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Experiment-02
Bernoullis Theorem
Sagar Chawla
12110081
v
P
+ gz + =constant
2
[1]
Pressure is the same at both points so equation [1] can be written in this form
v2
+gz=constant
2
v
t
cm3
sec
is
2. Velocity,
v=
Q
Ai
cm
]
sec
A i=
Area of tubes)
Z i=Z 1g+
v 21 v 2i
2 2
Procedure:Water tank should be filled with water upto 90 percent of its capacity. A pipe from water
tank is connected to a motor which maintains the flow rate of water. Motor is adjusted in
a way such that the flow rate of water in inlet becomes equal to rate of outward flow of
water. Flow rate is measured by noting down the time required by the water to rise up to
the upper mark of the flask. No air bubble should be present in glass tube while noting
down the readings. Height of water in the inlet and in exit tank and various tubes should
be noted down. The same procedure should be carried out for different values of flow
rates.
Result:-
Observed value of height of water in every tube is very close to theoretical values for
different value of flow rate. Human errors and fluctuation of water in tube can be
accounted for the difference between theoretical and observed values. Volumetric Flow
rate of set 1, set 2 and set 3 are 60.37, 107.5 and 183.5 respectively.
Discussion & Conclusion:Since observed value of height of water in every tube is very close to theoretical values
for different value of flow rate, the accuracy of apparatus is quite high. When the flow
rate is high, the height of water in tube is low and vice versa. Velocity of water in tube
increases as cross section area of tube decreases and vice versa. In Bernoullis principle,
sum of all forms of energy is always constant, as a result of which velocity increases in
lower pressure region and decreases in higher pressure region. Bernoullis principle is
used in various places in our daily life. Air flight, lift, baseball, draft and sailing are the
common everyday application of Bernoullis principle.
Appendix:In Bernoullis principle sum of the all forms of energy remain constant at every point in
streamline. It was the interesting part of the experiment. Tubes should be calibrated to
facilitate to observe the reading more accurately.
Experimental sets
Time required for the
1
26.5
2
16
3
9.1
mark, t (sec)
Volume of water
1.6
1.72
1.67
collected V (Litre)
Volumetric flow rate
60.37
107.50
183.51
(cm3/sec)
Location
1
2
2)
A(cm
4.53
3.19
1
19.7
20.4
Zobs
2
19.8
19.7
3
19.2
18.6
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
E
2.74
2.27
1.79
1.54
1.72
1.9
2.17
2.51
3.97
25.8
19.7
19.6
19.5
19.3
19.1
19.2
19.2
19.7
19.5
20.7
19.2
18.8
18.1
17.0
16.7
16.9
17.0
17.5
18.4
18.7
17.0
15.8
13.8
11.3
11.2
11.6
13.4
14.5
16.1
17.0
Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
19.41
19.32
19.25
19.41
19.92
18.71
18.87
18.98
19.10
19.20
19.38
Ztheo
2
18.42
18.12
17.92
17.56
16.86
16.22
16.71
17.07
17.45
17.72
18.33
3
16.18
15.33
14.73
13.69
11.84
9.78
11.21
12.26
13.37
14.29
15.93
1
13.32
18.92
22.03
26.59
33.72
39.20
35.09
31.77
27.82
24.05
15.20
V(cm s-1)
2
23.73
33.69
39.23
47.35
60.05
69.80
62.5
56.7
49.53
42.82
27.07
3
40.50
57.52
66.97
80.83
102.51
119.51
106.68
96.57
84.56
73.10
46.22
1
19.7
20.4
19.7
19.6
19.5
19.3
19.1
19.2
19.2
19.7
19.5
20.7
Zobs
2
19.8
19.7
19.2
18.8
18.1
17.0
16.7
16.9
17.0
17.5
18.4
18.7
3
19.2
18.6
17.0
15.8
13.8
11.3
11.2
11.6
13.4
14.5
16.1
17.0
1
19.41
19.32
19.25
19.41
19.92
18.71
18.87
18.98
19.10
19.20
19.38
20.7
Ztheo
2
18.42
18.12
17.92
17.56
16.86
16.22
16.71
17.07
17.45
17.72
18.33
18.7
3
16.18
15.33
14.73
13.69
11.84
9.78
11.21
12.26
13.37
14.29
15.93
17.0
References:1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle
2. http://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli.html
3. http://virtual-labs.ac.in/labs/CEVL/CEVL03-HFM/Data
%20files/01%20Bernoulli's_experiment.pdf