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Modul-8 : Sistem VLBI

(Very Long Baseline Interferometry)


Hasanuddin Z. Abidin

Geodesy Research Division


Institute of Technology Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
E-mail : hzabidin@gd.itb.ac.id
Version : April 2007

Lecture Slides of GD. 2213 Satellite Geodesy


Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB)

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)


Teknik VLBI pertama kali dikembangkan dalam bidang radio

astronomy dengan obyektif untuk mempelajari secara detil struktur


sumber-sumber gelombang radio di luar angkasa dengan resolusi
ketelitian angular yang tinggi.
Dalam bidang satelit geodesi, teknik

VLBI dapat dipandang sebagai teknik


penentuan posisi relatif dengan
menggunakan data fase dari gelombang
radio yang dipancarkan oleh kuasar,
yaitu benda langit pemancar
gelombang radio alamiah.
Dalam geodesi satelit, VLBI adalah

teknik penentuan posisi relatif


yang paling teliti.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1997

Contoh Stasion VLBI

Ref. : http://lupus.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/stations/ns-map.html

Distribusi Stasion VLBI (2007)

e-VLBI Network (2007)

www.haystack.mit.edu/.../evlbi/igrid2005.html

The first dedicated space VLBI mission


-VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Programme)
The radio astronomy satellite HALCA,
launched by Japan's Institute for Space
and Astronautical Science (ISAS) in
February 1997 into an orbit with inclination
of 31o , an apogee height of 21,400 km
above Earth surface, a perigee height of
560 km and an orbital period of 6.3 hours,
is the main element of the VLBI Space
Observatory Programme (VSOP),
a complex international endeavor involving
over 25 ground radio telescopes, 5 tracking
stations and 3 correlators.
Most VSOP observations are made of extragalactic radio sources to investigate the
compact cores and the milliarcsecond scale jets. These images can be complementary to
the ground VLBI observations in the reconstruction of an overall structure as
demonstrated in the study of a bright quasar PKS 1921-293, in which the jet emission
revealed by the VSOP was not seen from the ground due either to its eakness at high
frequency (millimeter-wavelength), or to the poor resolution of the ground array at lowfrequency
http://www.asiaa.sinica.edu.tw/research/radio/extragalactic/vlbi.htm

c.t = B . S

kuasar

c. t

Prinsip
Dasar
VLBI

B
VLBI

jam
atom

VLBI

regis trasi

regis trasi

jam
atom

korelator

DATA
PENGAMATAN

Group delay (data utama )


Phase delay
Delay rate

Ref. Seeber (1993)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2001

Persamaan Dasar VLBI (1)


quasar
S

c.tg(t) = B . S(t)
tobs = tg + tclock + tinst + ttrop +
tionos + trel + .

c.

dimana :
tobs = delay hasil pengamatan
tg = delay geometrik
tclock = bias delay karena tidak sinkronnya jam
tinst = bias delay dalam instrumen
ttrop = bias delay karena refraksi troposfir
tionos = bias delay karena refraksi ionosfir
trel = bias delay efek relativitas

Ref. Cannon (1999)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

Persamaan Dasar VLBI (2)


quasar

c.tg(t) = B . S(t)

B . S(t) = bx.cos s.cos hs +


by.cos s.sin hs +
bz.sin s

c.

dimana :
(bx,by,bz) = komponen vektor baseline B
(s,s) = spherical equatorial coordinates dari sumber gelombang radio
hs = GST - s = sudut waktu (terhadap Greenwich)
dari sumber gelombang radio (quasar)
Ref. Seeber (1993)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

Contoh Bentuk Kuasar

Bentuk kuasar
tidaklah seperti
objek titik
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2007

KATALOG RADIO SOURCES


!
A Catalog of 2118 Compact Radio Sources in the Northern Sky!
! SUMMARY: A catalog of 2118 compact radio sources was derived from
! the Jodrell Bank - VLA Astrometric Survey (JVAS) of flat-spectrum
! sources. Each compact VLA source (a) has a peak flux density at
! 8.4 GHz >= 50 mJy at a resolution of 200 milliarcsec; (b) contains
! 80% or more of the total source flux density; and (c) has a position
! known to an rms accuracy of 12-55 milliarcsec. The 2118 sources are
! uniformly distributed in the northern sky at Galactic latitudes
! |b| >= 2.5 degrees. The catalog can be read by the NRAO VLBI
! scheduling program SCHED.!! DEFINITIONS:! epoch : J2000.
! calcode: M for the Jodrell Bank MERLIN.
! source : Name derived from the J2000 position.
! ra
: Right ascension of the source at epoch J2000.
! dec
: Declination of the source at epoch J2000.
! rem
: Remark giving a code for the published reference plus the
!
total source flux density at 8.4 GHz quoted in that reference.
!
Code JVAS1:!
Reference
: Patnaik et al. 1992, mnras, 254, 655
!
Observing date: 1990 February!
Position error: 12 milliarcsec rms
!
Code JVAS2:!
Reference
: Browne et al. 1998, mnras, 293, 257
!
Observing date: 1992 October!
Position error: 14 milliarcsec rms
!
Code JVAS3:!
Reference
: Wilkinson et al. 1998, mnras, 300, 790
!
Observing date: 1991 June
!
Position error: 55 milliarcsec rms (See footnotes in JVAS3 paper
!
regarding smaller [*] and larger [+] errors.)
!
source='J0000+4054' ra=00:00:53.0815 dec= 40:54:01.806 rem='JVAS1
379 mJy'
source='J0001+1914' ra=00:01:08.6226 dec= 19:14:33.816 rem='JVAS2
387 mJy'
source='J0003+1837' ra=00:03:01.1613 dec= 18:37:59.039 rem='JVAS2
68 mJy'
source='J0003+2129' ra=00:03:19.3497 dec= 21:29:44.436 rem='JVAS3
259 mJy'
source='J0003+4807' ra=00:03:46.0413 dec= 48:07:04.134 rem='JVAS1
75 mJy'
source='J0004+4615' ra=00:04:16.1293 dec= 46:15:17.968 rem='JVAS1
220 mJy'

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Aplikasi-Aplikasi VLBI
Dalam bidang geodesi,
aplikasi teknik VLBI
terutama adalah untuk
hal-hal berikut :
Realisasi Kerangka Referensi

Koordinat.
Penentuan ERP
(Earth Rotation Parameters).
Studi Geodinamika.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

Tingkat Ketelitian VLBI


[Herring, 2000]
Parameter

VLBI

GPS

SLR

0.2 mas

0.1 mas

0.4 mas

0.15 mas/hari

UT1

0.01-0.03 ms

LOD

0.02 ms

0.02 ms

0.06 ms

Nutasi

0.15 mas

0.2 mas,
periode 10 hari

Pergerakan kutub
Laju pergerakan
kutub

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

Ketelitian
Baseline VLBI

Ref.: Seeber (1993)

Baseline Westford - Fort Davis

Ref : ftp://gemini.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Ref.: Lambeck (1988)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

Ketelitian Tipikal
[Altamimi, 2000]
Kecepatan
(mm/tahun)

Teknik

Posisi - 3D
(mm)

VLBI

10

SLR

14

GPS

10

DORIS

34

WRMS = weighted rms (root mean squares)


Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2001

Aplikasi VLBI : Penentuan ERP


-200

X(0.001)

-300

-100
0
100
200
300
Y(0.001)
600

500

400

300

200

100

Standar deviasi yang diperoleh (Campbell, 1992)


0.001 untuk xp,yp
0.1 ms untuk UT1
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2001

Aplikasi VLBI : Geodinamika

Nutasi dari VLBI


[NASA-GSFC,2000]

Miliarcseconds

40
30
20
10
0
79

81

83

85

87
89
Tahun

91

93

95

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999

Results of
Space VLBI

http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/halca/achiev.shtml

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