Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&
Data Communication
Gamini Wijayarathna
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Recommended Readings
William A. Shay, Understanding Data
Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition,
1999, Brooks/Core Publishing Company.
Comer Douglas, E. Internetworking with
TCP/IP, 3rd Edition, 2000, Prentice-Hall.
Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 3rd
Edition, 1997, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
A Brief History
The filed of communications is not new:
For thousands of years people communicated using little
more than words, stone tablets, and smoke signals.
The primary forms of sending information were based on
the auditory and visual senses.
Applications
Transferring data between computers. LAN
/ WAN communications.
Telephones /Fax / Cellular phones.
Televisions.
Voice and video communications.
Teleconferencing.
Information Services.
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Computer Communication
Schematic
Computer A
User-to-user
communication
Application
process
Application
process
Communication
Computer B
Computer-to-computer
communication
subsystem
Communication
subsystem
Computer-to-network communication
Data communication network
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Resource sharing
High reliability
Saving money
Scalability
Communication medium
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Resource Sharing
Goal is to make all
programs
equipments &
data
available to anyone on the network
without regard to the physical location
of the resource and the user.
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High Reliability
Multiple copies of files
Multiple CPUs
For military, banking, air traffic control,
nuclear power plant, and many other
applications, the ability to continue
operating in the face of hardware
problem is of utmost importance.
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Saving Money
Small computers have a much
better price/performance ratio
than large ones.
Mainframes are faster than PCs but
they cost a thousand times more.
Mainframes
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Server Machine
Request
Server
Process
Reply
Client
Process
Network
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Scalability
Centralized Mainframes
should be replaced by
a large one.
expensive
disruption to the users
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Network Hardware
Criterions for classifying networks:
Transmission technology
Scale
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Transmission Technology
Broadcast networks
Point-to-point networks
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Scale
Interprocess Processors
Example
or distance located in same
0.1 m
Circuit board
1m
10 m
System
Room
Multicomputer
100 m
1 km
Building
Campus
City
Metropolitan area
network ( MAN )
Country
Continent
Planet
The Internet
10 km
100 km
1,000 km
10,000 km
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Network Topology
Manner in which network devices are
connected physically.
Devices:
Mainframes, Workstations, File servers,
Printers, Scanners
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Network Topologies
Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Hybrid topology
Tree topology
Complete topology
Irregular topologies
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Bus Topology
Mainframe
Workstation
File server
File server
Workstation
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B
Segment
Cable A
Cable C
C
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No traffic
C
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X
E
C
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Star Topology
Cables
Computer
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Ring Topology
Computer
Cables
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E
D
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Hybrid Topology
Computer
Computer
Computer
bridge
Computer
bridge
Computer
Computer
Computer
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Tree Topology
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Complete Topology
Cables
Computer
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Irregular Topology
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Popular LANs
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Bus topology
10 or 100 Mbps (Megabits/Sec.)
Megabit = 1,000,000 bits
but not 1,048,576 (220)
IBM Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
Ring topology
4 or 16 Mbps
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Computer 1
Computer 2
Head end
Bus B
Direction of flow on bus A
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DQDB MAN
Direction of flow on bus A
Bus A
Computer 1
Computer 2
Head end
Bus B
Direction of flow on bus A
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