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Compression members where buckling is the most likely mode of failure Known as
COLUMNS.
Alternatively we can define that a structural member which is predominately subjected
to axial compressive loading is called Column.
There are many different names given to columns in industry, as well as in common
language. These include:
o Struts
o Posts
o Stanchions
o Pillars
One may normally think of a column to be an upright, vertical member, but in fact,
columns can also be mounted horizontally or even obliquely.
obliquely The important feature of a
column is that it bears compressive loads.
The failure mode of column is called BUCKLING,
BUCKLING, a common term for the condition of
elastic instability when the load on an initially straight column causes it to bend
significantly. If the load is increased a small amount from the buckling load, the column
would collapse suddenly and it is a very dangerous.
Document: COLUMNS.doc
Author: Vettri Chinnadurai
Save Date: 18/08/2010
Page 1 of 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Le = k . L,
Where k- End fixity factor
which is Pinned-pinned =1
Fixed-Fixed = 0.7
Fixed Free ends = 2
One end fixed- other end pinned =0.85
And L
L is the original length of column in m
Document: COLUMNS.doc
Author: Vettri Chinnadurai
Save Date: 18/08/2010
Page 2 of 5
Le
,Where Le = is the Effective length of the column in " m" and K is the radius of gyrationin " m"
K
I
formula forRadiusof gyration =
here" I " = is moment of inertia in " m 4 "
A
and " A" is cross sec tional area of column in " m 2 "
S.R =
Cc =
Where, " E" is the young ' s mod ulas of material in " N / m 2 "
FCr =
2 E A
2
Where " Le " is effective length of column, " K " is Radius of gyration,
Le
k
" A" is cross sec tional area, FCR is Crippiling load in Newton,
and " E" isYoungs mod ulas of material
FCR
A
Document: COLUMNS.doc
Author: Vettri Chinnadurai
Save Date: 18/08/2010
Page 3 of 5
Johnston Formula:Formula:The theory of thick columns is complex and most formulas have been derived
experimentally. There are many in use and design codes and standards usually specify
the formulas applicable for the particular materials of construction.
The general applicable formula for thick or short columns are recommended is
J.B. Johnson formula
Le
y
K
FCr = A y 1
4 2 E
Where " Le " is effective length of column in m, " K " is Radius of gyration in m,
" A" is cross sec tional area m 2 , FCR is Crippiling load in Newton,
and " E" is Youngs mod ulas of material N / m 2 and y is the yield Stress of material
Methods of Analysing the Column
Columns
olumns
To start, it is assumed that the following factors are known,
1. The actual length of the column L
2. The manner of connecting the column to its supports
3. The shape of the cross sections of the column and its dimensions.
4. The material from which the column is made
Then the procedure is
1. Determine the end fixity factor k by comparing the manner of connection of the
column to its supports with the information given in end connection detail.
2. Compute the effective length of the column using Le = k . L,
I
3. Compute the minimum value of Radius of Gyration K =
A
L
4. Compute the maximum slenderness ratio from S.R = e
K
5. Using Modulus of elasticity E and sy yield strength of material, Compute the
value of Column constant Cc using
formula of
2
Cc =
y
Document: COLUMNS.doc
Author: Vettri Chinnadurai
Save Date: 18/08/2010
Page 4 of 5
Cc
FCr =
2 E A
Le
k
Le
y
K
FCr = A y 1
4 2 E
FCr
N
Problem 1 ::An alloy steel rod diameter 45 mm and length is 1100 mm is used as a compression
member in a machine. The yield stress of the material is 480MPa. The ends of rod
are pinned. Determine
1. Slenderness ratio
2. limiting slenderness ratio ( column Constant)
3. Which formula should be used for determining the critical load
4. Critical load
5. maximum safe load if factor of safety is 4
6. Compressive stress when the load is equal to the maximum safe load.
Problem 2 ::Determine the critical load on a steel column having a square cross section 12 mm on
a side with a length of 300mm. the column is to be made of AISI 1040, hot rolled.
It will be rigidly welded to a firm support at one end and connected by a pin joint at
the other end. Also compute the allowable load on the column for a design factor of
safety is 3.
Problem no 3
A T-section 150 mm 120 mm 20 mm is used as a strut of 4 m
long hinged at both ends. Calculate the crippling load, if Youngs
2
modulus for the material of the section is 200 kN/mm . and take I
value for this T-section is 5.7 *106 mm4 and yield stress is 480MPa
Document: COLUMNS.doc
Author: Vettri Chinnadurai
Save Date: 18/08/2010
Page 5 of 5