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Michal Lucki
XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Module 9
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks
Passive Optical Networks (PON)
Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH)
All-optical interferometric demultiplexers
Trends in fiber optics
XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Lecture 9
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks
Signal reception:
Optical transmitter, transmission medium (optical fiber or free space), and optical receiver
Direct detection IM/DD (Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection), the generated power is
proportional to modulation signal, at the side of receiver it is converted into electrical domain
Coherent detection received radiation is combined with local-generated laser radiation and sent to a
photo detector, which produces mixed electric signal. An electric filter is used to select specific frequency
products from the spectrum. Coherent systems offer specific selectivity and better SNR properties,
however, they are not very popular in commercial systems because they are very complicated and
expensive.
Detection of a carrier phase (PSK Phase Shift Keying, DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying), amplitude
(ASK Amplitude Shift Keying, PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation), or both (QPSK Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying, QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), or OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Simplex transmission with SDM (Space Division Multiplexing), for each direction of transmission there is one fiber
Duplex transmission with WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), signals are transmitted in one fiber, one
direction of transmission is in the area of 1310 nm, the opposite direction is in the area of 1550 nm
Duplex transmission with FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing), signals are transmitted in one fiber, directions of
transmission are around one wavelength and they are separated by frequency spacing
Short Haul max. attenuation 16.5 dB in CWDM, min. attenuation 5 dB, reach 30 50 km for P2P
Long Haul max. attenuation 25.5 dB in CWDM, min. attenuation 14 dB, reach 50 80 km for P2P
Typical attenuation of CWDM network elements is 3.5 7.5 dB. EDFA can extend the reach.
IEEE 802.3ah
10PASS-TS-O/R (Short haul, Central Office/Remote unit) - 10 - 100 Mbps 1 pair of VDSL, reach: 750 m
2BASE-TL-O/R (Long haul, Central Office/Remote unit) - 2 -5.696 Mbit/s 1 pair of SHDSL, reach: 2.7 km
XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Lecture 9
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks
Passive Optical Networks (PON)
It can transmit
OTM-0.1
2488.32
STM-16
OTM-0.2
9953.28
STM-64
OTM-0.3
39813.12
STM-256
It can transmit
OTM-n.1
n x 2488.32
n x STM-16
OTM-n.2
n x 9953.28
n x STM-64
OTM-n.3
n x 39813.12
n x STM-256
OPU - OTU the signal is processed in the electric domain, beginning from OCh block, it is processed in
the optical domain. Overal transmission rate of transmitted data is derived from the speed of STM-1
being 155.52 Mbps.
Note:
Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPU) it is possible to map asynchronous / bit-synchronous signals with constant bit rate (CBR) typically
STM; for bit-synchronous mapping there is no stuffing, ATM cells, GFP frames (Generic Framing Procedure).
ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit) is created by adding 3x14 bytes of an overhead ODU-OH.
OTU (Optical Channel Transport Unit) is created by adding an overhead (first 14 bytes of a frame), which provide FAS synchronization and the
indication of errors. FEC (Forward Error Correction) is used for error correctionby usin a Reed-Solomon core.
The code can correct 128 error bytes in each row. The OUT frame contains 4x4080=16320 bytes, from which 4x3808=15232 bytes is an
information field.
Multiplex scheme
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ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit) is created by adding 3x14 bystes of overhead ODU-OH
The OverHead supports tantem connections of TCM signals
OverHead contains service channel for the managements
Provides the indication of errors by BIP-8 method
Provides the indication of defects for the opposite muldex BDI (Backward Defect Indication) and
BEI (Backward Error Indication), as well as the indication of the access point, at which the
corresponding ODU unit was created
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Optical Channel Transport Unit OUT (not OChTU) comes into existence by adding the following
overhead OTU-OH
OTU-OH is created by 14 bytes at the beginning of a frame, providing frame synchronization FAS,
and the following level of error indication.
The other part of the OverHead, containing 256 bytes provides Forward Error Correction (FEC ) by
using RS code (Reed-Solomon)
RS code can correct 128 error bytes at once
OTU contains 4x4080=16320 bytes, from which
4x3808=15232 bytes is an information field
destined for example for a complete STM frame.
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XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Lecture 9
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks
Passive Optical Networks (PON)
Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH)
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XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Lecture 9
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks
Passive Optical Networks (PON)
Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH)
All-optical interferometric demultiplexers
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The increase of transmission capacity and the maximum reach, which is a priority for vast networks,
and undersea connections
The conception of all-optical networks, in which routing and signal processing is done in an optical
domain.
The avoidance of dispersion compensation, amplitude amplification etc.) the use of more
complicated modulation formats, more immune to errors for 100 Gbps systems the Dual
Polarization Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying DP-DQSK is combined with Forward Error
Correction FEC and the Electronic Dispersion Compensation EDC.
First optical systems were designated for digital voice services e.g. SDH (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy), as according to ITU-T G.707 a SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking).
Currently optical networks cover data networks with protocol architecture TCP/IP based on packet
transmission of information.
SDH and SONET dont satisfy the principles of packet transmission
There is idea of IP over WDM so that the SDH level is not necessary and packets are transmitted in
optical domain.
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In 2001, the NEC company (one of the world's leading providers of Internet) implemented a
11 Tbps transmission by using DWDM technology in laboratory conditions (in-situ) at the distance
of 100 km. There were 273 wavelengths, each channel had the speed of 40 Gbps.
In 2006, a Japan enterprise NTT achieved the speed of 14 Tbps at the distance of 160 km by using
140 DWDM channels, each operating at 100 Gbps. In addition, it was stated that the bandwidth
was used in 10%, which means that in the future, the resultant speed could be even much higher.
Commercial DWDM systems exhibit the speed of about 2.4 Tbit/s = 40 - 60 DWDM channels,
each channel operating at the speed of 10 - 40 Gbps per channel.
Usually, the results of research are implemented in commerce 5-10 years later. The reasons are
following:
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