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CL 251: Chemical Engineering Lab I

Experiment-02
Bernoullis Theorem

Sagar Chawla
12110081

Abstract:The purpose of the Bernoullis theorem experiment is to verify Bernoullis equation of


inter-conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy and vice versa by using the law of
conservation of energy. This was performed by measuring the height of water in different
cross-section areas of tubes at different flow rate in a steady state condition. Height of
fluid is different in every tube due to different cross section area of the tube. Observed
value of height of water in every tube is very close to theoretical values for different
value of flow rate.
Introduction:Bernoulli's Principle is necessarily a work energy conservation principle which states that
for an ideal fluid or for situations where effects of viscosity are neglected, with no work
being performed on the fluid, total energy remains constant. Bernoullis principle is
equivalent to the law of conservation of energy. Bernoullis theorem is applicable only for

a steady, continuous, incompressible and non-viscous fluid. When a fluid flows


horizontally, there is an inverse relation between velocity and pressure of the fluid. It
means that speed of fluid increases when fluid flows from higher pressure to lower
pressure and its speed decreases when it flows from lower pressure region to higher
pressure region. This principle authenticates Bernoulli's equation, which states that the
sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path (a streamline) is the
same at any two points in that path in a steady state condition.
Bernoullis equation at any arbitrary point along a streamline
2

v
P
+ gz + =constant
2

[1]

the speed of fluid at a point on a streamline,


is the gravity acceleration
is the elevation of the point above a reference plane
is the pressure at the chosen point

is the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid.

Pressure is the same at both points so equation [1] can be written in this form
v2
+gz=constant
2

1. Volumetric flow rate Q

v
t

cm3
sec

is

2. Velocity,

v=

Q
Ai

cm
]
sec

3. Theoretical height (head),

A i=
Area of tubes)

Z i=Z 1g+

v 21 v 2i

2 2

Z 1= Height of water in exit tube


v1
vi

= velocity of water in exit tube


= velocity of water in tubes respectively

Procedure:Water tank should be filled with water upto 90 percent of its capacity. A pipe from water
tank is connected to a motor which maintains the flow rate of water. Motor is adjusted in
a way such that the flow rate of water in inlet becomes equal to rate of outward flow of
water. Flow rate is measured by noting down the time required by the water to rise up to
the upper mark of the flask. No air bubble should be present in glass tube while noting
down the readings. Height of water in the inlet and in exit tank and various tubes should
be noted down. The same procedure should be carried out for different values of flow
rates.

Result:-

Observed value of height of water in every tube is very close to theoretical values for
different value of flow rate. Human errors and fluctuation of water in tube can be
accounted for the difference between theoretical and observed values. Volumetric Flow
rate of set 1, set 2 and set 3 are 60.37, 107.5 and 183.5 respectively.
Discussion & Conclusion:Since observed value of height of water in every tube is very close to theoretical values
for different value of flow rate, the accuracy of apparatus is quite high. When the flow
rate is high, the height of water in tube is low and vice versa. Velocity of water in tube
increases as cross section area of tube decreases and vice versa. In Bernoullis principle,
sum of all forms of energy is always constant, as a result of which velocity increases in
lower pressure region and decreases in higher pressure region. Bernoullis principle is
used in various places in our daily life. Air flight, lift, baseball, draft and sailing are the
common everyday application of Bernoullis principle.

Appendix:In Bernoullis principle sum of the all forms of energy remain constant at every point in
streamline. It was the interesting part of the experiment. Tubes should be calibrated to
facilitate to observe the reading more accurately.

Table I: - Data of volumetric flow rate of different sets

Experimental sets
Time required for the

1
26.5

2
16

3
9.1

mark, t (sec)
Volume of water

1.6

1.72

1.67

collected V (Litre)
Volumetric flow rate

60.37

107.50

183.51

Water to rise to given

(cm3/sec)

Table II: - Data of Zobs of water in various tube

Location
1
2

2)

A(cm
4.53
3.19

1
19.7
20.4

Zobs
2
19.8
19.7

3
19.2
18.6

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
E

2.74
2.27
1.79
1.54
1.72
1.9
2.17
2.51
3.97
25.8

19.7
19.6
19.5
19.3
19.1
19.2
19.2
19.7
19.5
20.7

19.2
18.8
18.1
17.0
16.7
16.9
17.0
17.5
18.4
18.7

17.0
15.8
13.8
11.3
11.2
11.6
13.4
14.5
16.1
17.0

Table III: - Data of Ztheo and velocity of water in various tube

Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

1
19.41
19.32
19.25
19.41
19.92
18.71
18.87
18.98
19.10
19.20
19.38

Ztheo
2
18.42
18.12
17.92
17.56
16.86
16.22
16.71
17.07
17.45
17.72
18.33

3
16.18
15.33
14.73
13.69
11.84
9.78
11.21
12.26
13.37
14.29
15.93

1
13.32
18.92
22.03
26.59
33.72
39.20
35.09
31.77
27.82
24.05
15.20

V(cm s-1)
2
23.73
33.69
39.23
47.35
60.05
69.80
62.5
56.7
49.53
42.82
27.07

3
40.50
57.52
66.97
80.83
102.51
119.51
106.68
96.57
84.56
73.10
46.22

Table IV: - comparison between Zobs and Ztheo


Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
E

1
19.7
20.4
19.7
19.6
19.5
19.3
19.1
19.2
19.2
19.7
19.5
20.7

Zobs
2
19.8
19.7
19.2
18.8
18.1
17.0
16.7
16.9
17.0
17.5
18.4
18.7

3
19.2
18.6
17.0
15.8
13.8
11.3
11.2
11.6
13.4
14.5
16.1
17.0

1
19.41
19.32
19.25
19.41
19.92
18.71
18.87
18.98
19.10
19.20
19.38
20.7

Ztheo
2
18.42
18.12
17.92
17.56
16.86
16.22
16.71
17.07
17.45
17.72
18.33
18.7

3
16.18
15.33
14.73
13.69
11.84
9.78
11.21
12.26
13.37
14.29
15.93
17.0

Figure 1: Streamline Flow

References:1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle
2. http://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli.html
3. http://virtual-labs.ac.in/labs/CEVL/CEVL03-HFM/Data
%20files/01%20Bernoulli's_experiment.pdf

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