentary or interrupting
symmetrical kA to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
For the IEC short-circuit method (three-phase faults), select peak or initial symmetrical rms kA to
be displayed on the one-line diagram.
LG Fault Currents
Select 3Io to display three times of zero sequence current in kA, or select Ia to display phase A of the
fault current in kA, for line-to-ground fault.
Bus Voltage
Select bus voltage display units in kV or in percent. Bus voltages are only displayed when you fault one
bus in the system. For a line-to-ground fault, PowerStation displays the voltage of phase B of every bus
in the system.
Motor Contributions
Display Medium Voltage Motor Contributions
Select this option to display short-circuit current contributions from medium voltage motors (more than
1kV) on the one-line diagram.
13.4.2 AC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ID of the selected AC elements on the one-line
diagram.
13-20
Short-Circuit Analysis
Display Options
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC elements on the oneline diagram.
Device Type
Gen. (Generator)
Power Grid (Utility)
Motor
Load
Panel
Transformer
Branch, Impedance
Branch, Reactor
Cable / Line
Bus
Node
CB
Fuse
Relay
PT & CT
Rating
kW / MW
MVAsc
HP / kW
kVA / MVA
Connection Type (# of Phases - # of Wires)
kVA / MVA
Base MVA
Continuous Amps
# of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
kA Bracing
Bus Bracing (kA)
Rated Interrupting (kA)
Interrupting (ka)
50/51 for Overcurrent Relays
Transformer Rated Turn Ratio
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the kV check box is replaced by the
cable/line conductor type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings (continuous or full-load ampere)
of the selected elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the Amp check box is replaced by the
cable/line length on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated impedance of the selected AC elements on
the one-line diagram.
Device Type
Generator
Power Grid (Utility)
Motor
Transformer
Branch, Impedance
Branch, Reactor
Cable / Line
Impedance
Subtransient reactance Xd
Positive Sequence Impedance in % of 100 MVA (R + j X)
% LRC
Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X per unit length)
Impedance in ohms or %
Impedance in ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X in ohms or per unit length)
13-21
Short-Circuit Analysis
Display Options
D-Y
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the connection types of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For transformers, the operating tap settings for primary, secondary, and tertiary windings are also
displayed. The operating tap setting consists of the fixed taps plus the tap position of the LTC.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the AC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected AC-DC elements on the oneline diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC-DC elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type
Charger
Inverter
UPS
VFD
Rating
AC kVA & DC kW (or MVA / MW)
DC kW & AC kVA (or MW / MVA)
kVA
HP / kW
kV
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
A
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type
Charger
Inverter
UPS
Amp
AC FLA & DC FLA
DC FLA & AC FLA
Input, output, & DC FLA
13-22
Short-Circuit Analysis
Display Options
Composite Network
Click on this check box to display the composite network IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
13.4.4 DC Page
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected DC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected DC elements on the oneline diagram.
Device Type
Battery
Motor
Load
Elementary Diagram
Converter
Cable
Rating
Ampere Hour
HP / kW
kW / MW
kW / MW
kW / MW
# of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables, the kV check box is replaced by the
type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For cables, the Amp check box is replaced by the
length (one way) on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the cables and impedance
branches on the one-line diagram.
13-23
Short-Circuit Analysis
Display Options
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the DC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
13-24
Short-Circuit Analysis
Standard Compliance
PowerStation short-circuit calculation per ANSI/IEEE standards fully complies with the latest
ANSI/IEEE and UL standards, as listed below:
Standard
IEEE C37.04
IEEE C37.04f
IEEE C37.04g
IEEE C37.04h
IEEE C37.04i
IEEE C37.010
IEEE C37.010b
IEEE C37.010e
IEEE C37.013
Pub. Year
1979 (1988)
1990
1986
1990
1991
1979 (1988)
1985
1985
1997
IEEE C37.20.1
1993
1990
1986
1986
UL 489_9
1996
Title
Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis and Supplements
13-25
Short-Circuit Analysis
Using the cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks, the symmetrical rms value of the momentary and
interrupting short-circuit currents are solved first. These values are then multiplied by appropriate
multiplying factors to finally obtain the asymmetrical value of the momentary and interrupting shortcircuit currents.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are helpful in understanding short-circuit calculations using ANSI/IEEE standards.
Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current and protective device duties at the
cycle after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its associated duties using the
cycle network.
Type of Device
Duty
High voltage circuit breaker
Closing and latching capability
Low voltage circuit breaker
Interrupting capability
Fuse
Interrupting capability
Switchgear and MCC
Bus bracing
Relay
Instantaneous settings
Cycle Network Duty
The cycle network is also referred to as the subtransient network, primarily because all rotating
machines are represented by their subtransient reactances, as shown in the following table:
Type of Machine
Utility
Turbo generator
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding
Condenser
Synchronous motor
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm
All other > 50 hp
< 50 hp
Cycle Network Impedance
Xsc
X
Xd
Xd
0.75 Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
1.2 Xd
1.67 Xd
13-26
Short-Circuit Analysis
The 1.5-4 cycle network is also referred to as the transient network. The type of rotating machine and its
representation is shown in the following table:
Type of Machine
Xsc
Utility
X
Turbo generator
Xd
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding
Xd
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding
0.75 Xd
Condenser
Xd
Synchronous motor
1.5 Xd
Induction machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less
1.5 Xd
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm
1.5 Xd
All other > 50 hp
3.0 Xd
< 50 hp
Infinity
1.5-4 Cycle Network Impedances
(Xd = 1/LRC for induction motors)
30-Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit current and duties for some of the
protective devices 30 cycles after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its
associated duties using the 1.5-4 cycle network:
Type of Device
Duty
High voltage circuit breaker
N/A
Low voltage circuit breaker
N/A
Fuse
N/A
Switchgear and MCC
N/A
Relay
Overcurrent settings
30-Cycle Network Duty
The type of rotating machine and its representation in the 30-cycle network is shown in the following
table. Note that induction machines, synchronous motors, and condensers are not considered in the 30cycle fault calculation.
Type of Machine
Utility
Turbo generator
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding
Condenser
Synchronous motor
Induction machine
30-Cycle Network Impedance
13-27
Xsc
X
Xd
Xd
Xd
Infinity
Infinity
Infinity
Short-Circuit Analysis
NACD =
I remote
Itotal
2
X /R
13-28
Short-Circuit Analysis
3) Calculate the peak value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
I mom, peak = MFp I mom,rms ,symm
MFp = 2 1 + e X / R
This value is the calculated Asymmetrical kA Crest printed in the Momentary Duty column of the
Momentary Duty page in the output report.
In both equations for MFm and MFp calculation, X/R is the ratio of X to R at the fault location obtained
from separate X and R networks at cycle. The value of the fault current calculated by this method can
be used for the following purposes:
4
t
X /R
where t is the circuit breaker contact parting time in cycles, as given in the following table:
Circuit Breaker
Rating in Cycles
8
5
3
2
Contact Parting
Time in Cycles
4
3
2
1.5
13-29
Short-Circuit Analysis
The following table shows the Multiplying Factors for Remote Contributions (MFr).
8 Cycle CB
(4 cy CPT)
1.487
1.464
1.438
1.405
1.366
5 Cycle CB
(3 cy CPT)
1.540
1.522
1.499
1.472
1.438
3 Cycle CB
(2 cy CPT)
1.599
1.585
1.569
1.548
1.522
2 Cycle CB
(1.5 cy CPT)
1.63
1.619
1.606
1.59
1.569
50
45
40
35
30
1.316
1.286
1.253
1.215
1.172
1.393
1.366
1.334
1.297
1.253
1.487
1.464
1.438
1.405
1.366
1.54
1.255
1.499
1.472
1.438
25
20
18
16
14
1.126
1.078
1.059
1.042
1.027
1.201
1.142
1.116
1.091
1.066
1.316
1.253
1.223
1.190
1.154
1.393
1.334
1.305
1.271
1.233
12
10
9
8
7
1.015
1.007
1.004
1.002
1.001
1.042
1.023
1.015
1.009
1.005
1.116
1.078
1.059
1.042
1.027
1.190
1.142
1.116
1.091
1.066
6
5
4
3
2
1
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.002
1.00.
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.015
1.007
1.002
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.042
1.023
1.009
1.002
1.000
1.000
X/R Ratio
100
90
80
70
60
13-30
Short-Circuit Analysis
If the contribution is from a Local generator, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFl,
which is obtained from: ANSI/IEEE C37.010, Application Guide for AC High-Voltage.
8 Cycle CB
(4 cy CPT)
1.252
1.239
1.222
1.201
1.175
5 Cycle CB
(3 cy CPT)
1.351
1.340
1.324
1.304
1.276
3 Cycle CB
(2 cy CPT)
1.443
1.441
1.435
1.422
1.403
2 Cycle CB
(1.5 cy CPT)
1.512
1.511
1.508
1.504
1.496
50
45
40
35
30
1.141
1.121
1.098
1.072
1.044
1.241
1.220
1.196
1.169
1.136
1.376
1.358
1.337
1.313
1.283
1.482
1.473
1.461
1.446
1.427
25
20
18
16
14
1.013
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.099
1.057
1.039
1.021
1.003
1.247
1.201
1.180
1.155
1.129
1.403
1.371
1.356
1.339
1.320
12
10
9
8
7
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.099
1.067
1.051
1.035
1.019
1.299
1.276
1.263
1.250
1.236
X/R Ratio
100
90
80
70
60
6
1.000
1.000
1.005
1.221
5
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.205
4
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.188
3
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.170
2
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.152
1
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.132
MFl Local Contributions Multiplying Factors; Total Current Basis CBs
4) Calculate the total remote contributions and total local contribution, and thus the NACD ratio.
5) Determine the actual multiplying factor (AMFi) from the NACD ratio and calculate the adjusted rms
value of interrupting short-circuit current using the following formula.
where
13-31
Short-Circuit Analysis
6) For symmetrically rated breakers, the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-circuit current is
calculated using the following formula.
AMF i Iint,rms,symm
Iint,rms,adj =
S
where the correction factor S reflects an inherent capability of ac high voltage circuit breakers,
which are rated on a symmetrical current basis, and its values are found in the following table.
Circuit Breaker
Contact Parting Time S Factor
4
1.0
3
1.1
2
1.2
1.5
1.3
S Factor for AC High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
The value of this current is applied to check high voltage circuit breaker interrupting capabilities.
The correction factor S is equal to 1.0 for ac high voltage circuit breakers rated on a total current
basis.
13-32
Short-Circuit Analysis
2) Calculate the adjusted asymmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current duty using the
following formula:
I int,rms,adj = MF I int,rms,symm
where MF is the multiplying factor, considering the system X/R ratio and the low voltage circuit
breaker testing power factors, calculated from
MF =
2 (1 + e
2 (1 + e
X /R )
( X / R ) test
or
MF =
1 + 2e
1 + 2e
2
X /R
2
( X / R )test
where (X/R)test is calculated based on the test power factor entered from the Low Voltage Circuit
Breaker Editor. The manufacturer maximum testing power factors given in the following table are
used as the default values:
Max Design (Tested)
Circuit Breaker Type
% PF
(X/R)test
Power Breaker (Unfused)
15
6.59
Power Breaker (Fused)
20
4.90
Molded Case (Rated Over 20,000 A)
20
4.90
Molded Case (Rated 10,001-20,000 A)
30
3.18
Molded Case (Rated 10,000 A)
50
1.73
Maximum Test PF for Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
The calculated duty value Iint,rms,adj can be applied to low voltage breaker interrupting capabilities.
Note that if the calculated multiplication factor is less than 1, it is set to 1 so that the symmetrical fault
current is compared against the symmetrical rating of the device. If the symmetrical fault current is less
than the symmetrical rating of the device, the checking on asymmetrical current will certainly pass.
13-33
Short-Circuit Analysis
Device Capability
Calculated
Short-Circuit Duty
Momentary Duty
HV Bus Bracing
LV Bus Bracing
HV CB
Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA Crest
Asymm. KA Crest
Symm. KA rms
Symm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA Crest
Interrupting kA***
Adjusted kA
Momentary Duty
HV CB
LV CB
Rated Interrupting kA
Adjusted kA
Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Current Duty
***The interrupting capability of a high voltage circuit breaker is calculated based on the nominal kV of
the connected bus and the prefault voltage (Vf ) if the flag is set in the Short-Circuit Study Case, as shown
below.
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV)
or
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV * Vf )
The calculated interrupting kA (as shown above) is then limited to the maximum interrupting kA of the
circuit breaker.
13-34
Short-Circuit Analysis
Standard Compliance
PowerStation short-circuit calculation per IEC standards fully complies with the latest IEC documentation
as listed below:
Standard
IEC 56
IEC 282-1
IEC 61363
Pub. Year
1978
1985
1998
IEC 781
1989
IEC 909-1
IEC 909-2
1991
1988
IEC 947-1
IEC 947-2
1988
1989
Title
High voltage alternating-current circuit-breakers
Fuses for voltages exceeding 1000 V ac
Electrical Installations of Ships and Mobile and Fixed Offshore
Units
Application guide for calculation of short-circuit currents in low
voltage radial systems
Short-circuit calculation in three-phase ac systems
Electrical equipment - data for short-circuit current calculations in
accordance with IEC 909
Low voltage switchgear and controlgear, Part 1: General rules
Low voltage switchgear and controlgear, Part 2: Circuit-breakers
These standards are for short-circuit calculation and equipment rating in ac systems with nominal voltages
up to 240 kV and operating at 50 Hz or 60 Hz. They cover three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and
line-to-line-to-ground faults.
IEC 909 and the associated standards classify short-circuit currents according to their magnitudes
(maximum and minimum) and fault distances from the generator (far and near). Maximum short-circuit
currents determine equipment ratings, while minimum currents dictate protective device settings. Nearto-generator and far-from-generator classifications determine whether or not to model the ac component
decay in the calculation, respectively.
IEC 61363 Standard calculates the short-circuit current as a function of time and displays its
instantaneous values using the machines subtransient reactance and time constants. This provides an
accurate evaluation of the short-circuit current for sizing protective devices and coordinating relays for
isolated systems such as ships and off-shore platforms.
13-35
Short-Circuit Analysis
Only the dc component decays to zero, whereas for a near-to-generator fault, calculations count for both
decaying ac and dc components. The equivalent R/X ratios determine the rates of decay of both
components, and different values are recommended for generators and motors near the fault.
Calculations also differ for meshed and unmeshed networks. The factor k, which is used to multiply the
initial short-circuit current to get the peak short-circuit current ip, is defined differently for different
system configurations and the methods selected to calculate the R/X ratios.
Definition of Terms
IEC standards use the following definitions, which are relevant in the calculations and outputs of
PowerStation.
This is the rms value of the ac symmetrical component of an available short-circuit current applicable at
the instant of short-circuit if the impedance remains at zero time value.
This is the maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short-circuit current.
This is the rms value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit
current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching device.
This is the rms value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of the transient
phenomena.
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition during which the magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially constant.
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine contributes a prospective
initial short-circuit current which is more than twice the generators rated current, or a short-circuit
condition to which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of the initial
symmetrical short-circuit current (Ik) without motors.
This is the effective reactance at the moment of short-circuit. For the calculation of short-circuit currents,
the saturated value of (Xd) is taken.
According to IEC Standard 909, the synchronous motor impedance used in IEC short-circuit calculations
is calculated in the same way as the synchronous generator.
ZK = KG(R+ Xd)
kVn
cmax
KG =
kVr 1+xd sinr
Operation Technology, Inc.
13-36
Short-Circuit Analysis
Where kVn and kVr are the nominal voltage of the terminal bus and the motor rated voltage respectively,
cmax is determined based on machine rated voltage, xd is machine subtransient reactance (per unit in
motor base), and qr is the machine rated power factor angle.
This is the shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit current and the first contact separation
of one pole of the switching device.
Note that the time delay (Tmin) is the sum of the shortest possible operating time of an instantaneous relay
and the shortest opening time of a circuit breaker. Minimum time delay does not include the adjustable
time delays of tripping devices.
Voltage Factor c
This is the factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source for minimum and maximum
current calculations according to the following table:
Voltage Factor c
For Maximum Short-Circuit
Current Calculation
cmax
cmin
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.10
0.95
1.00
1.00
1.00
Nominal Voltage Un
Low voltage: 100 V to 1000 V
230 V / 400 V
Other voltages
Medium voltage: > 1 kV to 35 kV
High voltage: > 35 kV to 230 kV
The cmax values given in the above table are used as default values in calculations and the user can set
these values from the Short-Circuit Study Case.
Calculation Methods
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current Calculation
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (Ik) is calculated using the following formula:
I"k =
cU n
3Z k
13-37
Short-Circuit Analysis
Method A - Uniform ratio R/X. The value of the k factor is determined from taking the smallest ratio
of R/X of all the branches of the network. Only branches that contain a total of 80 percent of the
current at the nominal voltage corresponding to the short-circuit location are included. Branches may
be a series combination of several elements.
Method B - R/X ratio at the short-circuit location. The value of the k factor is determined by
multiplying the k factor by a safety factor of 1.15, which covers inaccuracies caused after obtaining
the R/X ratio from a network reduction with complex impedances.
Method C - Equivalent frequency. The value of the k factor is calculated using a frequency-altered
R/X. R/X is calculated at a lower frequency and then multiplied by a frequency-dependent
multiplying factor.
For a near-to-generator fault, Ib is obtained by combining contributions from each individual machine. Ib
for different types of machines is calculated using the following formula:
I " k
Ib =
qI " k
where and q are factors that account for ac decay. They are functions of the ratio of the minimum time
delay and the ratio of the machines initial short-circuit current to its rated current, as well as real power
per pair of poles of asynchronous machines.
IEC standards allow you to include or exclude ac decay effect from asynchronous machines in the
calculation.
X /R
where f is the system frequency, tmin is the minimum delay time of the protective device under concern,
and X/R is the system value at the faulted bus.
13-38
Short-Circuit Analysis
I k max = max I rG
I k min = min I rG
where is a function of a generators excitation voltage, ratio between its initial symmetrical short-circuit
current and rated current, and other generator parameters, and IrG is the generators rated current.
The maximum steady-state current reflects maximum modeling inaccuracies. This value is used to
determine minimum device ratings. The minimum steady-state current reflects minimum modeling
inaccuracies. This value is used for relay coordination purposes in preventing the occurrence of nuisance
trips and loading deviations.
LV CB
Device Capability
Making
AC Breaking
Ib,asymm *
Idc *
Making
Breaking
Ib,asymm *
SC Current Duty
ip
Ib,symm
Ib, asymm
Ip
Ib,symm
Ib,asymm
Fuse
Breaking
Ib,asymm
Ib,asymm *
Ib,symm
Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Current Duty
*Device capability calculated by PowerStation.
13-39
Short-Circuit Analysis
As calculation results, PowerStation provides short-circuit current as function of time up to 0.1 second at
0.001 second time increment. It also presents short-circuit current as function of cycles up to 1 cycle at
0.1 cycle increment. Along with the instantaneous current values, PowerStation also furnish calculated
AC component, DC component, as well as top envelope of the current waveform. In the summary page,
it also provides the subtransient, transient, and steady state fault current for each bus.
MV CB The asymmetrical breaking and dc current ratings for MV CB are calculated as follows,
4ft min
I b,asymm = I b,symm 1 + 2 exp
X /R
2ft min
I dc = I b,symm 2exp
X /R
Where f is the system frequency, tmin is the minimum delay time, and Ib,symm is the AC breaking current
provided by the user. Following IEC Standard 56, Figure 9, X/R is calculated based on a testing PF
of 7% at 50Hz.
4ft min
I b,asymm = I b,symm 1 + 2 exp
X /R
Where f is the system frequency, tmin is the minimum delay time, and Ib,symm is the breaking current
provided by the user. X/R is calculated based on a testing PF given in IEC Standard 947-2, Table XI.
Fuse The asymmetrical breaking current rating for fuse is calculated as follows:
4ft min
I b,asymm = I b,symm 1 + 2 exp
X /R
Where f is the system frequency, tmin is assumed to be a half cycle, and Ib,symm is the breaking current
provided by the user. X/R is calculated based on the default testing PFof 15 %.
13-40
Short-Circuit Analysis
13-41
Short-Circuit Analysis
Inverter
An inverter is a voltage source to the AC system. Under fault conditions, it will provide fault
contribution to the AC system. When its terminal bus is faulted, the contribution from an inverter is equal
to the multiplication of its AC full load amp by a constant K, which is entered form the Rating page of the
Inverter Editor. This is the maximum possible contribution from the inverter. As the fault location
moves away from its terminal bus, the contribution from the inverter decreases.
13-42
Short-Circuit Analysis
Required Data
Nominal kV (when the prefault voltage option is set to use nominal kV)
%V (when the prefault voltage option is set to use bus voltage)
Type, such as MCC, switchgear, etc., and continuous and bracing ratings
Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch editors, i.e., 3-Winding Transformer Editor, 2-Winding
Transformer Editor, Transmission Line Editor, Cable Editor, Reactor Editor, and Impedance Editor.
Required data for short-circuit calculations for branches includes:
Zero
sequence impedances
Transformer winding connections, grounding types, and grounding parameters
Nominal kV
%V and Angle
3-Phase MVAsc and X/R
13-43
Short-Circuit Analysis
Required Data
Inverter Data
Required data for short-circuit calculations for inverters includes:
13-44
Short-Circuit Analysis
Required Data
Max kV
Rated Int. (rated interrupting capability)
Max Int. (maximum interrupting capability)
C & L rms (rms value of closing and latching capability)
C & L Crest (crest value of closing and latching capability)
Standard
Cycle
Rated kV
Min. Delay (minimum delay time in second)
Making (peak current)
AC Breaking (rms ac breaking capability)
PowerStation calculates the interrupting capabilities of the circuit breaker from the rated and maximum
interrupting capabilities. This value is calculated at the nominal kV of the bus that the circuit breaker is
connected to.
13-45
Short-Circuit Analysis
Required Data
Fuse Data
Required data for short-circuit calculations for fuses includes:
Fuse ID
Other Data
There are some study case related data, which must also be provided, and you can enter this data into the
Short-Circuit Study Case Editor. The data includes:
Standard (ANSI/IEC)
XFMR tap option (transformer tap modeling method)
Prefault voltage
Report (report format)
Machine X/R (machine X/R modeling method)
Faulted buses
Cable/OL heater (select this option to include cable and overload heater elements)
13-46
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
Help
Click on this button to access Help.
OK / Cancel
Click on the OK button to dismiss the editor and bring up the Crystal Reports view to show the selected
portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will simply dismiss the editor. Click on the Cancel
button to dismiss the editor without viewing the report.
13-47
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
13-48
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
13-49
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
13-50
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
13-51
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
13-52
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
Voltage
=============
% Mag.
Ang.
------ ----100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
Generation
==============
MW
Mvar
------ ------
6.300
-----6.300
CKT / Branch
============
ID
-----------Cable11
Cable2
CKT / Branch
============
ID
-----------T3
XFMR 3
T2
T1
Transformer
=======================================
MVA
kV
kV
% Z
X/R
------- ------ ------ ------- ----1.000
4.160
0.480
6.500
18.0
1.000
4.160
0.480
7.200
28.0
10.000 34.500 13.800
6.900
23.0
15.000( base MVA for 3-Winding )
15.000 34.500
Zps =
7.100
39.0
10.000 13.800
Zpt =
7.200
40.0
5.000
4.160
Zst =
14.100
38.0
CKT / Branch
=========================
ID
Type
------------ ----------Cable11
Line/Cable
Cable2
Line/Cable
T3
2W XFMR
XFMR 3
2W XFMR
T2
2W XFMR
T1
3W XFMR
0.000
%Tap Setting
=============
From
To
------ -----0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
-2.500 0.000
Impedance
=====================================
MVAb
% R
% X
% Y
------- ------- ------- ---------100.0
13.61
4.62
0.0000000
100.0
5.58
6.17
0.0000000
Reactor
=================
X (ohm)
X/R
-------- -------
Imped.
======
% Tol.
-----0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000
0.000
13-53
Motor Load
==============
MW
Mvar
------ -----3.368
1.355
0.121 -0.059
0.000
0.000
0.421
0.190
0.000
0.000
0.996 -0.616
0.000
0.000
0.400
0.170
0.000
0.000
------ -----5.306
1.040
0.00
0.00
0.00
Short-Circuit Analysis
Output Reports
Conned Bus
Machine Info.
Rating
Impedance(100 MVA Base)
============ ================== ======================
Bus ID
Machine ID
Type
MVA
kV
RPM
------------ ------------ ---- ------- ------ ----Sub 2B
Gen1
Gen.
8.824
13.80 1800.0
Main Bus
Utility
Uty. 1500.000
34.50 1800.0
Bus3
Mtr2
IndM
0.649
13.20 1800.0
Sub3 Swgr
Pump 1
IndM
0.434
4.00 1800.0
Bus3
Syn4
SynM
2.982
13.20 1800.0
Sub 2B
Syn1
SynM
1.170
13.20 1800.0
MCC1
EqvLVInd-1
IndM
0.461
0.48 1800.0
LVBus
Syn2
SynM
0.134
0.46 1800.0
-------------------------------------------------------Total Connected Generators ( = 1 ):
8.824 MVA
Total Connected Motors
( = 6 ):
5.831 MVA
X/R Ratio
% Impedance(Machine Base)
==============
X"/R
X'/R
------ -----24.00
24.00
45.00
45.00
6.34
6.34
6.27
6.27
46.07
46.07
27.53
27.53
6.93
6.93
9.54
9.54
=========================
R
X"
X'
------- ------- ------1.000
24.00
37.00
2.222
99.98
99.98
3.830
24.28
60.70
3.830
24.01
60.04
0.334
15.38
23.08
0.559
15.38
23.08
2.652
18.37
45.92
2.097
20.00
30.00
=========================
R
X"
X'
------- ------- ------11.3
272.0
419.3
0.1
6.7
6.7
513.4
3254.4
8136.0
815.2
5111.7 12779.3
9.7
448.7
673.1
43.7
1202.6
1804.0
574.7
3980.1
9950.2
1434.7 13685.0 20527.5
Note: For motors, X" and X' are reactances used in 1/2 and 1.5--4 cycle system networks respectively.
Contribution
=========================
From Bus
To Bus
ID
ID
------------ -----------Main Bus
Total
Sub 2A
#T1
Utility
Main Bus
Main Bus
Main Bus
Bus3
#Sub 2B
#Sub 3
Mtr2
Syn4
Gen1
Syn1
Sub3 Swgr
Main Bus
Nominal kV =
Base kV
=
34.50
34.50
Prefault Voltage =
=
1/2 Cycle
===============================================
% V
kA
kA
Imag.
kA Symm.
From Bus
Real
Imaginary /Real Magnitude
-------- -------- --------- ----- --------0.00
0.647
-27.459
42.5
27.466
1.5 to 4 Cycle
===============================================
% V
kA
kA
Imag.
kA Symm.
From Bus
Real
Imaginary /Real Magnitude
-------- -------- --------- ----- --------0.00
0.628
-27.260
43.4
27.267
15.15
0.29
105.00
0.025
0.036
0.586
-0.376
-0.732
-26.351
14.8
20.5
45.0
0.377
0.733
26.357
10.18
0.26
105.00
0.013
0.029
0.586
-0.253
-0.656
-26.351
19.1
22.7
45.0
0.253
0.656
26.357
Sub 2A
T1
T1
16.64
18.48
2.58
0.062
0.025
0.011
-0.916
-0.652
-0.080
14.8
26.3
7.3
0.918
0.652
0.081
11.19
17.52
1.33
0.032
0.024
0.005
-0.617
-0.618
-0.037
19.1
26.1
7.3
0.618
0.619
0.038
Bus3
Bus3
Sub 2B
Sub 2B
Sub 3
105.00
105.00
105.00
105.00
2.90
0.020
0.041
0.052
0.010
0.091
-0.108
-0.808
-1.329
-0.301
-0.665
5.3
19.5
25.7
29.7
7.3
0.110
0.809
1.330
0.301
0.671
105.00
105.00
105.00
105.00
1.47
0.008
0.024
0.053
0.007
0.042
-0.046
-0.571
-1.343
-0.203
-0.309
5.6
23.7
25.6
29.6
7.3
0.047
0.571
1.344
0.203
0.312
13-54
Short-Circuit Analysis
Three-Phase Fault Currents:
Output Reports
( Prefault Voltage =
Bus Information
====================
Device Information
=========================
ID
-----------Bus3
Main Bus
ID
-----------Bus3
Main Bus
CB2
CB1
CB10
Sub 2A
CB12
CB11
Sub 2B
CB5
CB4
Sub 3
CB8
CB9
Sub3 Swgr
CB14
CB13
CB3
kV
-----13.80
34.50
Sub 2A
13.80
Sub 2B
13.80
Sub 3
4.16
Sub3 Swgr
4.16
Type
----------MCC
Switchgear
3 cy Sym CB
3 cy Sym CB
8 cy Tot CB
MCC
8 cy Tot CB
8 cy Tot CB
MCC
3 cy Sym CB
3 cy Sym CB
MCC
5 cy Sym CB
3 cy Sym CB
Bus
5 cy Sym CB
5 cy Sym CB
5 cy Sym CB
Device Capability
============================
Symm.
Asymm.
Asymm.
kA rms
kA rms
kA Crest
-------- -------- --------40.000
64.000
56.000
61.000
67.500 *
108.000
94.500
102.900
60.000
80.000
59.400
72.900
60.000
60.000
67.500
67.500
39.000
58.000
65.000 *
97.000
78.400
78.400
78.400
132.300
132.300
132.300
Device Information
=========================
ID
-----------Bus3
Main Bus
Main Bus
Main Bus
Main Bus
Sub 2A
Sub 2A
Sub 2B
Sub 2B
Sub 3
Sub 3
Sub3 Swgr
Sub3 Swgr
Sub3 Swgr
ID
------------
Type
-----------
CB2
Fuse1
CB1
CB10
CB12
CB11
CB5
CB4
CB8
CB9
CB14
CB13
CB3
3 cy
Fuse
3 cy
8 cy
8 cy
8 cy
3 cy
3 cy
5 cy
3 cy
5 cy
5 cy
5 cy
Notes:
Method:
kV
-----13.80
34.50
34.50
34.50
34.50
13.80
13.80
13.80
13.80
4.16
4.16
4.16
4.16
4.16
Sym CB
Sym
Tot
Tot
Tot
Sym
Sym
Sym
Sym
Sym
Sym
Sym
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
Interrupting Duty
================================
Symm.
X/R
Adj Sym.
kA rms
Ratio
M.F.
kA rms
-------- ----- ----- -------5.985
8.8
27.267
44.3 1.216
33.147
27.466
44.1 1.243
34.128
27.267
44.3 1.216
33.147
27.267
44.3 1.279
34.864
6.457
23.9 1.115
7.201
6.457
23.9 1.115
7.201
10.003
36.8 1.168
11.687
10.003
36.8 1.168
11.687
27.091
40.0 1.213
32.858
27.091
40.0 1.198
32.462
24.218
8.7 1.000
24.218
24.218
8.7 1.000
24.218
24.218
8.7 1.000
24.218
Device Capability
=================================
Test
Rated
Adjusted
kV
PF
Int.
Int.
------ ----- -------- -------38.000
38.000
38.000
38.000
15.000
15.000
15.000
15.000
4.760
4.760
4.760
4.760
4.760
15.00
40.000
48.000
31.500
22.800
10.000
20.000
19.300
19.300
29.000
42.400
41.000
41.000
41.000
13-55
40.000
48.000
34.696 #
25.113 *
10.870
21.739
20.978
20.978
31.000 *
48.515
46.913
46.913
46.913
90%).
Short-Circuit Analysis
Alert View
Type
The type section of the alert view window displays information about the type of the device having the
displayed alert.
Rating
The rating section of the Alert View Window provides the rating information being used to determine
whether an alert should be reported and of what kind of alert was found.
13-56
Short-Circuit Analysis
Alert View
Calculated
The calculated section of the alert view window displays the results (duty) from the Short-circuit
calculation. The results listed here are used in combination with those displayed in the ratings section to
determine the operating percent values. These values are then compared to those entered in the Shortcircuit study case editor alarm page.
%Value
This section displays the percent operating values calculated based on the Short-circuit results and the
different device ratings. The values displayed here are directly compared to the percent of monitored
parameters entered directly into the study case editor alarm page. Based on the element type, system
topology and given conditions, the program uses these percent values to determine if and what kind of
alert should be displayed.
Condition
The conditions section of the Alert View Window provides a brief comment about the type of alert being
reported. In the case of Short-circuit alarms, the different conditions reported are the same as those listed
in the bus and protective device monitored parameters tables.
Monitored Parameter
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA
Condition Reported
Bracing Asymmetrical
Bracing Crest
Bracing Symmetrical
Bracing Asymmetrical
13-57
Short-Circuit Analysis
Alert View
Short-Circuit Alerts for protective devices report different conditions depending on the monitored
parameters. The following table contains a list of the corresponding conditions reported in the Alert View
Window.
13-58