1

This print-out should have 15 questions.

Multiple-choice questions may continue on
the next column or page find all choices
before answering.
001 10.0 points
Given the thermodynamic data

 S
 Hf 
kJ
J
(298 K)
mol K
mol
C(s), graphite
5.74
0
C(s), diamond
2.377
1.895
for the reaction
C(s, graphite) C(s, diamond)
what is the cutoff temperature at which the
reaction is spontaneous?
1. Nonspontaneous at all temperatures correct
2. 475 K

Gr = Hr T Sr
Because Hr is positive and Sr is negative, the reaction will be nonspontaneous at
all temperatures. Note: This calculation is
for atmospheric pressure. Diamond can be
produced from graphite at elevated pressures
and high temperatures.
002 10.0 points
Which of the following statements is true?
1. The value of Gr is not dependent on
temperature.
2. If a reaction has Gr = 275 kJmol 1 ,
it must proceed rapidly toward equilibrium.
3. If a certain reaction is spontaneous, it
is not spontaneous in the reverse direction.
correct
4. All endothermic reactions are nonspontaneous.

3. 875 K
4. 603 K
5. Spontaneous at all temperatures
6. 515 K
7. 327 K
Explanation:
We must first calculate Hr and Sr .

SC(s,graphite)
Sr = SC(s,diamond)


J
= 2.377
mol K


J
5.74
mol K
J
= 3.363
and
mol K

Hr = Hf, C(s,diamond)
= 1.895 kJ/mol .

5. A spontaneous reaction for which the entropy change is negative is entropy driven.
Explanation:
G is negative for a spontaneous reaction
which means the reaction can occur but does
not indicate how rapidly. To predict spontaneity use G = H T S. G is clearly
dependent on temperature! If a reaction is
endothermic H is positive. An endothermic
reaction can be spontaneous if S is positive
and T is high enough so that T S dominates
the value of G.
If S is negative then the only way for G
to be negative is for H to be negative and
for T to be small, so that H dominates the
value of G. Thus the reaction is enthalpy
driven.
If a reaction is reversed, then G, H and
S are all reversed in sign.
003 10.0 points
Remember at the boiling point you are in

2
equilibrium between the processes of boiling
and condensing.
Calculate the standard entropy of vaporization of ethanol at its boiling point 352 K. The
standard molar enthalpy of vaporization of
ethanol at its boiling point is 40.5 kJ mol1 .

Rank the following in order of increasing vapor pressure at a fixed temperature: H2 O,

CH3 Cl, He, NaCl
1. H2 O < CH3 Cl < He < N aCl
2. H2 O < N aCl < CH3 Cl < He

1. +40.5 kJK

mol

3. He < H2 O < CH3 Cl < N aCl

2. +115 JK

mol

correct
4. N aCl < H2 O < CH3 Cl < He correct

3. 40.5 kJK

mol

5. N aCl < CH3 Cl < H2 O < He

4. 115 JK

5. +513 JK

mol

Explanation:
mol

Explanation:
Hvap = 40500 J mol1

TBP = 352 K

Hvap
Hcon
q
=
=
T
TBP
TBP
1
40500 J mol
=
352 K
= +115.057 J mol1 K1

Scond =

004 10.0 points

Consider two closed containers. Container
X is a 2 L container that contains 0.5 L of
acetone. Container Y is a 3 L container that
contains 1.8 L of acetone. Both containers and
contents are at 28 C. Which of the following
is true?
1. The vapor pressure in container X is
greater.
2. You would need information about the
shape of the containers to be able to answer
this question.
3. The vapor pressures in both containers
are equal. correct
4. The vapor pressure in container Y is
greater.
Explanation:
005

10.0 points

006 10.0 points

Note: In pentane, the C atoms are linked in a
single chain. In 2,2-dimethylpropane, there is
one central C and there are four Cs attached
to that C atom.
Which of the following is true?
1. Pentane (C5 H12 ) has a lower boiling point
than 2,2-dimethylpropane (C5 H12 ).
2. H2 O has a lower boiling point than H2 S.
3. Butane (C4 H10 ) has a higher boiling point
than acetone (CH3 COCH3 ).
4. CH4 has a higher boiling point than
CCl4 .
5. CHF3 has a higher boiling point than
CF4 . correct
Explanation:
In general, the stronger the intermolecular
forces, the higher the boiling point of a compound. Of the compound pairs listed, the
ones with the strongest forces are
Acetone (more polar than butane)
Pentane (less branched than its isomer, so
dispersion forces are stronger)
CHF3 (more polar than CF4 )
CCl4 (dispersion forces are stronger than
methane)
H2 O (more polar than H2 S; exhibits Hbonding)

3
007 10.0 points
The vapor pressure of a liquid at 25 C is 200
torr. What will happen when the barometric
pressure Pbar is lowered to 190 torr?

ln

P2
P1

1. The liquid will begin to sublime.

2. More information is needed to determine
what will happen.
Thus

P2
= e1.97878
P1
P2 = P1 e1.97878

3. The liquid will begin to boil. correct

4. The vapor pressure of the liquid will
abruptly increase to 1 atm because the solution is boiling.
5. Hf for the liquid will approach Gvap .

Explanation:
When the barometric pressure is decreased
below the vapor pressure of the liquid, it will
begin to boil. Sublimation occurs when the
phase transition is from solid to gas. The
vapor pressure will not increase to 1 atm (760
torr).
008 10.0 points
Benzene is a hydrocarbon that is commonly
used as a commercial solvent. However, it is
carcinogenic; i.e., accumulations in the body
can cause cancer. What is the vapor pressure
of benzene at 24 C (about room temperature)? The normal boiling point of benzene
is 80 C and its molar heat of vaporization is
30.8 kJ/mol.

= (1 atm) e1.97878
= 0.138238 atm
009 10.0 points
The vapor pressure of CH3 COCH3 (propanone or acetone), is 67 Torr at 0 C and
222 Torr at 25 C. What is the standard
enthalpy of vaporization of propanone?
Correct answer: 32.4457 kJ/mol.
Explanation:
T1 = 0 C + 273.15 = 273.15 K
P1 = 67 Torr
P2 = 222 Torr

T2 = 25 C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
P0 = 1 atm = 760 Torr
Using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,



Hvap
P1
1
1
ln
=

P2
R
T2 T1
 
P1
R ln
P2

= Hvap
1
1

T2 T1


Hvap

67 Torr
8.314
ln
222 Torr
=
1
1

298.15 K 273.15 K
= 32445.7 J/mol
= 32.4457 kJ/mol .
J
Kmol

Correct answer: 0.138238 atm.

Explanation:
T1 = 80 C + 273 = 353 K
T2 = 24 C + 273 = 297 K



Hvap
1
1
=

R
T1 T2
1000 J
30.8 kJ/mol
=

8.314 J/mol K 1 kJ


1
1

353 K 297 K
= 1.97878

P1 = 1 atm
010

10.0 points

4
The vapor pressure of chlorine dioxide (ClO2 )
is 155 Torr at 22.75 C and 485 Torr at
0 C. What is the normal boiling point of
chlorine dioxide? The universal gas constant
J
is 8.314
.
K mol
Correct answer: 10.1344C.
Explanation:
T1 = 22.75 C + 273.15 = 250.4 K
T2 = 0 C + 273.15 = 273.15 K
P1 = 155 Torr
P2 = 485 Torr
J
P0 = 1 atm = 760 Torr
R = 8.314
K mol
Using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,



Hvap
P1
1
1
ln
=

P2
R
T2 T1
 
P1
R ln
P2

= Hvap
1
1

T2 T1


Hvap

155 Torr
8.314
ln
485 Torr
=
1
1

273.15 K 250.4 K
= 28513.1 J/mol .
J
Kmol

011 10.0 points

The molar heat of vaporization of carbon
disulfide (CS2 ) is 28.4 kJ/mol at its normal boiling point of 46 C. How much energy
(heat) is required to vaporize 8.3 g of CS2 at
46 C?
Correct answer: 3095.88 Joules.
Explanation:
012 10.0 points
How much heat energy is needed to raise the
temperature of a 53 g sample of aluminum
from 36.5 C to 98.4 C? The specific heat of
aluminum is 0.897 J/g K.
Correct answer: 2942.79 J.
Explanation:
m = 53 g
SHAl = 0.897 J/g K
T = 98.4 C 36.5 C = 61.9 C = 61.9 K
q=?

Applying the Clausius-Clapeyron equation

again,
 


Hvap
P0
1
1
ln
=

P2
R
T2 T0
 
P0
R
1
1
ln
=

Hvap
P2
T2 T0
 
1
1
R
P0
=

ln

T0
T2 Hvap
P2
1
=
273.15 K


J
8.314 Kmol
760 Torr

ln
28513.1 J/mol
485 Torr

= 0.00353002 C
1
T0 =
0.00353002 C
= 283.284 C 273.15 = 10.1344 K

q
m T
q = SHAl m T
= (0.897 J/g K) (53 g) (61.9 K)
= 2942.79 J

SHAl =

013 10.0 points

Calculate the amount of energy released by
the freezing of 15.6 g of a liquid substance, if
the substance has a molar mass of 73.1 g/mol
and a molar heat of fusion of 4.50 kJ/mol.
Correct answer: 0.960328 kJ.
Explanation:
mliquid = 15.6 g
Molar mass of substance = 73.1 g/mol
Molar heat of fusion = 4.50 kJ/mol

15.6 g

1 mol 4.50 kJ

= 0.960328 kJ
73.1 g
1 mol

014 10.0 points

Consider the following specific heats

5
SHH2 O(s) = 2.09 J/g C,
SHH2 O() = 4.18 J/g C, and
SHH2 O(g) = 2.03 J/g C.
The heat of fusion for water is 334 J/g and
the heat of vaporization for water is 2260 J/g.
Calculate the amount of heat required to
convert 44 g of ice at 27 C completely to
steam at 114 C.
Correct answer: 136.261 kJ.
Explanation:
SHH2 O(s) = 2.09 J/g C Hvap = 2260 J/g
SHH2 O() = 4.18 J/g C
Hfus = 334 J/g

SHH2 O(g) = 2.03 J/g C

mice = 44 g

T1 = 27 C
T2 = 114 C
In this example, ice is converted to steam.
Five separate steps take place here:
1) ice is warmed from 27 C to 0 C;
2) a phase change from ice to water at 0 C;
3) water is warmed from 0 C to 100 C;
4) a phase change from water to gas at
100 C;
5) steam is warmed from 100 C to 114 C.
Each of these steps involves a separate energy calculation, and the sum of the energies
of these five steps is the total amount of heat
required for the process.
For processes that involve warming a solid,
liquid, or gas, we use the equation
q = (SH) m T ,
where SH = specific heat, m = mass or moles,
and T = temperature change.
For phase changes (solid to liquid or liquid
to gas), we use
q = Hvap or fus (m) ,
where again m = mass or moles.
So for the first step, warming ice, we have


2.09 J
q1 = (44 g)
g C
= 2480 J .

h
i
0 C (27 C)

For the second step, the phase change from

ice to liquid:

q2 = (334 J/g)(44 g)
= 14700 J .
For the third step, warming water:

q3 = (44 g) 4.18

J
g C

(100 C 0 C)

= 18400 J .
For the fourth step, the phase change from
liquid to gas:
q4 = (2260 J/g)(44 g)
= 99400 J .
And, finally, for the fifth and last step,
warming gas:

q5 = (44 g) 2.03

J
g C




114 C 100 C

= 1250 J .
The sum of these five steps is the total
amount of energy required:


1 kJ
qtotal = 136000 J
= 136 kJ
1000 J
015 10.0 points
Use the physical data for water given in the
previous question.
Which requires more energy: converting 50
g of ice at 0 C to 50 g of water at 100 C or
converting 50 g of water at 100 C to 50 g of
steam at 100 C.
1. They require the same amount of energy.
2. These processes do not require energy;
they release it.
3. ice at 0 C to water at 100 C
4. water at 100 C to steam at 100 C correct
Explanation: