ENCV600103 Peranc.

Struktur Beton 2:
Two-way slab: Equivalent Frame
Sjahril A. Rahim
Departemen Teknik Sipil FTUI
2013

Equivalent Frame:
The EFM of analysis for gravity loading converts a three-dimensional
frame system with two-way slab into a series of two-dimensional
frame (slab-beams and columns), with each frame extending the full
height of the building, as illustrated in Figure 1.
The width of the equivalent frame extends to mid-span between
column centerlines.
The complete analysis of the system consists of analyzing a series of
equivalent interior and exterior frames spanning longitudinally and
transversally through the building.
For gravity loading, the slab-beam of each floor or roof (level) may be
analyzed separately, with far ends of attached columns considered
fixed.
For lateral load analysis, the stiffness of frame members are modified
to account for cracking and other relevant factors.

Equivalent Frame:

Design strip of Equivalent Frame:

Preliminary Design:
Preliminary slab thickness h needs to be determined for
control of deflection, according to minimum slab thickness
requirement of Section 11.5 SNI (Table 8).
For slab systems without beams, its advisable to check the
shear strength of the slab in the vicinity of columns or
other support locations.

Members of Equivalent Frame:

Slab-beam
Torsional members (horizontal members)
Columns (vertical members)
Equivalent
Column

Members of Equivalent Frame:

Slab-Beams:

Equivalent
Slab-Beam
Stiffness
diagram

Slab system
without
beams

Slab system
with drop
panel

Equivalent
Slab-Beam
Stiffness
diagram

Slab system
with column
capitals

Slab-Beams:

Slab
system
with
beams

Equivalent
Slab-Beam
Stiffness
diagram

Equivalent
Slab-Beam
Stiffness
diagram

Columns:

Slab
system
without
beams

Slab system
with drop
panel

Slab system
with column
capitals
Slab
system
with
beams

Torsional members:

The stiffness of torsional members:

9 Ecs C
Kt
3
l2 1 c2 / l2
C 1 0.63 x / y x 3 y / 3

x= the shorter dimension of

rectangular part
y= the longer dimension of
rectangular part
If beams frame into the support in
direction moments are being
determined, the torsional stiffness
Kt needs to increased as follows:

K ta K t I sb / I s

Torsional members:
If beams frame into the support in direction moments are being determined,
the torsional stiffness Kt needs to increased as follows:
K ta K t I sb / I s
I s l2 h 3 / 12

Isb=moment of inertia of the slab section specified for Is including that portion
of the beam stem extending above and below the slab.

Cross Sectional Constants C of Torsional members:

Equivalent Columns:
A single-stiffness element consisting of the actual columns above and below
the slab-beams plus an attached transverse torsional members into singlestiffness.
The flexural stiffness of the equivalent column Kec is given in the term of its
inverse, or flexibility, as follows:

Equivalent Columns:

Arrangement of Live Load:

Case 1: when L D, only loading pattern (1) with full factored live load
on all spans need be analyzed for negative and positive factored moments.
Case 2: when L D, the five loading patterns shown need to be analyzed
to determined all factored moments in the slab-beam members.
Note: D= service dead load
L= service live load

Partial Frame Analysis for Vertical Loading

Loading
pattern for
L3/4D

Loading
pattern for
L3/4D

Factor Moments:
Moment distribution are used for analyzing partial frames involving several
continuous span with the far ends of upper and lower columns fixed.
(1) The use of the equivalent column concept to determined joint
distribution factors;
(2) The proper procedure to distribute the equivalent column moment
obtained in the frame analysis to the actual column above and below the
slab-beam joint.

Moment Distribution Factor:

Moment Distribution Factor:

Equivalent column stiffness:
K ec
K ec

K K
K K
c

( K ct K cb )( K t K t )

( K ct K cb ) ( K t K t )

Slab-beam distribution factor:

DF ( span2 1)

K b1
K b1 K b 2 K ec

DF ( span2 3)

Kb2
K b1 K b 2 K ec

Equivalent column distribution factor (unbalanced moment from slab-beam):

DF

K ec
K b1 K b 2 K ec

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Moment Distribution Factor:

Portion of unbalanced moment to upper column:
DF

K cb
K cb K ct

Portion of unbalanced moment to lower column:

DF

K ct
K cb K ct

The actual column are then designed for these moments.

Critical Section for Negative Factor Moments:

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Moment Redistribution:
Slab system that meets the limitations of the DDM, analyzed with EFM, the
factored moment may be reduced so that the total static moment need not exceed
M0 computed by Eqs 13.3.

M0

Permissible
reduction

Eqs
13.3.

Factor Moments in Column Strips:

Definition:

Ecb I b
Ecs I s

Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to

flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded
laterally by centerlines of adjacent panels (if
any) on each side of the beam.

1 = in direction of l1
2 = in direction of l2
t

EcbC
2 Ecs I s

Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section

to flexural stiffness of a width of slab equal to
span length of beam, center-to-center of
supports.

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Factor Moments in Column Strips:

Interior negative moments:

l2/l1
(1l2/l1)=0
(1l2/l1)1.0

Note berlaku bilamana:

0.50
75

1.0
75

2.0
75

90

75

45

0.2

1l22
5.0
2l12

Factor Moments in Column Strips:

Exterior negative moments:

l2/l1
(1l2/l1)=0
(1l2/l1)1.0

t=0
t2.5
t=0
t2.5

0.50
100
75
100
90

1.0
100
75
100
75

2.0
100
75
100
45

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Factor Moments in Column Strips:

Positive Factor Moments:

l2/l1
(1l2/l1)=0
(1l2/l1)1.0

0.50
60

1.0
60

2.0
60

90

75

45

Factor Moments in Middle Strips:

That portion of negative moment and positive factored moments not
resisted by column strips shall be proportionately assigned to
corresponding half middle strips.
Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the moments
assigned to its two half middle strips.
A middle strip adjacent to and parallel with a wall-supported edge shall be
proportioned to resist twice the moment assigned to the half middle strip
corresponding to the first row of interior supports.

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Appendix:

Tabel 1:

15

Tabel 2:

Tabel 3:

16

Tabel 4:

Tabel 5:

17

Tabel 6:

Tabel 7:

18

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