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Chapter 35:
Blood Types; Transfusion;
Tissue and Organ Transplantation
Slides by Robert L. Hester, Ph.D.
Blood Groups
Red blood cell surface antigens: glycolipids or glycoproteins
A-B-O System
agglutinogens: surface antigens (A,B)
genes (A, B, O)
inherited (two surface chromosomes)
OO OA OB AA BB AB
also present on all cells in the body
agglutinins: gamma globulins, anti-A, anti-B, IgM, IgG
Blood Groups
GENOTYPE
BLOOD TYPE
AGGLUTINOGENS AGGLUTININS
OO
------
ANTI-A and
ANTI-B
OA or AA
ANTI-B
OB or BB
ANTI-A
AB
AB
AB
------
Titer of Agglutinins
Blood Typing
BLOOD TYPE
ANTI-A
ANTI-B
------
------
------
------
B
AB
Blood Groups
Rhesus System
agglutinogens: 6 rhesus factors (C, D, E, c, d, e)
inherited as triplets
CDE, CDe, Cde, CdE, cDE, cDe, cde
antigen D =Rhesus positive (widely
prevalent & more antigenic)
agglutinins:
Treatment
1. Exchange Transfusion
Replace neonates blood with Rh (-) blood
> 6 weeks - transfused Rh (-) blood is replaced by
infants own Rh (+) blood and mothers anti-D is
destroyed
2. Injection of IgG anti-D or Rh Ig or Rhogam
to expectant mother starting at 28-30 weeks AOG
Prevention
Administer Rhogam to Rh (-) mother who delivered
Rh (+) babies to prevent sensitization of mother to
the D Ag, thus, reducing the risk of developing large
amounts of anti-D during 2nd pregnancy
Mechanism of Rhogam
inhibits Ag-induced B lymphocytic Ab production in
expectant mothers
Attaches to D-Ag sites on Rh (+) fetal RBC that
may cross the placenta
Transfusion Reaction
Hemolysins
IgG agglutinins contain 2 binding sites
IgM agglutinins contain 10 binding sites
Transfusion Reaction
Transfusion Reaction
Transfusion Reaction
Transplantation
Transplantation
HLA Ab
Most important Ab causing graft rejection
150 Ab 6 on tissue cell membrane (WBC and
tissue cells)
HLA Typing test for rate of transmembrane uptake by WBC of a special dye
OBTAIN THE BEST POSSIBLE MATCH
Transplantation
RECAP
Blood Video\Blood Types.mp4
U N I T VI
Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition
Thank you