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u = 0.003
As
h
d
A bs
d-c b
cb
a b = 1c b
Cs
Cc
T bs
h-c b
s = y
strains
stresses
forces
From geometry we can find the strain in compression steel at failure as:
d
s = 0.003 c
c
CIVL 4135
(6.1)
118
Compression Reinforcement
0.85f c
0.85f c
Cs
=
d
As
d-c
Cc
+
A sf y
Ts
T s = (A s A s)f y
> y
A sf y
Cc
Case I
Case II
M n = (A s A s) f y (d
1c
) + A s f y (d d)
2
(6.2)
0.85f c ab = (A s A s)f y
Solve for a:
a=
CIVL 4135
A s A s
f
0.85f c b y
(6.4)
119
Compression Reinforcement
0.85f c
u = 0.003
As
s = y
Cs
Cc
As lim
d-c
Ts
y
b
From geometry:
u
c
=
s
c d
(6.5)
s = y then:
u
c
y = c d
c =
u
d
y
(6.6)
(6.7)
Substitute for c from Eq. (6.6) and (6.7) and divide both sides by bd gives:
(A lim
A s)f y
s
= 0.85 1 b f c
bd
u
d
y
A lim
f
A s
s
=
+ 0.85 1 c
bd
bd
fy
u
d
y d
or
lim = s + 0.85 1
if
if
f c
87, 000
d
fy
87, 000 f y d
f
As A s
87, 000
d
0.85 1 c
bd
fy
87, 000 f y d
CIVL 4135
1
bd
120
(6.8)
(6.9)
(6.10)
Compression Reinforcement
22.2
f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi
Solution
457 228
= 5.6 in
40.8
d
u = 0.003
0.85f c
check assumption
c
c d
c
5.6 2.5
= 0.003
= 0.0017
5.6
s = 0.003
s = 0.0017 <
d
d-c
Ts
y
fy
60
=
= 0.00207
Es
29, 000
wrong assumption
This means the compression steel does not yield. Therefore, our
initial assumption was wrong. We need to make a new assumption.
CIVL 4135
121
Compression Reinforcement
Assume f s < fy
C s = A sf s = A s s E s
c 2.5
c 2.5
= (3.8 in 2) (0.003
) (29, 000 ksi) = 330
c
c
Now for equilibrium:
40.8c + 330
Cs + Cc = Ts
c 2.5
= 457 kips
c
solve for c
c = 6.31 in
check assumption
f s = 0.003
6.31 2.5
29, 000 = 52.5 ksi < f y = 60 ksi
6.31
assumption o.k.
0.90
0.75
0.65
= 0.75 + ( t 0.002)(50)
SPIRAL
OTHER
Compression
Transition
Controlled
CIVL 4135
= 0.9
Tension
Controlled
t = 0.002
t = 0.005
c = 0.600
dt
c = 0.375
dt
122
Compression Reinforcement
Calculate forces:
C c = 40.8 (6.31 in) = 258 kips
C s = 3.8 (52.5ksi) = 200 kips
258+200=458
Equilibrium
is
satisfied
Take moment about tension reinforcement to determine the nominal moment capacity of the section:
Mn = Cc d
1c
2
+ C (d d)
s
CIVL 4135
123
Compression Reinforcement
f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi
4 No. 10
As= 5.08 in2
14
Solution
=
As
= 5.08
= 0.0173
14 21
bd
A s
1.2
=
=
= 0.0041
14 21
bd
Check whether the compression steel has yielded, use Eq. (6.10):
?
0.0132
0.85 1
f c
87, 000
d
fy
87, 000 f y d
?
87, 000
2.5
0.0132 0.85 0.80 5
60
87, 000 60000 21
?
0.0132 0.0217
Therefore, the compression steel does not yield.
CIVL 4135
124
Compression Reinforcement
2.5
Required
As = ? in 2
22.2
f c = 5, 000 psi
M n = 9020 in k
As = ? in 2
12
Solution
For singly reinforced section:
use
c = 0.375
d
f
= 0.85 1 c c
d
fy
5 ksi
= 0.0213
60 ksi
Maximum As1 for singly reinforced section then is:
= (0.85)(0.80)(0.375)
A s =
2365 = 2.23 in 2
1063.8
Therefore, the design steel area for tension and compression reinforcement will be:
A s = 5.66 + 2.23 = 7.89 in 2
A s = 2.23
CIVL 4135
8-#9
3-#8
in 2
125
Compression Reinforcement
2.5
As = ? in 2
22.2
As = ? in 2
12
Check whether the compression steel has yielded, use Eq. (6.10):
f
As A s
87, 000
d
0.85 1 c
bd
fy
87, 000 f y d
87, 000
8 2.37 0.85 0.80 5
2.5
22.2 12
22.2
60
87, 000 60000
0.0211 0.206
Therefore the compression steel yields at failure
Check to make sure that the final design will fall under tension-controlled
a=
(A s A s)f y
0.85f cb
a=
(8.002.37)60
= 6.62 in
0.85(5)(12)
c = a = 6.62 = 8.28 in
0.80
1
c = 8.28 = 0.373 < 0.375
22.2
d
Tension controlled
see the following page for the rest of the solution done in a speadsheet.
CIVL 4135
126
Compression Reinforcement