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Disadvantages:
Have large dimensions and occupy more space. Velocity
ratio is not constant due to belt slip Impose heavy loads
on shafts and bearings
Loss of power resulting in low efficiency. Have
comparatively short service life.
8. What is the use of idler pulleys in a belt drive?
To obtain high velocity.
Many idler pulleys are used when it is desired to transmit motion from one shaft to several parallel shafts.
9. Define velocity ratio.
It is defined as the ratio between the velocity of the driver and the driven.
10. What is meant by the term ply of the belt?
Flat belts are made of thin strips and laminated one over the other in order to get thick belt. These thin strips or
sheets are called as plies of belt. Usually flat belts are made of 3 ply, 4 ply, 5 ply,
6 ply and 8 ply etc. and 4 ply belt is thicker than 3 ply belt and so on.
11. List the different types of joints employed for joining the flat belts.
Cemented Joints, Laced Joints, Crest Joints, Hinged Joints.
12.Why tight side of the belt should be at the bottom of side of the pulley?
The driving pulley pulls the belt from the lower side and delivers it to the upper side. So the lower side of the
belt is tight.
13. What is the difference between the open belt and cross belt drive?
In open belt drive the direction of rotations of driving and driven pulleys are same whereas in cross belt drive
they are opposite to each other.
14. What is belt rating?
It is defined as the power transmitting capacity of unit size flat belt or a particular grade single
V belt.
15. What is initial tension in belts?
The motion of belt and pulleys is governed by a firm grip between the belt and pulley. In order to increase this
grip for proper power transmission, the belt is tightened up. At this stage, even the pulleys are not running i.e., at rest the
belt is subjected to some tensions called as initial tension.
16. List the factors to be considered during the selection of a belt drive.
1. Amount of power to be transmitted.
2. Centre distance between shafts.
3. Space available.
4.
Speed
ratio.
17. List the factors on which the co-efficient of friction between the belt and pulley depends?
1. Belt material
2. Pulley material
3. Slip of the belt
4. Speed of belt.
18. List the losses in belt drives OR What are the various losses in the power transmission by belts.
1. Frictional losses.
2. Losses due to slip and creep.
3. Loss in bearings.
4. Windage losses or air resistance to the movement of pulley and belt.
19. A longer belt will last more than a shorter belt. Why?
The life of the belt is a function of the centre distance between the driven and driver shafts.
The shorter the distance, more often the belt will be subjected to bending stress while running around the pulleys. Hence a
longer belt will last more than a shorter one.
20. List the commercial types of flat belts.
HISPEED, FORT
21. Define slip.
It is defined as the relative motion between the belt and the pulley. The difference the linear speeds of pulley
rim and belt is the measure of slip. By roughening the belt or by crowning the slip can be avoided.
22. What is wipping and how it can be avoided?
If the centre distance between the belts are too long then the belt begins to vibrate in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of motion of belt. This phenomenon is termed as wipping.
Wipping can be avoided by using the idler pulleys.
23.Brief about the centrifugal tension.
As the belt moves round the pulley it would experience a centrifugal force which has a tendency to separate the
belt from the pulley surface. To maintain contact between pulley and belt, the centrifugal force produce additional tension
in the belt, which is known as centrifugal tension. Tc = mv2
24. What is initial tension of the belt?
the tension of the belt when a belt is fitted to a pair of stationary pulleys is termed as the initial tension of the
belt. To = T1+T2
----------2
25. Formula to find out the power transmitted by a belt P = (T 1 T2)v.
26. Ratio of driving tensions tensions for flat belt drive.
T1/T2 = e
T1
mv2
/T2
mv2
1/2
- The belt is thin and flexible, which permits the use of small diameter pulleys as small as 15 mm diameter.
- The ribbed V belt drive does not require any lubrication like chain drive.
- Ribbed V belt does not require initial tension like flat belt. This reduces bearing reactions.
8. List the disadvantages of ribbed V belt or timing belt drives.
- It is costly compared with flat or V belts
- Construction of sprocket is difficult compared with the pulleys for flat or V- belts
- It is more sensitive to misalignment than flat or V belts.
9. List the applications of ribbed V belts or timing belts.
Used in automobiles for driving camshaft from engine crankshaft. Also used in business machines,
sewing machines, timing devices and power transmission units..
10. What are the information required to select a V belt drive?
- Type of driving unit
- Type of driven machine
- Operational hours per day
- Power to be transmitted
- Input and output speeds
- Approximate centre distance depending upon the availability of space.
accurate
assembly
of
shafts
than
for
belts.
15. List the factors which affect the working conditions of a chain drives.
Type of loading (variable or constant), Distance between the driving and driven sprockets, Position of
driving shafts such as horizontal or inclined, Lubrication, Service, Environmental conditions such as corrosive and
dust atmosphere.
16. Mention the applications of hauling and hoisting chains.
Used in material handling devices such as cranes, elevators, winches and so on.
UNIT II
1. What are the advantages of gear drives over other types of drives?
1. High load carrying capacity
2. High efficiency
3. Compact layout
4. Transmit power from very small value to thousands of value.
5. Exact velocity ratio is obtained no slip.
2. Mention some applications of gear drives.
Automobiles, hoisting machineries, rolling mill, machine tools such as lathe, drilling machine etc.
3. How are gears classified?
1. Based on axes of gear shafts.
Parallel Spur, Helical
Intersecting Bevel gears
Non parallel non intersecting worm gears
2. Profile of gear tooth
Involute, cycloidal gears.
4. What are the materials used for gear manufacturing?
1. Ferrous metals carbon steels, alloy steels of nickel, chromium and vanadium.
2. Cast iron of different grades.
3. Non ferrous metals such as brass, bronze etc.
4. Non metals phenolic resins, nylon, bakelite etc.
5. What factors influence backlash?
Module, Pitch line velocity, errors in tooth thickness, pitch, profile.
6. Define transmission ratio.
Ratio of speed of driving gear to the speed of driven gear.
7. Define module.
Ratio of pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth.
8. At what occasions non metallic gears are used?
Employed
where
silent
operation
and
low
power
transmission
is
required.
and
high
velocity
ratio
processes
(OR) When two identical bevel gears are mounted on shafts, that are intersecting at right angles, they are called
miter gears.
7. Pitch angle: It is the half of the cone angle subtended by a bevel gear at its apex.
8. Shaft angle: It is the sum of the pitch angles of pinion and gear of a bevel gear pair.
9. Tip angle: It is the angle between the axis of gear and the line passing through the top surface of tooth.
10.
Root angle: It is the angle between the axis of gear and the line passing
through the root surface of tooth.
11. Cone distance or pitch cone radius: It is the length of the pitch cone element in bevel gears.
12.
Face angle: It is the angle subtended by the face of the teeth at the cone
center. It is equal to the pitch angle plus addendum angle. It is also called tip angle.
13. What is skew gears?
When two straight bevel gears are mounted on shafts, which are non parallel and non intersecting, they are called
skew bevel gears.
14. What are the various forces acting on a bevel gear?
- Normal Force
- Radial Force
15. Mention the characteristics of miter gear.
- The pitch angles of pinion and gear of miter gears are same and each is equal to 45 degree
- The pinion and gear of miter gears rotate at same speed.
- The pinion and gear have same dimensions namely, addendum, dedendum, pitch circle diameter, number of
teeth and module.
- The pinion and gear of miter gears are always mounted on shafts, which are
perpendicular to each other.
16. Mention the characteristics of crown gear.
- The pitch angle of gear is 90 degree.
- The bevel pinion and crown gear are always mounted on shafts, that are intersecting at angle more than 90
degree.
17. What is internal bevel gear?
- When the teeth of bevel gear are cut on the inside of the pitch cone, it is called internal bevel gear.
Internal gears are used in planetary gear trains.
18. Mention the characteristics of skew bevel gears.
- Skew bevel gears have straight teeth.
- Skew bevel gears are mounted on non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts.
19. What is hypoid gears?
- Hypoid gears are similar to spiral bevel gears that are mounted on shafts, which are non parallel and non
intersecting.
phosphor
bronze
9. Why is multistart worm more efficient than the single start one?
The efficiency of the worm depends mainly on pressure angle(also known as pitch angle of the worm). For a
single start worm this pressure angle will be less. In a
multistart worm, this pressure angle can be increased( of the order 45 degree). Thats
why multistart is more efficient.
10.Why is the efficiency of worm gear drive comparatively low?
Because of power loss due to friction caused by sliding.
11. When the number of start of a worm is increased in a worm gear drive, how it affects the other
parameters and action of the drive?
The increase in number of starts on the worm will increase the lead and lead angle of the worm. This results in
higher friction losses and hence the lower efficiency.
12. Why phosphor bronze is widely used for worm gears?
It have high antifriction properties to resist seizure. Because in worm gear drive, the failure due to seizure is
more.
13.List out the main types of failure in worm gear drive.
Seizure, pitting and rupture.
14. In worm gear drive only the wheel is designed. Why?
Since always the strength of the worm is greater than the worm wheel, therefore only the worm wheel is
designed.
15. Give the merits and demerits of worm gear drive.
Merits: 1. Compact layout for very high velocity ratio of about 100
2. Smooth and noiseless operation
3. Self locking facility is available.
Demerits:
1. Low efficiency.
2. More heat will be produced.
3. Low power transmission.
16. What are the forces acting in worm and worm wheel?.
- Tangential force on the worm
- Axial force on the worm
- Radial force on the worm.
17. Name the two classes of worm gear drives.
- Single enveloping worm gear drive
- Double enveloping worm gear drive
18. What is single enveloping worm gear drive?
- Single enveloping worm gear set is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.
This results in line contact between the threads of worm and the teeth of worm wheel.
UNIT IV
Magnetic
clutches