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The Journal
of Architecture
Volume 11
Number 2
This paper reviews some current manifestations of Marxist thought within and around
architectural discourse, building on papers presented at a symposium held at the University
of Westminster in May, 2004.
Introduction
Although its obituaries continue to be popularly disseminated, Marxist thinking remains a significant intellectual force within contemporary critical and
cultural theory, if not, so clearly, within mass politics.
Indeed, in many respects, it seems healthier, leaner
and more active in these areas than it has been for
some time, renewed both by contemporary
discourses surrounding globalisation and the anticapitalist movement, and by various recent theoretical
developments from the UK and North America to
continental Europe and South America. More often
than not such activity has been fed by a belated
return to the writings of Marx himself. One thinks of
Antonio Negris seminal post-workerist readings of
the Grundrisse, David Harveys revisiting of the 1848
Manifesto, or the recent resurrection of debates
surrounding the Hegelian character of Marxs
Capital, and its implications for contemporary philosophy and social theory.1 Equally, one thinks of Jacques
Derridas influential and (at its time of writing)
untimely intervention in Spectres of Marx, or of
Gilles Deleuze who died before completing a book
he intended to call Grandeur de Marx. At the same
time, Marx is increasingly proclaimed, as much on
the right as on the left, to be the great prophet of
contemporary globalisation; a prophet who, once
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stripped of his articulation of an alternative (communist) future uncoiling itself from within the very structures of the capitalist present, can be perversely
accepted by leading theorists of the American
business class as the one thinker who actually
reveals the true nature of capitalism.2 While there
is much about this that should (and does) disquiet
usas the production of a Marx devoid of all revolutionary fervourit indicates why the writings of a
thinker that Foucault once described as the author
of an entire discourse should appear, yet again, to
have become the terrain upon which a series of
current debates are destined to be fought out.
At the very least, what the contemporary
ideologues of globalisation recognise is that Marx
matters today because he was, perhaps, the
thinker, not only of nineteenth-century capitalism,
but of capitalism in itself. As one commentator
puts it, the actuality of das Kapital is that of its
object . . . capital itselfan insatiable vampire and
fetish-automaton now more invasive than ever.3
With the dramatic implosion of historical communism in Eastern Europe, and the accelerated absorption of non-Western societies into the resurgent
regimes of capital accumulation that it helped to
generate, Marxs analyses of capitalism in itself
are thus of increasing, not decreasing, relevance;
13602365 DOI: 10.1080/13602360600787066
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it raises for the architectural profession itself. Justified by simplistic accusations of structural pessimism and lack of a specific methodology for
architectural activity, neglect looks increasingly
like mere evasion of some uncomfortable issues.7
Anthony Vidler and Gail Days recent critical engagements present an honourable exception, and, as
they demonstrated in their papers at the colloquium,
both are, not coincidentally, distinguished by an
attention to the properly Marxist dimensions of
Tafuris oeuvre.
By contrast to Tafuris relative neglect, the enormity of both Walter Benjamins and Henri Lefebvres
respective contributions to thinking about spatial
culture has at least succeeded in achieving widespread recognition, if at times superficially, in architectural and urbanist circles. The recent
interventions of Marxist or post-Marxist urbanists
and geographers (such as Harvey and Castells),
who have been inspired by Lefebvre in particular, is
one of the most promising of recent developments.
In the case of Benjamin, it is in the potential he
provides for something like a phenomenological
account of urban experience that his influence has
been perhaps most profoundly felt, generating the
groundwork for a vast array of contemporary theoretical projects. Together, although they in fact
represent quite distinct legacies, its fair to say that
Benjamin and Lefebvre have been the guiding theoretical lights for an elaboration of a specifically
culturalist (as opposed to sociological-empirical)
approach to the urban8 that has had an almost
unprecedented impact upon architectural history
and theory in recent times. It was from this position
that, in their respective papers at the colloquium,
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modernity. Rather we want to respond, often obliquely, to the questions they have helped us to articulate, and, in doing so, to offer the reader some broad
account of just a few of the issues that might be at
stake in all this.
Marx:Architecture
What then would constitute the relationship
between the terms Marx and Architecture?
Indeed, what do we want to signify by Marx?
We have, clearly, the historical nineteenth-century
figure Karl Marx and his known writings (both the
published texts and the notebooks). And it is clear
from these that Marx did not set out anything like
a coherent Marxist theory of architecture upon
which we could draw. Nor, for that matter, did he
set out a coherent Marxist theory of either aesthetics
or space (a point that will be returned to). Yet, his
texts are full of a range of suggestive architectural,
spatial and bodily references.
Engels famously described Marxs project as
coming out of the synthesis of three strands of
European thought: economics (British), politics
(French), and philosophy (German). Architectural
knowledge at times must deal with similar syntheses, and so it is perhaps not surprising that it provides some fertile material for Marx. It is worth
setting out what some of this material is. There are
first the texts that deal directly with an urban (and,
thus, implicitly architectural) subject matter, such
as the section on the country and the city in the
German Ideology of 1845, and in the 1848 Manifesto,
or the constant references and comments on the
processes and effects of industrial urbanisation.
There are also texts on housing and urbanism by
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Modernity
What about our third term thenmodernity? How
might a return to the writings of Marx inform our
specific understanding of architecture and modernity, and of their interrelationship, at this point?
For Marshall Berman, famously, Marx and Engels
1848 Communist Manifesto is an expression of
some of modernisms deepest insights [which], at
the same time, dramatises some of its deepest
inner contradictions, both one of the classic texts
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very condition of the spatial environmenta compulsion which resonates in, for example, David
Greenes Locally Available World Unseen Networks,
the negative utopianism of Superstudios Continuous Monument, or much of Koolhaass most important work; various visions of an architectural web
that might encompass the entire planet. Such
examples would clearly be near endless. The
crucial point here, however, is a more general and
structural one. What do we mean by the modernity
of modern architecture itself? And how does this,
in turn, relate to modernitys complex imbrication
with the logics of capitalist development? If, as
Osborne says, the distance from traditional cultural
forms registered by radical temporal abstraction
does indeed associate it with a particular culture
the culture of capitalto what extent does this
imply that the political content of any particular
modernism is in some way compromised by this affinity, in advance?32 Such, as we shall see, is Tafuris
quintessentially Marxian question.
Production
For Marx, economic, political and social processes are
articulated through dialectical relationships between
three elements or moments: material productive
forces (or the means/mode of production), actual
social relationships (or the division of labour, ownership and law) and spiritual consciousness (ideology:
something between the freedom of total man and
alienated false consciousness). In taking up, and
exploring the potentialities of this thought, we
must reflect upon the objects, images, techniques
and ideas through which architecture produces: its
means of production. Similarly, we must consider
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