List of Figures Page List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements

CONTENTS
List of
List of tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
figures
page xviii
xxiii
Introduction
LTI
General concepts
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
The semiotic framework
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Semiotics as the general theory of signs

Semantic, evidential and regulative information in speech
Vocal and non-vocal behaviour
Verbal and non-verbal behaviour
Signs and symbols
Dual-level structure in the linguistic code
Form and substance
Code and medium
Communicative and informative behaviour
Linguistic, paralinguistic and extralinguistic behaviour
The domain of phonetics
Further reading
The relationship between phonetics and phonology
The acoustic level

The perceptual level
The organic level
The phonetic level
The phonological level
Language-system and language-behaviour
Further reading
XXV
xxvi
1
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
23
23
26
26
26
27
28
30
48
53
XI
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Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2015
Contents
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
PART II
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
Accent, dialect and language

The Standard English dialect, and non-regional and
regional accents
Differences of dialect between speakers
Differences of accent between speakers
Differences of style and free variation within the accent
of a single speaker
Accent as a marker of the speaker's group-membership
and individuality
Dialectology and dialect geography
Language differences between speakers
The genetic relationship between languages
Further reading
55
56
60
62
66
69
71
77
84
89
The analytic framework

The phonetic analysis of speech
General phonetic theory and general phonological theory
The phonetic analysis of speech
The biological basis for speech
Parametric and linear approaches to segmentation of the
stream of speech
Linear units of phonetic organization: feature, segment,
syllable, setting, utterance, speaking turn
Elements of speech production: initiation, phonation,
articulation, temporal, prosodic and metrical organization
Further reading
The architecture of phonetic classification
A frame of reference for the production of speech
The traditional design of the classiflcatory model for
segmental description
Classification of segments by initiation, phonation,
articulation and co-ordination
Degree of stricture and phases of articulation
Place of articulation
Aspect of articulation
Major aspects of articulation
Contoid, approximant and vocoid segments
Articulatory co-ordination
The duration of segments
xii
95
95
98
99
101
110
116
118
119
119
129
130
133
13 5
140
143
147
149
151
Contents
5.11
The suprasegmental analysis of speech

Further reading
152
158
PART III Initiation and phonation

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
Airstream mechanisms
The pulmonic airstream mechanism
The glottalic airstream mechanism
The velaric airstream mechanism
Combined glottalic and pulmonic airstream mechanisms
Phonological use of non-pulmonic airstreams
Symbols for segments made on various airstream
mechanisms
Further reading
161
162
171
173
179
181
Phonation
Voicelessness: nil phonation
Voicelessness: breath phonation
Whisper phonation
Voiced phonation
Creak phonation
Falsetto phonation
Compound phonation types
Symbols for phonation types
Further reading
184
187
189
190
191
194
197
198
200
200
183
183
PART IV Linear segmental analysis

8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
Stop articulations
Place-neutral stop articulations
Oral versus nasal aspects of stop articulations
Displaced stop articulations
Topographical aspects of stop articulations
Transitional aspects of stop articulation: tapped, flapped
and trilled stops
8.6 Complex oral/nasal stop articulations
8.7 Stop segments and phonation types
8.8 Stop articulations and non-pulmonic airstreams
8.9 Syllabic stop segments
8.10 Symbols for stop articulations
Further reading
205
206
209
214
215
218
227
235
237
239
242
243
xiii
Contents
9 Fricative articulations
9.1 Place-neutral fricative articulations
9.2 Displaced fricative articulations
9.3 Examples of fricative segments in languages
9.4 Conformational aspects of fricative articulations
9.5 Topographical aspects of the shape of the tongue in
fricative articulations
9.6 Auditory characteristics of fricatives
9.7 Transitional aspects: flapped, tapped and trilled
fricatives
9.8 Syllabic fricatives
9.9 Fricative articulations and phonation types
9.10 Fricative articulations and non-pulmonic airstreams
9.11 Symbols for fricative articulations
Further reading
244
245
248
253
255
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Resonant articulations
Syllabic vocoids
Charts of the vocoid space
Phonetic symbols for vocoids
Labial elements of vocoid segments
Intermediate vocoids
Exemplification of vocoid symbols
Transitional aspects of vocoid production:
monophthong, diphthong and triphthong
Tongue-root position in vocoid articulations
Nasal vocoid articulations
Voiceless and whispered vocoids
Non-syllabic approximant articulations
Nasal approximants
Lateral resonants
Symbols for resonant articulations
Further reading
269
270
272
277
278
280
281
Multiple articulations
Double stop articulations
Double fricative articulations
Resonant articulations with multiple strictures
Secondary articulations
The phonological patterns of secondary articulations
The ambiguous use of '-ization' labels
314
314
316
318
320
333
334
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
xiv
258
260
263
264
265
266
266
266
282
289
291
295
297
305
306
313
313
Contents
11.7
Symbols for double articulations and secondary

articulations
Further reading
335
335
IT V Articulatory co-ordination and phonetic settings

12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
Intersegmental co-ordination
The devoicing process

Aspiration
Pre-aspiration
Co-ordination of the marginal phases of stop segments
Articulatory feature sharing
Further reading
Phonetic similarity and multisegmental settings
Phonetic similarity and segments

Phonetic similarity and settings
The phonetic description of settings
Neutral reference settings
Articulatory settings
Phonatory settings
Settings of articulatory range
Settings of overall muscular tension
Summary transcription conventions
Applications of setting-analysis
Further reading
339
339
348
356
358
376
389
391
391
394
399
402
406
414
415
416
420
423
427
IT VI Temporal, prosodic and metrical analysis

The perception of duration
Intrinsic versus conditioned factors of duration
Intrinsic durations of contoids
Intrinsic durations of vocoids
Phonetic duration and phonological length
Allophonic adaptations of duration
Further reading
431
431
432
434
435
436
445
448
15 The prosodic organization of speech: pitch and loudness

15.1 The perception of pitch
15.2 Inherent and overlaid features
450
450
452
14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
The temporal organization of speech: segmental duration
XV
Contents
15.3 Perturbations of pitch and loudness due to segmental
performance
15.4 The prosodic analysis of pitch
15.5 The analysis of melody in language
15.6 The analysis of pitch-patterns in tone systems
15.7 The analysis of pitch-patterns in intonation systems
15.8 The analysis of loudness
15.9 Prosodic settings of pitch and loudness
Further reading
452
456
462
462
483
500
506
508
16 The metrical organization of speech: stress, syllable weight,

prominence and rhythm
16.1 Prominence achieved through syllable stress
16.2 Prominence achieved through syllable weight
16.3 The typology of lexical stress
16.4 Rhythm in speech
16.5 The constructive perception of rhythm
16.6 The typology of speech rhythm
16.7 Utterance-marginal lengthening
Further reading
511
512
517
518
523
524
527
532
533
17 The temporal organization of speech: continuity and rate

17.1 Continuity of speech
17.2 Articulation rate and speaking rate
Further reading
534
535
539
546
PART VII Principles of transcription

18
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
PART VIII
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
Types of transcription
Phonological and phonetic transcriptions
Systematic phonemic and allophonic transcriptions
Allophonic and phonetic transcriptions
General phonetic transcription and the IPA
Further reading
549
549
550
556
561
562
Conclusion
Evaluating general phonetic theory
General phonetic theory and the segment
The role of convenient fictions in theory-building
Linear and non-linear characteristics of speech units
Default assumptions and language statistics
xvi
565
566
568
569
570
Contents
Further reading
591
Envoi
592
Appendix I
The phonetic alphabet of the International Phonetic

Association
Appendix II Index of languages
References
Index of names
Subject index
593
596
622
685
694
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CONTENTS

The semiotic framework

Semiotics as the general theory of signs

The acoustic level

Accent, dialect and language

The analytic framework

The suprasegmental analysis of speech

PART III Initiation and phonation

PART IV Linear segmental analysis

Symbols for double articulations and secondary

IT V Articulatory co-ordination and phonetic settings

The devoicing process

Phonetic similarity and segments

IT VI Temporal, prosodic and metrical analysis

15 The prosodic organization of speech: pitch and loudness

The temporal organization of speech: segmental duration

16 The metrical organization of speech: stress, syllable weight,

17 The temporal organization of speech: continuity and rate

PART VII Principles of transcription

The phonetic alphabet of the International Phonetic

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