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Chapter5:DevelopmentalPsychologyHomework
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longitudinal
retrospective
cross-sectional
sequential
6. Suppose researchers want to compare the abilities of 60-year-olds to those of 80year-olds, but they worry about finding equivalent samples at the two ages. To
minimize that problem, the best design for this study would be
psychoanalytic.
double-blind.
longitudinal.
cross-sectional.
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longitudinal
cross-sectional
11. Which of the following studies would be impossible to answer by a crosssectional study?
At what age do most children understand conservation of number?
Do first-grade and sixth-grade children generally like different music?
Do the best 6-year-old artists remain outstanding as they grow older?
Do older children generally memorize facts more easily than younger children?
12. Suppose you wish to study personality development, but you worry that you
might accidentally select different kinds of people at different ages. Which
experimental design should you use?
cross-sectional
longitudinal
psychoanalytic
anecdotal
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simultaneous.
16. If young adults differ from older adults by a cohort effect, what caused the
difference?
differences in brain activity
changes in peoples interests as they grow older
the way in which investigators measured a behavior
the historical era in which people grew up
17. Newborn babies weighing less than 4 pounds at birth have increased probability
of later behavior problems. Why should we NOT necessarily conclude that low birth
weight caused the problems?
Prenatal development has nothing to do with brain development.
Hospitals give small babies less attention, on average, than larger babies.
Most small babies have Down syndrome or other medical disorders.
Malnourished or unhealthy mothers may provide poor care after the child is born.
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19. Which of these attracts the most attention by a 2-day-old human infant?
solid red picture.
solid white picture.
narrow diagonally striped pattern.
drawing of a human face.
21. An infant who hears a novel sound increases its sucking rate. After several
presentations of the same sound, the sucking rate declines. This decrease in
responding is called
habituation.
sensitization.
reactivity.
reflexive attenuation.
22. What evidence, if any, shows that newborn infants hear a difference between
ba and pa?
No evidence supports this conclusion.
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23. An investigator repeatedly plays a recording of the sound "ba" while checking the
rate that an infant sucks on a nipple. After the infant's rate of sucking decreases, the
investigator switches to the sound "pa." What is the investigator probably trying to
determine?
Which of the two sounds does an infant like best?
Can the infant detect the difference between the two sounds?
Does the infant copy the sounds it hears?
What is the capacity of an infant's short-term memory?
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an identity
27. According to Piaget, applying an old schema to a new object or problem is called
object permanence.
concrete operations.
accommodation.
assimilation.
28. A child who is familiar with an iPad tries to control a television the same way.
She is showing
a lack of conservation.
assimilation.
concrete operational thought.
object permanence.
31. Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do people reach last (at age
11 or later)?
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formal operations
Sensorimotor
concrete operations
preoperational
34. According to Piaget, how can we determine whether a child understands object
permanence?
Watch the child's eye movements when the object moves.
Place a toy behind a barrier and see whether the child retrieves it.
Squash some clay and see whether the child thinks it still is the same amount.
See whether the child consistently prefers one toy to another.
35. An experimenter places a colored spot on a childs nose, lets the child look in the
mirror, and observes whether the child touches his/her own nose. What concept is
being tested?
Conservation
object permanence
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sense of self
theory of mind
38. Which of the following would Piaget consider evidence that a child is thinking
"egocentrically"?
The child demands that other people attend to the child's needs.
When asked "How would this look from where I'm standing?" the child describes how it appears from
where the child is standing.
The child speaks in relatively complex sentences when speaking to an adult but uses shorter, simpler
sentences when speaking to a younger child.
The child describes a set of plans and goals for the future that he or she thought out alone, rather than
borrowing from parents.
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concrete operations
equilibration
41. An experimenter shows a child two equal glasses of water and then pours the
water from one of them into a glass of a different shape. Then the experimenter asks
whether the new glass has more or less water than the other one. What concept is
the experimenter testing?
assimilation
object permanence
conservation
hypothetical reasoning
42. A psychologist shows a child two rows of coins and then spreads out one row
and asks which row has more. Which Piagetian concept is she probably testing?
conservation
assimilation
object permanence
formal operations
43. According to Piaget, a child who has the concept of conservation understands
which of these?
The weight and mass of an object stays the same when the shape changes.
One should work out a strategy before starting on a complex task.
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An object continues to exist even when one does not see it.
A group of people has to take turns talking to one another and then listening.
44. An investigator shows a child two equally full beakers of water and pours one of
them into a tall, thin container. The child says that the thinner container has more
water. Evidently the child lacks
schemas.
the concept of object permanence.
the concept of conservation.
ego integrity.
46. To determine whether or not a child has reached the stage of formal operations,
a psychologist might test whether the child can
understand that objects maintain certain properties despite changes in their shape.
speak in complete sentences.
understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight.
answer hypothetical and abstract questions.
47. What should a psychologist test to determine whether a given child is in the
concrete-operations stage or the formal-operations stage?
whether the child reaches around a barrier to retrieve a hidden toy
whether the child understands that a liquid maintains its volume after a shape change
whether the child can answer abstract and hypothetical questions
whether the child can distinguish between appearance and reality
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48. What does a child in the formal operations stage do that a child in the concrete
operations stage does not do?
plan systematic approaches to hypothetical questions
correctly answer questions about object permanence
understand that some people have false beliefs
understand conservation of number
49. The thought processes of an adult are most like those of children in which of
Piagets stages?
formal operations
concrete operations
sensorimotor
preoperational
50. Olivia understands that objects maintain their weight and volume after changes
in shape. But she has trouble answering abstract or hypothetical questions. She is in
which of Piaget's stages?
formal operations
sensorimotor
concrete operations
preoperational
51. Below are descriptions of four children. Which one is in Piaget's stage of formal
operations?
performs well on tests of object permanence; still has trouble with conservation
systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions
understands conservation but has trouble with abstract and hypothetical questions
does not speak in complete sentences; fails tests of object permanence
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52. A child who fails tests of object permanence and cannot speak more than a few
words would be in which of Piagets stages?
concrete operations
sensorimotor
formal operations
preoperational
53. For both Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Erik Erikson's stages of
emotional and social development,
almost everyone reaches the final stage on schedule, at the same age.
children in two-parent families develop faster than those from single-parent families.
first-born children develop faster than their later-born brothers and sisters.
almost everyone goes through the stages in the same order.
54. Erik Eriksons eight stages of human development dealt with which aspect of
behavior?
language skills
reactions to the prospect of dying
social and emotional conflicts
understanding the concept of right and wrong
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58. If two people differ in their temperament, what can we expect to find?
They react differently to new situations.
They differ in their interests and academic abilities.
They prefer different types of foods.
They differ in their self-esteem.
59. According to Erik Erikson, the identity crisis (the question "Who am I?") is of
greatest concern to people of what age?
toddlers
preschool children
older adults
adolescents
60. At what stage of life are people most likely to experience identity crisis?
early childhood
adolescence
young adulthood
old age
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62. When girl fetuses are exposed to somewhat elevated testosterone levels during
prenatal development, what is an effect on their later development?
These girls are more likely than average to get high grades in math courses.
These girls are more likely than average to pay close attention to facial expressions.
These girls are more likely than average to enjoy typical boys toys.
These girls are more likely than average to be right-handed.
63. If you choose a job because you consider it mans work or womans work, you
have been influenced by what?
pheromones
ethnocentrism
sex roles
sex hormones
64. When a boy experiences an Oedipus complex, toward whom does he feel sexual
attraction?
Himself
his mother
his father
girls his own age
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repressed memories
infantile behaviors
aggressive tendencies
sexual energy
67. How would Sigmund Freud explain why someone eats, drinks, or smokes too
much?
The person has a strong id and a weak superego.
The person has a very high level of libido.
The person is engaging in projection and rationalization.
The person had a fixation during the oral stage.
68. How would Sigmund Freud explain why someone has lasting concerns about
dependence and independence?
The person has a strong id and a weak superego.
The person has a very high level of libido.
The person is engaging in projection and rationalization.
The person had a fixation during the oral stage.
69. According to Freud, someone who goes through life "holding things back" and is
orderly, stingy, and stubborn was probably fixated in the
oral stage.
anal stage.
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phallic stage.
latency period.
70. According to Freud, what does a boy experience during the phallic stage?
a tendency to become either very messy or very orderly
intense pleasure from oral stimulation
fear of having his penis cut off
a desire for sexual intercourse
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