The Roman Satirist's Use of Greek

Classical Association of Ireland
The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

Author(s): Anna Chahoud
Source: Classics Ireland, Vol. 11 (2004), pp. 1-46
Published by: Classical Association of Ireland
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25528400
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THEROMAN SATIRISTSPEAKSGREEK
Anna Chahoud
University College Dublin
'The word
in language is half someone else's'

(M. Bakhtin)
I. INTRODUCTION
'Satire
to us': Quintilian
belongs
entirely
claims for the Romans
the invention
proudly
and
unprecedented
new
the
of
pioneer
satura
{Inst.
10.1.93)
of a literary form
in Greek
literature.
The
unparalleled
genre was Quintus
of poems
in various
who
Ennius,
metres
called
his medley
friend
matter;1 but itwas an aristocratic
who was later to create the independent
subject
of Scipio Aemilianus
and aggressive
genre
we
a wealthy
in the Southern
Italian
still
call
satire.2
Gaius
Lucilius,
from Suessa Aurunca
family
equestrian
wrote
of Campania,
region
collections
of
which
complete
times. At
born
and
of
of verse
satires,
thirty books
were still circulating
in imperial
the end of the 2nd c. A.D.
the public allegedly
had a
nunc
Romanos
apud
...
quidem
quale
compositum,
carpenda
ex uariis
et Horatius
et Persius.
Et olim carmen
Lucilius
scripserunt
quod
et
constabat
Pacuuius
satira
uocabatur,
quale
scripserunt
poematibus
saturae
10.1.95
Ennius.
See also
Inst.
alterum
illud etiam prius
Quint.
sed non sola carminum
uarietate
mixtum.
genus,
2
Petersmann
1999: 289-90.
See, most
recently,
See
Diom.
GranL
maledicum
1.485
et ad
K.
satira
dicitur
hominum
carmen
uitia
2 Anna Chahoud
over other Roman
for Lucilius
preference
all other Latin writers
as well.3
keen. While
in fact over
satirists,
Critics,
due
however, were not

to his predecessor,
respect
equally
paying
to Lucilius'
Horace objected
lack of linguistic refinement,
and
a major
criticism was Lucilius'
point of Horace's
peculiar
mixture
of Latin and Greek (Hor. S. 1.10.20-35):4
'atmagnum fecit, quod uerbis Graeca Latinis
miscuit'. O sen studiorum, quine putetis
difficile et minim, Rhodio quod Pitholeonti
contigit? 'at sermo lingua concinnus utraque
suauior, ut Chio nota si comminxta Falemi est'.
cum uersus facias, te ipsum percontor, an et cum
dura tibi peragenda rei sit causa Petilli?
20
25
scilicet oblitus patriaeque patrisque Latini,

cum Pedius causas exsudet Publicola atque
Coruinus, patriis intermiscere petita
uerba foris malis, Canusini more bilinguis.
30
atque
ego
uersiculos,
post
cum
Graecos
uetuit me
mediam
noctem
mare
natus
facerem,
citra,
tali uoce Quirinus

cum
uisus,
uera:
somnia
'in siluam non ligna feras insanius ac si

magnas Graecorum malis implere cateruas.'
35
'but his (Lucilius's) was a great achievement,

in combining
Greek words with Latin.' You late learners! Do you really think
it difficult to match Pitholeon of Rhodes
in his happy knack?
'But a style which nicely blends each tongue ismore pleasing, as
3
Quint.
Inst.
1.10.93
satura
amatores
praeferre
4
In this
ut eum
non
eiusdem
tota
quidem
insignem laudem adeptus Lucilius

modo
nostra
est,
in
qua
primus
quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet

operis
auctoribus
sed omnibus
poetis
non dubitent.
paper
I concentrate
on
the
tradition
of Latin
verse
satire
as identified by Horace, and carried on by Persius and Juvenal. It

goes without saying that the Greek element is far more prominent
in the parallel tradition of the so-called Menippean
satire, itself a
a
form
derived
from
Greek
model.
literary
the Falernian brand is mixed with Chian.' When you're

verses - I put it to you directly - or when you have to
negotiate a difficult case for a defendant like Petillius? No doubt
when
writing
you'd prefer, whereas Pedius Publicola and Corvinus sweat out

their cases, to forget your native land and father Latinus and to
adulterate your native speech with foreign importations, like a
Indeed, when I, though born on this
bilingual from Canusium!
some little verses in Greek,
side of the ocean, was writing
me
to
after
Quirinus appeared
midnight, when dreams are true,
and forbade me in tones like these: 'Carrying timber to a forest
would be no crazier than your choosing to swell the packed
ranks of the Greeks', (transl. P.M. Brown)
satire yet originally
'wholly Roman'
literary form, Roman
a
in manner which
offended Horace's
selective
spoke Greek,
In
the
notion
of poetic
passage
above,
language.
quoted
an admirer
of Lucilius
Horace
introduces
the
praising
A
the early satirist, only to dismiss

the
a clear
as
of
and
sign
naivety
A poet who picks
such language
Horace
provincialism.
is no less to blame than a lawyer who
is prepared
to
insists
a
Roman
like
his
poet,
credibility:
jeopardise
professional
just
a Roman
citizen acting in the forum, has nothing to gain from
of
linguistic mixture
enthusiastic
remark
demoting himself to the rank of a bilingual Apulian

natives
of Canusium
spoke Oscan
and Greek).
(the
It is significant
that Quirinus himself, the Roman god identified with

founder
writing
forensic
pointed
the
of the city, should be the one to advise Horace against

The
established
Greek
between
verse.5
parallel
as
and
discourse
is
also
significant,
activity
poetic
out in a recent study:
erasure of the distinction

between
The
legal and poetic
is henceforth to be judged by
discourse suggests that the poet...
the same criteria as the orator whose place is at the very center
Cf.
Zetzel
2002:
38-42,
and
n. 4
p. 211;
Cucchiarelli
2001:
176-77.
4 Anna Chahoud
of Roman political activity. Hence the admixture of Graecisms,

often perceived as a mark of refinement and cultivation, is here
characteristic
categorised as declasse, a betrayal of provincialism
of the "bilingual Canusian", the native of Horace's own Apulia
who
Far
is not yet fully and thoroughly Roman'
1998: 40).
(Oliensis
a poet's
the matter
business,
being merely
issues
correctness
broader
involves
(Latinitas)
from
linguistic
national
and cultural
Lucilius'
hybrid,
chooses
of
of
of it,
perception
identity.6 In Horace's
is simply a despicable
'mixture of Greek and Latin'
is the word Horace
just as hybrida
('crossbreed')
the Italian-born,
but
to designate
with
contempt
1.7.2. An
naturalized
Greek banker Persius
in Satire
note on this passage
remarks on the man's
ancient
'mixed
language'
Horace's
criticism
in terms of contaminated
interpreting
as itwere'.7
'Romanness':
'half-Roman,
quasi semiromanus
a
'half-Greek'
Lucilius
himself
calls
Interestingly,
=
the
cf.
391
Unlike
W.
379
semiromanus,
(semigraecus,
M.).
term semigraecus
not necessarily
have
does
derogatory
to
reference
it in complimentary
the
and
Livius
Andronicus
Ennius,
poets
early
former a Greek, the latter a trilingual native of Southern
Italy.8
who
Varro
those contemporaries
calls semigraeci
spent so
undertones.
the
uses
Suetonius
Latin
6 See in
particular Adams
7
Schol.
Hor.
S.
1.7.2
2003:
'Hybrida'
184-205.
dicitur,
qui
matrem Italam; autper contrarium Hybridam

sermonis
Graece
genere
loquatur
Latineque
lacerauit Per slum
semiromanum.
See
quasi
8
1.1
Suet.
Gram.
doctorum,
antiquissimi
erant (Liuium
docuisse
adhuc
et Ennium
notum
Graecum
habet
patrem
et
dicunt appellari, qui mixto

...
also
translatiue
Biville
qui
dico, quos utraque
et
ergo Horatius
2002:
88-9.
poetae
et
semigraeci
lingua domi forisque
est).
time
much
to deserve
in Greece
the title as well
as humorous
addresses
(see below, III.I).9

Homeric-style
a
Greek
and
literature was
of
The
language
study
part of the education of the Roman upper classes. It
prominent
like Cicero
in his
is a generally
accepted view that Lucilius,
letters, used Greek as an element of private, colloquial
speech,
of official/formal
the constraints
communication.
was right in
in
this
Horace
is certainly
and
true,
respect
as
a
of self
work
of
his
form
the
predecessor
viewing
a
of
who would
i.e. the reflection
personality
portraiture,
free
from
This
intimate facts to his books, which

he trusted like
'confide
... so the whole
of the old man's
life is laid before us
friends;
as if it were painted on a votive tablet' (Sat. 2.1.30-34,
transl.
in
that
N. Rudd).10 More
rooted
any other
directly
reality
the world from a single point of
literary genre, satire depicts
To do so, Lucilius
often picked
the
view:
the author's.
was.
man
I
the
that
he
of
Roman
Greek-educated
language
shall briefly
illustrate this point below, offering a few remarks
on the practices
of imperfect bilingualism
among the Romans
in the last two centuries of the Republic
(III. 1 and IV).
as
of Greek
the 'language
of intimacy',11
The notion
tells only part of the story. In some cases, change of
however,
in
and even hostility
contempt
implies mockery,
language
In these cases the change of language
distance.
other words,
seems to mark the switch to a different
speaking voice in the
poem.
R.
Var.
such passages
On
moupollon
2.1.2
Tor
Scrofa,
libris ... /
senis.
'who
is a much
? I
say it inGreek
ameinon)
cf. e.g. Horn.
(semigraecispastoribus)':
10
Hor.
S. 2.1.32-34
uita
I shall mainly
ille
... quo
fit
On
the
uelut
fidis
//.
concentrate,
better
man
arguing
than
to two half-Greek
(hosper
shepherds
7.114.
arcana
sodalibus
olim
credebat
ut omnis / uotiua pateat ueluti descripta tabella /
notion
of'self-portraiture'
see
Fraenkel
1957:
152
f.
11
See
e.g.
Pabon
1939:
126-31;
see
contra
Adams
2002:
308-23.
6 Anna Chahoud
Greek
that
in
the
serve
may
author
(III.3).12
holds
is appropriating
it in a humorous
reproducing
manner
malicious
Lucilius
i.e.
characterisation,
else's
language,
true also
for
those
of
purpose
someone
and
often
terms which
and are often
This
had no
interpretation
the Latin
in defining
things unknown
language'13
before
their contact with Greek
culture does
available
Latin equivalent
immediately
am referring
a
as
in particular
to
(I
explained
necessity
see
was
The
belief
technical
that
Greek
III.2).
terminology:
as an 'to make up for some of the deficiencies
of
employed
Romans
to
the
not do
to the poetry of Lucilius,

whose
extensive
usage of
must
be a deliberate
choice.
Quite
appropriately
Lucilius
called his poems
'talks' (sermones,
cf. 1039 W. =
justice
Greek
1039 M.).
choice
Language
definition
of the genre.
is then
to the
related
closely
that this approach may

shed light on Lucilius'
form, with
poetry, which has come down to us in fragmentary
as
to
context
narrative
of the
and
indication
the
any
hardly
to
This
aims
illustrate
the
distribution
paper
original poems.
and function of Greek
in Lucilius,
of a
through the discussion
I believe
few
select
preliminary
from
examples
on
statement
text.
the
the
I shall
of
scope
inquiry,
from the
II). I am
Lucilius'
technique
distinguishing
('code-switching')
of (lexical borrowing:
general linguistic phenomenon
utterances
in Greek
in Lucilius'
interested
poetic
rather than in his extensive
12A
comparable
Satires.
well
Varro,
as Greek
144 on
Salanitro
13Steel
analysis may
like
to
Lucilius,
reproduce
the Celtic
1990:
usage
word
of Greek-based
be conducted
occasionally
un-Roman
gabalus
uses
traits:
gallows'
with
begin
my
discourse
Latin words.
on Varro's Menippean
Italian
see
e.g.
as
languages
Astbury
(Var. Men.
1983:
24);
cf
70.
1900:390.
list of occurrences
The
I give
inmy
'Appendix'
was
compiled
accordingly.
II.GREEK& LATIN INCONTACT:

V. LEXICAL BORROWING
CODE-SWITCHING
Lucilius'
lines,
amount
fragments
words
even
sometimes
half-lines,
to some
just
hundred.14
thirteen
single
contain Greek words,
fifty of these fragments
Approximately
or transliterated,
not hopelessly
when
however
altered
the
scribes
who
found
competent
corrupted,
by
variously
they were copying.
to label all Greek words,
from Lucilius
quotations
an established
scholarly
in the author
It is
and
practice
to
in
be
found
Greek
connection,
etymological
as 'Grecisms'.
as it may
Latin writers
The term, convenient
it inevitably
one, because
be, is in fact a rather misleading
blurs the boundaries
distinct
between
linguistic phenomena.
valuable
The result is a number of otherwise
studies on the
words
with
often offer a merely

however,
subject which,
descriptive
of
Greek
survey of the various
'registers'
(poetic, colloquial,
the choice
itself. Why did
etc.), with little attempt to motivate
like indeed many
Lucilius,
in his Latin discourse?
Greek
Latin
other
not
Surely
a large
language
incorporated
loanwords.
Lucilius
used countless
day were
'normalised',
already
phonological,
morphological,
lies in the area of lexical
14 E.H.
Classical
rev.
Library,
on
testimonia
simply
number
such words,
integrated
borrowing,
1967)
and
because
of
which
1272
Greek
in his
into the Latin
system. This
type
the usage
speaks
(Remains of Old Latin

records
the
lines,
plus
III, Loeb
a section
and phrases at 418-23; F. Marx' edition (Leipzig

1378 'lines' (either complete or not, isolated words,
single words
1904-5) include
and
ed.
i.e.
introduce
writers,
syntactical
edition
Warmington's
Latin
on
the
text).
8 Anna Chahoud
more
of the history of the Latin language

Just one example:
poetic discourse.
(1) Lucil.
597 f.W.(=515f.
M.)
si quaeris,
'paenula,
than of the author's
seruus,
cantherius,
segestre
utilior mihi quam sapiens.'

4
if you
want
wrapper
a cloak,
to know,
of
any
a worn-out
is more
these
horse,15
to me
useful
slave,
than
philosopher.'
When
used
-
Lucilius
Greek
the original
'cloak',
the feminine
variety
in Southern
spoken
the word paenula

or, more
precisely,
in the Doric Greek
phainoles
attested
and
had already become,
through loss of aspiration
Italy16
sound, a new, different, Latin word. Plautus
change of vowel
knew it already, and well enough to use it figuratively
(Mos.
so would
in a letter to Atticus
Cicero
991);
(13.33a.I).17
a
Parallels
like these indicate
that the word was probably
phainola
has very little to do with the

one; register, however,
- one
In a case like this
the word.
of many18
is by no means
of a Greek-based
Lucilius'
choice
word
we
are
to
unless
remarkable,
prepared
regard as particularly
utterance
of
any English
e.g. 'mutton' (a French
significant
colloquial
origin of
loanword).
The
practice
in
is an altogether
switching'
15 The
as
'code
socio-linguistics
It consists
different matter.
of a
known
word
necessarily
1995: 70 and
16
Cf Pollux
17PLMos.
cantherius
(as
gelding'
105.
Hsch.
7.61,
indicates
s.v.:
Att.
13.33a.
shoulders';
your
'to tear one's
i.e. to
coat',
beg
18
See Marx
1904-05:
156-58;
of
low quality,
translation):
see Biville
991 libertas paenulast

Cic.
a horse
in
Warmington's
1990:
1.151.
tergo tuo your freedom's

1 has
someone
Mariotti
the
to
not
see Adams
proverb
paenulam
a cloak for
scindere
stay.
1960:
50-81.
or
either functional
change of language answering
as
a
such
creation
of
explicitness,
stylistic demands,
quotation,
non
not
It
that
should
be
of
tone.19
course,
implied,
particular
the word)
should
(in our case, failure to Latinise
integration
be adopted as a 'guide to the status of a form as a code-switch
or a borrowing'.20
sense
the opposite
Common
suggests
temporary
non
and similar
rendez-vous,
used
in
of
Frequency
expressions
English).
a
utterances
is
far sounder guiding rule.21 Isolated
occurrence
are more
bona
e.g.
(consider
naturalised
likely
fide,
to be individual
switches
Greek
loanwords.
than widely
accepted
are of this
in Lucilius
Many
expressions
are unparalleled
in extant
type. They
literary Latin,
as well.
extant
in
sometimes
Greek
unparalleled
literary
it is easy to see the difference
between
For example,
above
and
the following
passages
from
an erotic
poem
and
(1)
in
Book 8:
303-4 M.)
(2) Lucil. 331-2 W.(=
'cum poclo bibo eodem, amplector, labra labellis
fictricis compono, hoc est cum psolocopoumaV
'when I drink from the same cup, hold her inmy arms, lay my
- this is when I am
lips to her little ones (the scheming jade!)
racked with tension.'
(3) Lucil. 333 and 334 W.
'turn
latus
(= 305 and 306 M.)

et cum
lateri
componit
pectore
pectus
...
et cruribus crura diallaxon^

'then she lays side to side and joins breast with breast...
19 See
McClure
e.g. A. Giacalone
1998:
1998:
20McClure
21
Cf.
Myers-Scotton
Ramat
in Milroy-Muysken
1995: 59;
134.
130.
1993:
176.
10 Anna Chahoud
and I, about to cross legs with
legs' (transl. E.H. Warmington)
At (2) a seemingly elegiac tone (cf. the diminutive labellis22)

turns
an
Priapic
image. The verb
state
describes
the
of a sexually
psdlocopoumai
graphically
same
the
in
Latin:
aroused man;23 Horace
says
tentigine rumpi
'I burst with
The only
lust', transl P.M. Brown).
(S. 1.2.118,
abruptly
into
obscene
instance of the verb is in the active form (psolocopeo)

and causative
sense, taking 'the reader' (ton anagignoskonta)
as a direct object (PLond. 3.604 B 174). Lucilius
switches
into
are
a
we
see
we
not
to
at
do
fail
but
loss
and
Greek,
only
why,
for an adequate rendering of both the language change and the
other
crude
connotation
following
of
Rudd
(1986:
sounds
excessively
In passage
(3),
a future
(probably
I translate
the word.
psolocopumai
translation
166); Warmington's
('I am lustful').
euphemistic
the last word of the second
line is a form
the Greek
verb diallasso
participle)
or
of legs.
the
action
of
the
indicating
'interlocking'
'crossing'
The polyptoton
is reminiscent
in early
of famous passages
turn to
'and pressing
119 W.
Greek poetry, esp. Archilochus
of
in
Lucilius
tummy and thighs to thighs' (transl. ML. West).24
turn is a model
for Horace,
S. 1.2.125 haec ubi supposuit
est 'when a girl like
dextro corpus mihi laeuum /Ilia et Egeria
this has tucked her left side under my right, she is like Ilia and
a
1.2 displays
Satire
(transl. P.M. Brown). Horace's
Egeria'
Lucilian
character, and the very passage mentioned
markedly
the quotation
above prompted
from Lucilius
by an ancient
commentator
of Horace.25
This is the literary context of the
22 I am
grateful for this remark to Prof. F. Bellandi.
23 See Adams 1982: 13
(on Gr. psolos) and 2002: 361.
24
See
also
Anacr.
439
P., Eupol.
PCG
174;
see Henderson
1991:
137.
25
Porph.
laeuum':
hoc
Hor.
S.
1.2.125
est, quod Lucilius
'Haec
ait
ubi
in VIII
supposuit
(et cruribus
dextro
crura
corpus
diallaxon.
mihi
passage,
which
however
unexplained.
The form diallaxon
nor exactly paralleled
normally
means
leaves
the unexpected
is neither
in extant
'to
change'
if any,
11
recorded
Greek
elsewhere
literary Greek,
or
'to differ
where
form
in Latin
diailasso
from'.26
The
which
is ep-allasso,
describes
verb,
a
the
action
of
in
non-metaphorical
exactly
legs interlocking
battle-scene
(Eur. Heracl
836).27 Particles,
though, are tricky
It may be suggested
that the speaker in Lucilius
little words.
to know
had enough Greek
that the prefix for 'across' was
expected
Greek
dia-9 but failed

meant something
characterising
and
Greek
to realise
that the compound

verb diailasso
would
then be
different.
Lucilius
completely
to
of someone
the affectation
speaking
striving
in betraying
his
only
inadequate
succeeding
man
to
this
should
wish
express himself
Why
competence.28
in Greek
intercourse
is another matter
(see below,
during
III.3).
III.DISTRIBUTION,
TYPOLOGY
AND FUNCTIONOF GREEK INLUCILIUS

Practices
language,
a recurring
feature of spoken
of code-switching,
are not easy to detect
in a corpus
and analyse
text does not
state of Lucilius'
The fragmentary
language.
make
the task any easier.
In literary Latin
the phenomenon
is
26SeeL&/s.v.
27 Eur. Her act. 836

Wilkins'
28 I owe
Prauscello
note
ad
to deuteron de pous
epallachtheis podi. See J.
loc.
to Prof. Rolando
this suggestion
whom Iwish to thank here.
Ferri
and Dr. Lucia
12 Anna Chahoud
identifiable
and
Cicero's
in Plautus,29 Lucilius,30
out of keeping
with
(apparently
in
and
practice
public),
own
statements
ApocolycontosisP
have examples
of erotic
When
remains,
Varro,31
Cicero's
significant
letters32
from
contexts
Seneca's
Petronius,34
Pliny the Younger.35 We also
love poetry and sarcastic representations
in Lucretius,
Catullus, Martial,
all Greek words
and phrases
listing
one discovers
that many
Juvenal.36
in Lucilius'
to the
belong
language
of
typically Greek disciplines (philosophy, rhetoric, medicine);

are quotations
from Homer
and mostly
incomplete;
common
in
that
others
have
except
they are
nothing
finally,
and
in
non-existent
Greek
literature
virtually
possibly
or Romans,
idioms spoken, either by Greeks
reproduce Greek
in the 'Appendix',
in Lucilius'
time. I give a list of passages
others
to this
is arranged according
shall see, however,
that the relation between
typology. We
in the context of the
such categories
and the function of Greek
no
means
is
univocal.
poems
by
where
Lucilius'
Greek
lexicon
29 For a
comprehensive
study of codeswitching
seeWenskus
1998; on Plautus, see also Hough
Jocelyn 1999, Babia 2003, Bettini 2003.
30
See
Lachmann
1851;
Korfmacher
1934-5,
Argenio
Poccetti
1963,
Mazzarino
1963,
Petersmann
31 See
in Latin
literature,
1934, Shipp 1953,
Mariotti
1999,
1960:
50-81,
Baier
2001,
2003.
1970, Deschamps
Woytek
1976, Salanitro
1982-7, Fucecchi
2003.
32 See Steele
1921, Venini
1952,
1900, Scriber
1920, Rose
Shackleton Bailey 1962-3, Hutchinson
1998, Baldwin 2002, Boldrer
2000, Swain 2002,
2003; a socio-linguistic
approach in Dunkel
Adams
2002:
308-47.
33 See Fucecchi
2003.
34SeeCavalca2001.
35 See Venini
36
See
below,
1952.
111,3..
13
III. 1.QUOTATION
number of fragments
contain quotations from
I for all references).
I am not
(see
'Appendix'
numerous
we
of
the
read
in such
of
allusions
course,
thinking,
as
I am
'Alexandrian'
Lucilius
a sophisticated
was;
poet
considerable
Homer
to verbatim
in the original Greek.
A
referring
quotations
and
lines
dozen fragments
incoporate poetic words,
phrases,
in a new, possibly
context. The
from Homer
inappropriate
of the well-known
result is the clever and comic displacement
epic voice.
from
A fragment
a memorable
from
'snatched'
from
Hector
6 repeats a line-ending
Book
in the Iliad,
in which
Phoebus
a crucial
clash with Achilles
(//:
Lucilius'
scene
20.443):
231-2 M.)
(4) Lucil. 267-8 W.(=
'<nil> ut discrepet ac ton d'exerpaxen
Apollon
fiat.'
'so that itmay be all the same and become

Apollo rescued".' (transl. E.H. Warmington)
a case of "and him
is available on the subject of Lucilius'

information
poem,
are therefore
to establish
in no position
the
exactly
seems
The
of
the
Homeric
insertion.
function, however,
point
the author catches
the audience's
interest by
clear enough:
a
a
familiar
to
the
response
using
phrase, and expects
witty re
No
and we
of it. It is worth noting that Lucilius'

choice
contextualisation
one here, as allusive
is a deliberate
technique does
not necessarily
have to be performed
in the original
language.
At the end of his famous satire on the 'bore' Horace
translates
of Greek
the
very
adapting
Apollo).
same
as Lucilius
Homeric
line-ending
own context
(S. 1.9.77 sic me
it to his
In so doing,
Horace
is absolutely
consistent
in (4),
seruauit
with
his
14 Anna Chahoud
notion
is proper in Latin poetry

ismore demanding
time Horace
of what
the same
is not. At
as he
and what
of his readers
in its
invites
them to recognise
allusion
(a) the Homeric
and
Horace's
translated form, (b) the Lucilian
(c)
precedent,
own reasons
forbade me
('Quirinus
implied in the translation
to write
in Greek',
little verses
S. 1.10.32
above).37 This
technique
Var. Men.
not restricted
to the present
is certainly
example.
irritans uentos
460 omnes
omnesque
procellas
and all storms')
is a translation of Horn.
all winds
('rousing
Od. 5.292-3,
('A Ulysses
recognised
and given that the satire is called Sesqueulixes

it was presumably
intended to be
and a Half),
as such. Again
a
in Men.
translates
529 Varro
passage from Attic comedy (Diph.PCG IV 31.25-6), although

that recognition
of the source would
be
of
the
in
Cicero's
Tusculan
Also,
speakers
expected.
a Latin
a line of
from
translation
Disputations
recognises
it is less clear
there
one
1.15).
the Greek poetic
tradition as a source of
exploits
an
to
intellectual
author and
game between
literary tags
play
reader. Educated Romans were occasionally
reported to do the
an encounter
same
In relating
between
in conversation.
Epicharmus
Lucilius
(Tusc.
a Homeric
friends, Varro combines
phrase, a Greek
and a humorous Greek-based
(R. 2.5.1):
neologism
greeting,
'At this point the senator Q. Lucienus, a gentleman of extreme

refinement and great humour with whom we are all well
acquainted, came in and said: 'how do you do (chaerete), my
fellow Epirots (Synepirotae), for Scrofa, and our friend Varro,
"shepherd of the people" (poimena laon\ I saw and greeted
early this morning.'
37 See Zetzel
38
Var.
iocosus,
'chaerete:
salutaui.
R.
(transl. L. Storr-Best)38
2002: 42.
2.5.1
introiens,
Scrofam
On
this
at
Q.
Lucienus
senator,
omnium
homo
nostrum:
familiaris
et Varronem
enim
nostrum,
see Wenskus
1998:
passage
quamuis
humanus
'Synepirota,'
'poimena
13; Biville
loon,
2002:
ac
inquit,
mane
78.
15
had estates
like Varro
in
and Cossinius,
himself,
At the time
the compound
this
Syn-epirotae.
explains
Epirus:
in command
of the fleet between
of the dialogue Varro was
this
motivates
in the form of a
the
address
and
Delos
Sicily:
Atticus
Homer
to Agamemnon
and other
applies
77.
The
Homeric
and kings
1.263).
tag is an
(e.g.
generals
indication of solidarity and of identity of cultural background.
a distancing
the language of Homer
Elsewhere
produces
which
phrase
effect:
(5) Lucil. 567-73 W. (= 540-6 M.)
'num censes calliplocamon
callisphyron ullam
non licitum esse uterum atque etiam inguina tangere mammis,
acoetin
conpernem aut uaram fuisse Amphitryonis
- nolo
<He>lenam
Alcmenam,
alias,
atque
ipsam denique
dicere: tute uide atque disyllabon elige quoduis
couren eupatereiam aliquam rem insignem habuisse,
uerrucam
naeuum
punctum
dentem
eminulum
unum?'
'Any woman with "beautiful tresses" and "beautiful ankles"

could have had breasts touching her womb and even her crotch;
Alcmena "Amphitryon's
spouse" could have been knock-kneed
or bandy, others too, perhaps Helen herself, that (better not say
it, decide
for yourself and choose whatever

is
dysillable39
that "daughter of noble sire" could have had some
or mole,
or slightly
blemish - wart, pock-mark,
N.
tooth.'
(Transl.
prominent
Rudd)
proper)
obvious
In
this unusually
long
and formulas
epithets
idealised
femininity
with
from Book
17, Homeric
fragment
serve
the purpose
of contrasting
the shortcomings
of the real thing. It
39 Commentators
that the two-syllable word
plausibly
suggest
Lucilius had in mind might have been an abusive term such as e.g.
moecha,
pome,
or
sim.
('whore').
16 Anna Chahoud
has been
the
Homeric
drawn
that 'the point is sharpened by using Greek for

The
and Latin
for their defects.'40
perfections
here as the distinction
allusion
is not so marked
noted
ladies'
between
(see again
the two
III.3). Greek
languages with related sets of values

clearly denotes distance here.
III.2.TECHNICAL TERMS OF GREEK DISCIPLINES

a brief outline
area of
Even
semantic
philosophy)
at various
this
would
of the process
of lexical
borrowing
in the
Greek
rhetoric,
(medicine,
disciplines
it to say that
be out of place here.41 Suffice
stages in the Roman

was
technical
terminology
of Greek culture,
as Latin or
normalised
'translation'
either
Medical
words
(caiques).
replaced
by Latin
in that medicine,
unlike other
is a peculiar
case,
language
remained the prerogative
of Greek professionals.
artes, mostly
to import and to some extent
While
the Romans
succeeded
altogether
'translate'
the vocabulary
of Greek philosophy
and rhetoric,
to the
the development
of medical
language apparently moved
i.e. the use of Greek terminology
increased
direction,
opposite
in the course of time 42 Greek was, as itwere,
the professional
voice
of medicine.
that medicine
the Elder maintains
Pliny
either
speaks
Greek,
or
it is not
taken
seriously
(Nat. Hist.
29.17):
40 Rudd
1986: 168. See also Adams
2002: 331.
41 See
in
1983. On Latin philosophical
e.g. De Meo
language
see
1992
Arcellaschi
Coleman
1989;
particular
(Ennius); Levy
1992, Powell 1995 (Cicero).
42 For the relation in
terms in Columella,
frequency of Greek/Latin
Celsus,
Langslow
Cassius
Felix
and
others,
see
Adams
1995:
341
ff.;
2001: 76 ff. (with summary diagram at 99).
17
'Medicine alone of the Greek arts we serious Romans have not

yet practiced; in spite of its great profit only a very few of our
citizens have touched upon it, and even these were at once
deserters to the Greek; nay, if medical treatises are written in a
language other than Greek they have no prestige even among
unlearned men ignorant of Greek, and if any should understand
them they have less faith in what concerns their own health.'
(transl. W.S. Jones)
However
extreme
a certain
Roman
this assertion may sound,43 it is revealing of

attitude
towards medicine
and its related
- a
awe
This attitude
mixture
of
and contempt
vocabulary.
have been even more
two hundred
would
years
justifiable
this background we may set Lucilius'
apepsia,
= 923
and arthriticos,
(976 W.
M.)
'indigestion'
'gouty,
=
331 M.). Effort at brevity
affected by rheumatism'
(355 W.
as in some
and exactness may be combined with euphemism,
numerous
in his
the
offered
of
examples
by Cicero
earlier. Against
The number of terms of this type in Lucilius

correspondence.
a significant
to conduct
is insufficient,
however,
discussion,
on to explore
the more
substantial
and I will quickly move
areas of philosophy
and rhetoric.
When
Lucilius
mentions
not necessarily
from Book
does
senarius
Epicurean
philosophy,
(6) Lucil.
820 W.
'eidola
atque
Greek
terms, he
philosophical
do it in his authorial voice. An iambic
two technical
terms of
28 contains
'images'
Cf.
Langslow
'atoms':
(= 753 M.)
atomus
uincere
Epicuri
'I should like to defeat Epicurus'
43
and
2001:
uolam.'
"images and atoms".'
29.
18 Anna Chahoud
two new
is here introducing
say that Lucilius
'Grecisms'
into Latin. This is certainly
(eidolum and atomus)
a possibility
form
unverifiable,
(though
given the fragmentary
one
see
In
to
fails
of much Republican
case,
any
literature).
Commentators
how
this mere
acknowledgement
of the fragment.
the Latin language,
understanding
really enter
to a better
contribute
might
ever
did
these
words
Also,
in the same way as paenula
did (cf. (1) above)? Both terms belong to the atomistic theory
the Epicureans
borrowed
from Democritus:
Cic. Fin.
the
credit
'for those concepts which
Epicurus
adopts,
to
atoms
the
void
Democritus
the
(atomi),
belongs
entirely
as
the
call
'eidola'.
or,
them,
(inane),
they
images (imagines),
a Latin word until
The Greek word eidolon did not become
which
1.21
later (and then it would mostly mean

term Cicero
and Lucretius
philosophical
much
substitutes
enter
in imago
'ghost');44 for the

found convenient
The word atomus did

or where we would
a
who
in Lucretius,
produced
and simulacrum.
but not when
the Latin
vocabulary,
that is not
expected,
to indicate
in
of Latin caiques
the 'first elements'
variety
the differentiation
nature, explaining
early in the poem (1.58
term atomus
the Greek Epicurean
Cicero
used
61). When
he unfailingly
out that he
besides Latin equivalents,
pointed
was
someone
else's
i.e.
theory,
reporting
quoting
(e.g. Att.
have
1.17, KD.
1.73). Even
long after the Latin word
was
as a standard Latin
'little body'
established
corpusculum
to specify that atomus
Seneca still felt duty-bound
equivalent,
was the original Democritean
term (Nat. Quaest.
5.2.1).
2.23.2,
Fin.
Are we
to call these terms 'Grecisms'

then?
truly entitled
- for a
were
remained
what
Greek
words
They
they
simply
in
there is no attempt at normalisation:
long time. In Lucilius
our passage
eidola and atomus, both in the accusative
plural,
would
have
Greek
letters
44 First
been vocalised
as well. The
in Pliny
the Younger,
in Greek,
two words
and probably written

in
are not integrated
into
Ep. 7.27.5.
19
If the fragment
like a quotation.
and sound
truly
a
to
the picture
of Academic
of
banquet
belonged
Lucilius might have put the
(as Marx suggested),
philosophers
into the mouth
of a hostile Academic
who would
two words
(he
text
'those 'images' and 'atoms' your Epicurus

a joke
it was
Or perhaps
in
simply
a
of
'I'd
humorous
like
terms,
way
saying e.g.
remark:
scornfully
on
goes
about'.
philosophical
to smash your
This
Epicurus'.
philosophical
face
extract from
Lucilius.
by a Virgilian
28, transmitted
Eel
6.31, p. 340-1
(Prob. Virg.
the possible
outcome of a trial as follows:
805-811 W.
ceteris
Lucilius'
book
(= 784-90 M.)
'hoc
cum
to put it with
to pieces,
fanciful
indeed, and yet a
commentator
describes
(7) Lucil.
tear you
sounds
joke of this kind would not be isolated in
Another
Hagen),
and
suggestion
reus
una
cum
tradetur
feceris,
Lupo.
non aderit: archais hominem et stoicheiois simul

priuabit. Igni cum et aqua interdixerit,
duo habet stoicheia. adfuerit: anima et corpore
(ge corpus, anima est pneuma), posterioribus
stoicheios, si idmaluerit, priuabit tamen.'
'when you have done this, he will be handed over together with
the others to Lupus. Suppose he does not appear in court. Lupus
will deprive the man of the "first beginnings" and "elements'
too. When he has forbidden him the use of "fire" and "water", he
has still two elements.
Supposing he does appear in court,
nonetheless Lupus will deprive him of the latter elements, body
and soul (body is "earth", soul is "air"), if that's what he
prefers.'
We
know from
L. Cornelius
other
sources
was
that the presiding magistrate
a
man
was
who
Lupus,
surprisingly
career
senatus
at the end of a dubious
Lentulus
appointed princeps
marred by a trial de repetundis
in 154 B.C.
The
scene
depicts
20 Anna Chahoud
choice,
the defendant with a far from enviable
if
fails to appear in court, he will be banished;
the
to
death:
either
be
sentenced
will
he
way,
appear,
him presenting
for if the man
he does
man will be deprived of all means of life. The philosophical
are then the

'first principles'
The
context
is
joke.
clearly a law-court;
ingredients
reason
the
have been to bring in
one wonders
what
might
at all. Besides,
all Greek words are simply
Greek philosophy
is
rather than 'Grecisms'.
stoicheion
Greek words
Although
terms
for
and
'elements'
of a nasty
as a
and recorded
by some editors as stoechion
never
was.
in Latin dictionaries,
it
This
probably
is transliterated
alone
word
in the
(stoechiis,
stoechia)
of the quoting
transmission
source, and the editors of Probus
restore the Greek
as it seems unlikely
convincingly
spelling,
Latinised
loanword
that Lucilius would write three words

in Greek and normalise
the fourth. The only other instance oi stoicheion
in Latin texts
occurs
in a much
later treatise on metre,
and there too is
a Greek word
probably
(Ter. Maur.
1168). The regular Latin
term is elementa. At any rate, none of this explains Lucilius'
could only be funny if the satirist were mocking
joke, which
the magistrate's
real, and notorious,
In this perspective,
the Greek words
verdict
'in the manner
evidence
philosophy,
man we
Aemilianus;
away with
to
for
an obsession
with Greek
Lupus
some
find
support otherwise. Of this
know
an associate
that he too was
of Scipio
we also know that the satirist
his
greeted
passing
a poem
'On the death of Lupus',
otherwise
known
as 'The Council
of the Gods'
1
of
Lucilius'
(Book
suggest
the idea may
in antiquity
second
collection).45
to this book
attributed
the Roman
of Lupus'.
affectations.
an
reproduce
imaginary
there is no direct
Although
Hellenising
habits
45 Serv.
Verg.
A.
of
Eight
contain
sobriety
10.104 de
out
of
thirty-five
fragments
to the corruption of
references
as a result of Greek
influence
interitu Lupi;
Lact. 4.3.12
deorum
concilium.
(see
below,
Some
III.3).
between
readers
have
21
sensed
such
this moralising
theme and the mock
discrepancy
that the
heroic subject of the satire, to go as far as postulate
two distinct poems. Unnecessarily
book must have contained
that the protagonist
the late senatorial
so, if we
imagine
had possessed
that would
Lupus
qualities
explain both the
man
framework
had
been
of
divine parliament
(the
president
the Roman
diatribe (the
senate) and the Roman-versus-Greek
inclined to Hellenising
manners).
also offers
of
The area of literary criticism
examples
as
terms employed
technical
code-switches
characterising
man was
loanwords. A nice example

is given
of a verse epistle from Book 5:
rather than referential

the opening
section
in
(8) Lucil. 186-93 W. (= 181-8 M.)

'quo me habeam pacto, tarn etsi non quaeris, docebo,
quando in eo numero mansi quo inmaxima non est
pars hominum <neque enim tarn temihi credo inimicum>
ut periisse uelis, quern uisere nolueris, cum
debueris. Hoc 'nolueris' et 'debueris' te 190
siminus delectat, quod atechnon et Isocration
lerodesque simul totum ac sit meiraciodes,
non operam perdo, si tu hie'
'Although you do not ask how I am, I shall tell you, since I have
the greater part of humanity have
kept my residence whence
departed. (For I do not think you are so hostile to me) that you
wish the death of me, though refusing to see me as you should
"no technique, jingles
have. If you have no taste for my rhyme
a la Isocrates, and at the same time totally silly and naive stuff I am not wasting my time, if you are like this.'
to prove his point about
the passage
(18.8.2)
quotes
excesses
of inflated Isocratean style, and informs us
in propria persona
to a friend
is here speaking
that Lucilius
to visit him when
who
he was
ill. The poet's
little
failed
Gellius
ridiculous
22 Anna Chahoud
is on the rhetorical plane.

revenge
to give a full narrative of his own
Lucilius
states his
intention
beginning with a
still
alive' (187-8
long-winded
metaphor
simply
an
on
to
he
inflict
goes
hominum);46
quando
irritating jingle
and to imagine the man's
upon his friend (nolueris/debueris)
his pedantic
voice
reaction, mimicking
(191-2 W.
quod
him as a waste
of
Lucilius
dismisses
meiraciodes);
finally,
condition,
to say 'I am
time.
191-2
Lines
rhetorical
Greek
incorporate
'inartistic'
(and
terminology:
consequently
=
a
Isocration
of Isocrates',
'in the manner
ineffective);
to
reference
mannerism
of
the
those
contemptuous
pretentious
=
who
to sound
lerodes
attention
effects;
pay excessive
'frivolous,
silly' talk (e.g. Arist. Rh. 1414M5);47 meiraciodes
=
but also, in literary criticism,
'childish',
'affected,
foppish
case we
In
Dion.
Hal.
should
Isocr.
12.3-4).
style'
(e.g.
mistake
for a lecturer on Greek
Lucilius
is
Gellius
rhetoric,
atechnon
W.
us
that the satirist

to a
is writing
playfully
...
friend
terms belong
to
All Greek
(facetissime
festiuiter).
the quod-clmse,
which
contains
the stylistic objections
raised
of Lucilius'
'on the grounds
that in
by the addressee
epistle:
to remind
there
is silly,
your view/you
say that my
rhyme
switches
into Greek
to characterise
his
An
discourse.48
Albucius'
see below,
entirely
pretentious
IV.
similar
case
'word mosaics'
etc'
The
friend's
is in Book
are defined
author
critical
2, where
as lexeis:
46 There
is a gap in the text at this point, but one is tempted to

that
Lucilius deliberately
stretched the narration to an
imagine
extent
Housman's
annoying
supplement at line 188W. (= 183M.)
is a mere
47
Lomax
at
attempt
we
Unless
2002:
read
611:
ochleronque
cf. Dion.
of Gellius exhibit
manuscripts
letters); lerodes is an emendation
48
See
Adams
2002:
the
reconstructing
narrative.
tiresome'
'irksome,
Hal.
Dem.
a nonsensical
of Scaliger.
15,
with
Thuc.
Trappes
30.
The
ochlerodes (in Greek
326-7.
III.3.
third
The
terms:
trade
=
GREEK
'SPOKEN'
is a
in the present
group
compilation
one.
are
A number
of words
miscellaneous
probably
coverlet'
23
(13 W.
17 M.),
= M.
e.g.
amphitapos
=
252 M.),
and 277 W.
rather
low-register,
'double-napped
'ladle'
arytaena
'wine of golden
colour'
(1226-7
(14 W.
chrysizon
=
=
1155 M.) omotribes
W.
olive
oil (987 W.
'cold-pressed'
seem
Some
to reproduce
961 M.).
expressions
colloquial
=
at
92-3 W.
93-4 M.),
Greek
(e.g. chaere
spoken by the
a varying
with
as
Romans
of competence,
in
degree
with Oscan pronounciation)
(= thesaurophylax,
tesorophylax
= 581
= 306
W.
'treasurer'
and
diallaxon
(623
M.)
(334 W.
above, II). In all these cases the author displays
M., discussed
a sarcastic and/or aggressive
are
attitude. Similarly
humorous
the
compounds,
oxyodontes
Pararhenchon
M.). Overall
and status.
probably
invented
on
the
women
(1028 W.
'sharp-toothed'
'the one who snores alongside'
one detects
the characterisation
such as
spot,
1066 M.) and
= 1223
(251 W.
of gender,
role,
The
A.D.
Nonius Marcellus
fourth-century
lexicographer
the following
under the entry abstemius
transmits
fragment
('sober'):
(9) Lucil. 275-6 W.
(= 238-9 M.)
'"thau-no-meno"
inquit
balba,
sororem
lanificam dici, siccam atque abstemiam ubi audit.'

'"this
her
is a
s-
sister was
s-
surprise",
said
to be
stammered
spinning
she,
when
she
and weaving,
heard
that
sober and
temperate.'
24 Anna Chahoud
The first word
in line 275
is corrupt, and various emendations

some sense of the text.49 It has
to make
can be
that the transmitted
thaunomeno
have
been proposed
noted, however,
as the comic
defended
been
of a Greek
reproduction
am
'I
(thau-no-meno,
stammering
s-s-surprised')
inMos.
Plautine
character
319, 325 (ma-ma-madere),
drunk woman
in Juvenal
The
15.47-8.50
speech
speaker
like the
or the
impediment
affecting the speaker (balba) might be further explained by

her state of drunkenness
sober
sister),
the woman's
reportedly
emphasise
(as indicated by the contrast with her

or simply by the author's desire
to
or
at
sister's
her
sneer,
surprise,
others would
rather imagine a non-Greek
temperance;
speaker
is
failing to pronounce Greek properly; or perhaps the woman
at all here, and simply says thauma men 'what
not stammering
a
a surprise'. And so on and so forth: textual critics possess
are an endless source of
and fragments
imagination,
as
The
to why
remains
the character
in
question
inspiration.
at all. The simple
satire should be speaking Greek
Lucilius'
answer
is: the speaker
is a Greek woman;
things, however,
powerful
not be so simple. When

it comes to women,
in
Latin
is often hostile,
literature
representation
may
of
affectations
female
tradition
satirical
practice.
In his famous
female
preference
49 Tkaunomeno
offers
satire against women,

Juvenal ridicules
the
for things Greek
in erotic matters:
'even
proposed
metrically
thauma
and Lachmann
'indeed
meno,
surprise').
which
51
See
Adams
defended
unsuitable
men,
Marx
Warmington
50 See Mariotti
of
are not uncommon.51

The
speech
a couple of good examples
of this
is the paradosis
the mode
and derisive
thaumaeno
I. Marzotti;
by
(i.e.
Greek
in
equivalent
conjectured
as Til
renders
meaning
a
possibly
thtay
Haupt
thaumaino)
am
('I
surprised',
chaunoy
obscene
open'.
I960: 80.
1984:
43-77
on Roman
comedy.
provincial
to speak Greek
ladies wish
25
and Attic
at that'52
(6.185-199):
'nam quid rancidius
formosam nisi quae
de Sulmonensi mera
[cum sit turpe magis
hoc
sermone
pavent,
quam quod se non putat ulla

de Tusca Graecula facta est,
Cecropis? omnia Graece:
nostris nescire Latine]
hoc
iram,
gaudia,
185
curas,
hoc cuncta effundunt animi secreta: quid ultra? 190

concumbunt Graece. dones tamen ista puellis:
tune etiam, quam sextus et octogesimus annus
pulsat, adhuc Graece? non est hie sermo pudicus
in uetula. quoties lasciuum interuenit illud
zoe kai psyche, modo sub lodice relictis
195
uteris in turba. quod enim non excitet inguen
uox blanda et nequam? digitos habet. ut tamen omnes
subsidant pinnae, dicas haec mollius Haemo
quanquam et Carpophoro, facies tua computat annos.'
'One of the most revolting [things] is the myth that no one is
pretty until she has changed from a Tuscan into Greekling, from
girl of Sulmo to daughter of Cecrops. Everything happens in
Greek. In this they express their fears and troubles, their joy and
anger; in this they confide their heartfelt secrets; what more can I
say? They couple in Greek. Very well, one may grant those
habits to girls; but you, eroded as you are by a series of eighty
five years, do you still use Greek ? Such language is simply not
that naughty
decent on an old woman's
lips. Whenever
are
endearment pops out Zoe kai Psyche
you
using in public
an expression which should be confined to the sheets. What
organ fails to be stirred by a coaxing lascivious phrase? It has
fingers. Still (to prevent you preening yourself),
though you
make it sound more enticing than Haemus or even Carpophorus,
the sum of the years is etched on your face.' (Transl. N. Rudd)
52
Courtney
ad
loc,
with
Heliodor.
8.6.4,
Machon
223
Juvenal's passage is appropriately quoted by H.A. Holden

note on Cic. Off. 1.111, for which see below, IV.
Gow).
in his
26 Anna Chahoud
are
is the language of these women's
emotions; Greek
the
Greek
is
of endearment
(1. 195);
language
as
a
a
not
if
lover,
caressing
altogether
prostitute
personified
a model
for Juvenal
makes
(11. 196-7), Martial
probably
the same point about the Roman matrona who would
pose as
Greek
all
terms
aGreek prostitute (10.68):

'cum tibi non Ephesos nee sit Rhodos aut Mitylene,
sed domus in uico, Laelia, Patricio,
deque coloratis numquam litamater Etruscis,
durus Aricina de regione pater:
kurie mou, meli mou, psyche mou congeris usque,
pro pudor! Hersiliae ciuis et Egeriae.
lectulus has uoces, nee lectulus audiat omnis,
sed quern lasciuo strauit arnica uiro.
scire cupis quo casta modo matrona loquaris?
numquid, quae crisat, blandior esse potest?
tu licet ediscas totam referasque Corinthon,
non
tamen
omnino,
Laelia,
Lais
10
eris.'
but
'Although your home is not Ephesus or Rhodes or Mitylene
in Patrician Row, Laelia, and although your mother, who uses no
make up, was a daughter of the sunburnt Etruscans and your
dour father came from the district of Aricia, you are always
shame on
"my lord, my honey, my soul"
piling on the Greek
of Hersilia and Egeria! Let the bed hear
you, a countrywoman
such expressions, and not every bed at that, but one made for a
gamesome gentleman by his lady-friend. Do you wish to know
how you talk, you, a respectable married woman?
Could a
more
be
You
learn
all
Corinth
may
blandishing?
waggle-bottom
by heart and reproduce it, you will
(transl. D.R. Shackleton Bailey)
If Greek
woman,
upper-class
in the mouth
is indecent
it is a useless
affectation
Laelia:
such
language
not be altogether
of Juvenal's
in the mouth
does not befit
Lais.'
old
decrepit
of Martial's
a respectable
In both passages
in the bedroom,
lady.
kept
passages
role play
Greek
27
a specific
(best
activity
and in both
every bedroom)
be seen as a form of titillating
marks
and not
may
'code-switching
of
the
world
suggestive
of prostitution'.53
Even more
a
the
if
the
Greek
is
of a
translation
address
effect,
undignified
as
mou
case
Latin one,
with meli
appears to be the
(= Lat. mel
a case of 'Romans' Greek',
if not altogether
meum), probably
an invention
of Martial.54
this sort may

Greek would
One wonders
lurk behind
characterise
her sister,
of
something
where
(9) above,
in stark contrast
whether
Lucilius'
passage
a licentious woman
described
in terms of
explicitly
virtue
The Greek
stereotypical
(lanifica).
in (2) and (3) above may more
obscenities
relate
generally
with the perception
of Greek as the language of love.
with
the latter being

Roman
female
different
completely
women
in Lucretius
is the catalogue
chariton
pumilio,
mia,
'tota merum
1160
sal',
magna atque immanis 'cataplexis plenaque honoris'.

balba loqui non quit: *traulizi\ muta 'pudens est';
at flagrans odiosa loquacula Lampadium fit.
uerost
rhadine
prae macie;
fit, cum
turn
eromenion
ischnon
uiuere
iam mortua
non
1165
quit
tussi.
At tumida et mammosa Ceres est ipsa ab Iacco,

Simula Silena ac Saturast, labeosa philema.
cetera de genere hoc longum est si dicere coner.'
'A black
53
the
1979:
Kaimio
54 On
465.
2002:
Adams
also
See
this passage
also
is called
love
'unadorned',
Biville
of
4.1160-70:
est, immunda et fedita acosmos,
nervosa et lignea dorcas,
'nigra melichrus
caesia Palladion,
paruula,
case
"honey
green-eyed
within
361,
192,
Swain
black",
"Athena's
a
thorough
2002:
164-5.
the foul
image",
discussion
and similar cases of loan-shift

2002:
1170
the
at
and
filthy
wiry
and
360-2.
See
see Adams
2002:
98-102.
28 Anna Chahoud
wooden "a gazelle", the squat and dwarfish "one of the Graces",
"all pure delight", the lumpy and ungainly "a wonder" and "full
of majesty". She stammers and cannot speak: "she has a lisp";
[the dumb is "modest", the fiery, spiteful gossip is "a burning
one
torch",
becomes
"slender
darling"
when
she
can
scarce
live from decline; another half dead with cough is "frail". Then
the fat and full-bosomed
is "Ceres' self with bacchus at breast";
the snub-nosed is "sister to Silenus, or a Satyr"; the thick-lipped
is "a living kiss". More of this sort itwere tedious for me to try
totell.'(transl.
The
voice
seductress;
C.Bailey)
is not that of a would-be

reproduced
by Lucretius
the speaker here is the blind male
lover covering
of
suggestions
dimension
of his beloved.
the defects
euphemistically
the
Greek
language
the man's
The musicality
and
an
idealised
create
text is
This
passion.
to the present
in respect of (5), where
discussion
to visualise
his reader
the female
Lucilius
urges
beauty
celebrated by (Greek) myth
in realistic (Latin) terms.
for
the object
of
relevant
is more
There
in Lucilius
to suggest
that Latin and Greek
ways of looking at reality. In a fragment
are
and their Latin counterpart
1, Greek words
to bring out the contrast between
synonyms:
two different
signify
from Book
juxtaposed
(10) Lucil. 15-6W. (= 15-6 M.):

'porro clinopodas lychnosque, ut diximus
ante, pedes lecti atque lucernas'
semnos
'and further "pieds de lit" and "chandeliers",

that was the grand
name we called (plain) bed-feet and lamps' (transl. N. Rudd)
a context, blends
in
The fragment,
again transmitted without
1 apparently
well with others in Book
the excessive
attacking
luxury and moral
corruption
of contemporary
Rome.
Lychnus
(Greek lychnos) is inflected as Latin; Ennius has it in the

Annals,
and
this originally
Greek
loanword
would
retain
its
29
status
the Latin
tradition.
throughout
epic
Conversely,
(the accusative
clinopodas
plural of a Greek
is neither recorded elsewhere
compound meaning
'bed-foot')
in Latin nor exactly
in literary Greek,
paralleled
although
are found in prosaic descriptions
similar compounds
of lavish
5.197a-b
and 6.255e;
cf. also Xen. An.
(Athen.
furnishing
a
It
is
trade term, like many
in Lucilius.55
4.4.21).
probably
high-register
on
adverb semnos contains the speaker's comment
to the higher
the gap between
the two sets of words, pointing
a term of the
register of the Greek names. Semnos,
perhaps
a
as
a grand style
is
used
critical
term
to
characterise
school,
a
to
Att
Plin.
in
Cic.
reference
15.12.1;
2.1.17,
(cf
Epist
Our
to the aforementioned
passage
Tacitus).56
belongs
and the speaker is remarking on a change of
'Divine Council',
The Greek
between
the gods
linguistic
practice
seems
to mark
the distinction
adverb
(pedes lecti, lucernas) and grand names
(diximus).
between
The
Greek
plain
words
(clinopodas,
lychnos).
about a pretentiousness
that
Just as in (5) above, Greek brings

to
Latin fails to convey. The speaker strives to give solemnity
lack it altogether,
such as lamps and beds (and
objects which
...
too: Lucil.
14 W. = 17 M. arutaenae
probably water-jugs
I note in passing
the possibility
of Lucilius
aquales).
building
on the established
In an
notion of 'the language of the gods'.
ancient-rooted
tradition which
Plato took seriously
enough to
on
in his dialogue
discuss
the gods
language (Cratylus 39Id),
were
imagined to speak an idiom of their own; as Martin West
sums
gods
up:
...
the distinction
periphrases,
poetic ornament'.57
65 See Mariotti
66
See
2002:
Adams
-
being
I960: 58.
61M.L.
West,
Fraenkel
to the language of the

or poetic
archaisms,
drawn for comic effect or
'the actual words

attributed
are
synonyms,
existing
in a
325-9;
1999:
Petersmann
note to Hes. Th. 831 (Oxford

manuscript
note
on
our
passage
338.
1966: 387-8). Eduard

in his
own
copy
of
30 Anna Chahoud
IV. LANGUAGE
AND
SOCIALNORM: THENOTION OF DECORUM

Good
Latin writers
Horace's
not to express
themselves
Lucilius'
against
bilingualism
of a principle
that Cicero
argument
to poetics
extension
in Greek.
was
an
ought
had
long
for oratory. Not only
'good'
language
as opposed
nostrorum
to
164 bonitas
uerborum),
(Ok
more
Greek
Graecorum)?%
'magnificent'
(splendor
is the hallmark of
the ability to speak Latin well
importantly,
is the Latin
established
true Romanness
Cicero
(Brut. 140 ciuis Romani

the connection
between
explores
When
proprium).59
seemliness
linguistic
and moral integrity more explicitly in the De Officiis, the

ruling principle he lays out for both isdecorum (1.111):
'If there is indeed such a thing as propriety (decorum), then
surely it is nothing more than harmony and consistency, alike in
Marx's
parallel
from
contrast
between
Attic
semnos
where
comedy
seems
to
semnos
mortals
call
meal"
"barley
(pelanon
propose
mark
a
the
Meineke
Casaubon's;
to move
the
adverb
hemeis
<kaloumen
theoi / ha kaleite semnos alphith' humeis hoi hrotoi). The

Isaac
- entered
(Oxford)
the language of gods and the language of men:

we immortals call "sacrificial offer" what
(PCG VII.l)
'
Sannyrio
you
now in the Sackler
edition of Lucilius,
hoi
supplement
to
read
asemnos;
proposed
1: see Kassel-Austin
to line
ad
is
others
loc. The
text is undeniably problematic.
58
Cic.
Or at.
164 quare
Graecorum
quam
splendore
rather
than
the
magnificent
59
140 non enim
Cic. Brut
bonitate
'therefore
Greek
tarn
potius
let
nostrorum
us use
uerborum
the
good
Latin
utamur
words
ones'.
praeclarum
est scire Latine
quam
turpe
nescire, neque tarn id mihi oratoris boni quam ciuis Romani proprium
uidetur. See Powell
1995: 290; on the alleged connection between
Latin
and Roman
citizenship,
see Adams
2003:
186.
31
life as a whole and in every act of life; and these qualities can
never be kept vital if, forgetting our own personalities, we spend
our time trying to ape those of others. For just as we ought to use
our native language so thatwe do not draw well justified ridicule
upon ourselves by cramming Greek words into our speech (as
some do), so we ought not to introduce any discordance into our
actions and into the whole of our lives.' (transl. E.M. Atkins,
60
adapted)
must
Romans
The
behave
to be
aim
they
comment
be
may
someone
had
that he
unless
Romans,
Cicero's
suspects
notorious
like Romans
and speak
and
laughed at,
deservingly
a general
one, although
in mind
(quidam)
possibly
Hellenomaniac
T. Albucius,
the Roman praetor
who
like
so.
one
the
ended
up being
at
in
Greek
Athens
Q. Scaevola
by
greeted
turns the episode
120 B.C.61 Lucilius
into the
around year
an
In
for
his
Book
2.
at
back
effort
'the
tracing
subject-matter
origin of the exaggerated

now fashionable',
Cicero
from
Lucilius'
passage
excesses
contempt
himself
poem
for home
that is
a
(Fin.
1.9) quotes
long
as evidence
for
ludicrous
products
of philhellenism:
(11) Lucil. 87-93 W. (= 88-94 M.)

'Graecum te,Albuci, quam Romanum atque Sabinum,
municipem Ponti, Tritani, centurionum,
praeclarorum hominum ac primorum signiferumque,
60 Cic.
Off.
magis
quam
enim
quam
aequabilitas
conservare
nonpossis,
eo debemus
sermone
Graeca
uitam
an
1.111 omnino si quicquam est decorum, nihil est profecto
uerba
inculcantes
nullam
uniuersae
si aliorum
uti,
iure
qui
optimo
uitae,
naturam
uernaculus
rideamur,
debemus.
conferre
the
transmitted
discrepantiam
of Watt;
emendation
conjectured
61
See A.
cum
turn
actionum,
singularum
imitans
omittas
est nobis,
ne,
tuam.
ut
Ut
quidam,
sic in actiones
The
text
word
has
omnemque
is
uernaculus
notus,
Baiter
innatus.
Dyck's
note
ad
loc.
32 Anna Chahoud
maluisti dici. Graece ergo praetor Athenis,

id quod maluisti, te, cum ad me accedis, saluto:
chaere
inquam
Tite.
turma
Lictores,
chaere, Tite. Hinc hostis mi Albucius,
omnis
chorusque:
hinc inimicus.'
'A Greek iswhat you preferred to be called, Albucius,

instead of
Roman or Sabine, or a native of the town that gave birth to
Pontus and Tritanus, to centurions, to first-class men and front
rank soldiers, and standard-bearers. A Greek "hello" to you,
then, when you come to meet me, the praetor at Athens: just as
you preferred, I say: "chaere, Titus". And the band of attendants
and bodyguards,
they all go in unison: "chaere, Titus". Hence
Albucius' hostility towards me, hence his resentment.'
The
narrative
as follows:
of events
Scaevola
Q. Mucius
a term as
on his return from
charged with
was one Titus
of Asia
in 119 B.C.;
the prosecutor
governor
as
was
he was able to
Scaevola
Albucius;
probably acquitted,
goes
extortion
was
be
elected
between
in
consul
the two men
117. The
reasons
for
the
for evidence
remain
inimicitia
on this
unclear,
from Lucilius, who took it
episode comes almost exclusively
as an opportunity
to contrast
with
the
the Stoic
Scaevola
own
to
and
attack
Lucilius'
both.62
Albucius,
Epicurean
caricature
of
the episode
suggests
resentment
that Albucius'
goes back to the public mockery described (or invented) by

in this passage
(1. 93 W. hinc hostis
Cicero puts the quotation
appropriately
Lucilius
Most
the orator
... hinc
inimicus).
in the mouth of
in
son-in-law
of the speaker
Crassus,
Scaevola
makes
Mucius
Scaevola
satire, Q.
'Augur'.
fun of Albucius'
affectations
by greeting him in
disreputable
Greek on a public occasion
at Athens;
the whole of Scaevola's
Licinius
Lucilius'
praetorian
salutation:
62On
entourage
chaere, Tite
the political
in
joins
('Bonjour,
implications
the
same
inappropriate
Titus').
of the trial, see Gruen
1992: 257-8,
290-1.
as a man
who
Albucius
a
and
to
called
be
origin
preferred
the Greek
form of address
the
replacing
account of the
salue, as in Varro's
greeting
Scaevola
Lucilius'
his
Atticus
depicts
Italian
repudiated
'Greek'. Hence
Latin
expected
encounter
33
between
the senator
Q.
and his friends
Lucienus
and Cossinius
chaere,
(Var. R. 2.5.1
Synepirotae,
contexts
Informal
allowed
such
above,
III.I).63
the
Greek-educated
Roman
among
upper classes, and
are an obvious
letters to Atticus
of this
example
quoted
liberties
Cicero's
practice;64 hardly so an official

of the Roman
republic. What
encounter
between magistrates
a sign of a cheerfully
as a sharp
shared code among
in Lucilius
works
friends,
65
or
of
excessive
mockery
inappropriate philhellenism.
the address
the praenomen
alone
Besides,
(Tite)
by
reflects Greek
and epigraphic
usage.
deliberately
Literary
evidence
is here
in the second
that Greeks
century named
name
first
their
followed
the
ethnic
by
by
(e.g. Titus
was
Flamininus
Titos
Rhomaios,
'Titus, Roman').66
simply
Tite is the only instance of this form of address
in Lucilius,
as in line 87
who regularly uses the family name (gentilicium),
shows
Romans
63
64
65
See
2002:
Adams
See
Swain
Atkins
direct
2002:
S55.
128-167.
II. 11-2:
1952:
on
attack
...
provincialisms
'it is with
current
Lucilius
abuses
for
fondness
that
of
we
diction
... the
get
solecisms
a mannerism
Graecisms,
seems
enough
to
motivate
Albucius'
...
much
affected in the cultured circles of his day.'

66 See Grassi
1961: 148, Adams 2002: 673. The Greek
address
first
form of
A
resentment.
different interpretation has however been put forward. Jones (1989:

= membrum uirile
153) recalls the substandard word titus 'dove
(cf.
Schol.
be
Pers.
1.20; Adams
1982:
32,
44,
214),
arguing
that
there
may
of repetition,
both abusive and
'double entendre worthy
amusing' in the use of the praenomen (with chiastic contrast, Albuci
... Tite
salutation
... Tite
was
...
Albucius).
meant
clearly
Either
way
as a verbal
Scaevola's
apparently
polite
assault.
34 Anna Chahoud
W.
The
Albuci.61
Albucius'
contrived
believe
Cicero's
was
'Titus
bilingual
Greek
joke
chaere
identity.
of the man:
portrait
or
Greek-educated,
so,
Rightly
rather
to ridicule
aims
Tite
Greek
if we
are to
...
altogether
he
spent his youth at Athens and grew into a complete Epicurean,

creed ill-suited to public speaking' (Cic. Brut. 131).68
The
practice of switching
was
conversation,
private
such as this one, where
into Greek, however

to official
ill-suited
Scaevola's
in
acceptable
circumstances
to the
accommodation
id quod
of his Hellenising
addressee
(1. 91 W.
was both meant and perceived
as hostile.69 Educated
to display
their
would
take the opportunity
gladly
speech
maluisti)
Romans
in private to their
competence when
talking (or writing)
and
Formal
context
made
this
equals.
liberty unacceptable
offensive.
Scaevola's
Greek
salutation
insulted Albucius
just
as Mark Antony would
come to displease Cicero by using the
letter
Greek word zelotypia
in a 'most distasteful'
('jealousy')
Greek
to him
addressed
in 49 B.C.70
2 Lucilius
fun at Albucius'
pokes
The
Cicero
Hellenising
quoting source,
again, informs
were originally
a
us that the passages
of
part
(De
dialogue
Orat. 3.171):71
in Book
Elsewhere
diction.
67 See
Dickey
68 Cic. Brut.
...
Graecus
minime
69
On
131 doctus etiam Graecis T. Albucius

enim
fuit
aptum
the
2002: 70.
Athenis
ad dicendum
notion
of
adulescens,
perfectus
uel potius plane

euaserat,
Epicureus
genus.
aggressive
accommodation
see Adams
2002:
353.
70
comment
Cicero's
to Atticus
164 n.
is found
in the
accompanying
(10.8.10 odiosas litteras). On this episode,
letter
addressed
see Swain 2002:
100.
71Cicero
quotes Lucil. 84 f W.
(=84 M.)
again in Orator
149.
35
84-5, 86W. (=84-5, 86 M.)

'quam lepide lexis compostae ut tesserulae omnes
(12)Lucil.
arte
atque
pauimento
'Crassum
habeo
emblemate
ne
generum,
uermiculato!'
tu sis.'
rhetoricoterus
'how charmingly are ses dits put together - artfully like all the
little stone dice of mosaic
in a paved floor or in an inlay of
wriggly pattern!'
a
'I have
VorateurV
One
son-in-law
named
Crassus,
lest
you
be
too
much
(transl. E.H. Warmington)
in the dialogue
of the speakers
enacted by Cicero
is the
more
once
orator Crassus,
Scaevola's
and
son-in-law,
famous
Lucilius wittily
Scaevola's
refined
voice
writer
satirizes Albucius
(lepide lusif) through
Scaevola was such a

(in soceri met persona):
that he could
it very well
do
(is qui
id facere
both
Lucilius'
potuit).
By having
elegantissime
Cicero
the humorous
passages
quoted by Crassus,
expands
effect with an interplay of characters
(Cicero says that Crassus
said that [Lucilius
said that] Scaevola
had said to Albucius,
accommodates
his speech to the ethos of the
etc.). Scaevola
'almost Greek' Albucius,
whose
phrases are lexeis rather than
or sententiae
uocabula
that is most probably
(1. 84), because
as
what he would
call them, just as he would qualify himself
or a similar Latin equivalent.
rather than facundus
rhetoricos
The hybrid form rhetoricoterus (with Latin ending) is

of Albucius'
the
and
suggestive
identity,
ambiguous
unattested
in Greek,
looks like an on-the-spot
comparative,
formation
of the kind familiar to readers of Plautus. Cicero's
letters
betraying
typical
also
feature
formations,
analogous
to show off his linguistic skills. A
('one must not care a button',
facteon
occasionally
Cicero's
ambition
case
is flocci
36 Anna Chahoud
Shackleton
D.R.
transl.
diminutive
tocullionibus
Bailey);72
is the Latinised
in Att.
transl. D.R.
Shackleton
is found
in the abusive
petits usuriers\
tokos ('interest')
in Lucilius'
tocoglyphos
('MMLes
base-form
1.21.12
form of Gr.
one
to
reference
language,
the
compound
= 497
Here
(540 W.
M.).
use
with
the
of the ethnic, denotes
along
derogatory
for the activity and the speaker's distance from it.73
all the difference.
makes
means
also
Bailey);
Syrophoenix,
the change
of
money-lender
contempt
Context
the
tocullion
and
genre
readership.
his public
In literary terms,
Cicero
provides
context
a neat
and theoretical
picture. When
writing
speeches
at all costs,
avoids Greek
all
treatises, Cicero
translating
extracts from Greek writers
in order to create a product
familiar
suitable for readers who were not, or not sufficiently,
with
have displeased
the readers
things Greek. Greek might
and failed to catch their attention and support. When
in doubt
as to his audience's
to an open display
of Greek
reaction
as far in his captatio
on his part, Cicero
education
goes
as
benevolentiae
Verrines
an
In the
implausible
ignorance.
in
the
bronze
engaged
describing
feign
when
Cicero,
statues which Verres
had carried
off from
the chapel of Heius

in Messana,
does remember
of the artefact
the Greek
to the
but when
it comes
'Basket-bearers'),
(Canephoroe
no
name
of the artist
less
he
declines
Polyclitus,
'who did they say he was?'
(Verr. 2.4.5).74
responsibility:
name
72
Cic.
istos
to
1.16.13
Att.
letters,
qua
non
consulatus
as
you
flocci
do,
tu
et
id
re, ut opinor, philosopheteon,
quod
facis,
one must
I suppose
'therefore
take
facteon
and
(transl. D.R. Shackleton
73
74
Cf. Adams
Cic.
Verr.
uocabantur;
Polyclitum
exciting
things
2002:
2.4.5
sed
not
a button
for
their
consulship'
Bailey).
309.
erant
earum
aenea
duo praeterea
?
artificem
quern?
esse dicebant North
popular
Greek'.
care
resentment
signa;
...
quemnam?
ipsae
Canephoroe
recte admones,
1952: 27 speaks of Cicero's

against
superior
erudition,
or
Tear of
possibly
Here we
37
out of a
magistrate
calling himself
a
context
When
the
field.
is
potentially
unpopular
private one,
and Cicero
is addressing Atticus, Varro or some other of his
erudite friends, he would use Greek freely: the Greek Index of
have
the Roman
edition of Cicero's Letters recordss more

Bailey's
than eight hundred words. This is Cicero's
it is
private voice
a different person, or more precisely,
a different persona,
and
the code of communication
changes accordingly.
Shackleton
V. CONCLUSIONS
in Lucilius
Greek
the text. On
the one hand we
unconventional
into
individual
the
usaage
verses as he would
public.
He
private
idea of
Roman
control
as characterisation
functions
realm
who
have
the voice
of
in
speech
the Roman
introduced
ways of colloquial
writes
Lucilius
poetry.
learned friends, who are also his
of narrative
talk to his
a shared culture
calls upon
conversation.
of
and adopts
the modes
us
Cicero's
of
an
gives
correspondence
between
the Greek-educated
exchanges
Switches
into Greek
upper classes.
suggest
proud
and familiarity
with
the literary
of the language
informal
tradition (cf. passages (4) and (5)).

the other hand, some of the examples
in this paper call for a different
explanation.
On
I have
When
presented
repeating
idioms of the bedroom ((2), (3)), disparaging philhellenes

((7), (11)), mimicking the philosopher (6) or the grammarian
is appropriating
In these
else's voice.
(8), Lucilius
somebody
cases Lucilius
in
not
Greek
his
but
he
does
text,
incorporates
do it in his authorial persona.
The satirist is enabled by his
genre
open, multi-faceted
Greek may
embody more
what
the
contemporary
imagination.
The purpose
to put on numerous
than one of them,
scene
offers
to
'masks',
and
on
depending
the
satirist's
is one of characterisation:
change
of
38 Anna Chahoud
marks
language
the
of
change
voice,
character,
literary
persona.
The
has
persona-theory
in recent
criticised,
critics maintain
that
and
very much
exploited,
on Roman
satire. Traditional
been
studies
to apply
the
impossible
to Horace
and Lucilius
without
'it is almost
of satire
persona-theory
their work'.75 This is certainly
true, if one ventures
distorting
to solve every contradiction
in
the
relation
mysterious
implied
F
between
and
i.e.
between
literature
I',76
'poetic
'empirical
and life. But this was never at issue. The issue is a fuller
a text and
features
in the
its distinguishing
of language
its genre. The technique
variation,
later trouble a purist like Horace,
would
suited Lucilius
of
appreciation
context
of
which
in his original
This
of Ennius'
interpretation
literary medley.
is the new satura that Lucilius was proposing
and consigning
as satire: a multi-voiced
to posterity
variety of
reflects
form of poetry,
in which
alongside
variety of style and register,
language,
the endless variety of themes.*
APPENDIX
LUCILIUS'GREEK LEXICON
(Abbreviations:
cj.
Carminum Reliquiae,
75
Highet
76Elliott
*
I wish
= Marx
(F. Marx, C. Lucilii
conjectural; M.
=
1904-5); W.
(E. H.
Leipzig
Warmington
1974.
1982: 165 ff.
to
thank
this
Journal's
anonymous
referees,
Dr
J.N.
Prof.
I. Mariotti,
and the staff and students of the
of Latin in Pisa for their helpful criticism. I am also
Department
grateful to Prof. R. Oniga for kindly presenting me with a copy of
his recently published volume (Oniga 2003) which I would have
Adams,
been
Woodman
unable
to
for his
take
into
comments
account
on
otherwise,
individual
passages
and
to
from
Prof.
A.J.
Lucilius.
Warmington,
ed. 1967)).
I.Quotations
Remains
39
of Old Latin III, Loeb Classical
Library,
rev.
from Homer
ac ton d'exerpaxen
'and him Apollo rescued' 268 W. =
Apollon
232 M. - //. 20
Ares Ares (grammatical point on the spelling of long and short A)
372 W. (= 355 M.)~Il.
5.31
~ Od.
Amphitryonis acoetin 'Amphitryon's spouse' 569 W. (= 541 M.)
11.266
~ Od.
euplocamo (fern, dat.) 'with lovely tresses' 1095 W. (= 991 M.)
5.390
~
calliplocamon
(fern, ace.) 'with lovely curls' 567 W. (= 540 M.)
//. 14.326, 18.407;
~
callisphyron
(fern, ace.) 'with lovely ankles' 567 W. (= 540 M.)
//.
Od.
5.333
9.560,
e.g.
~
couren eupatereiam
'daughter of a noble sire' 572 W. (= 545 M.)
e.g.
//.
6.292
e"pasin necyessi cataphthimenoisin

'than to be a king over all the souls
that are dead and gone' 492 W. (= 463 M.) ~ Od. 11.491
Ixionies alochoeo
'Ixion's wife' 29 W. (= 25 M.) ~ //. 14.317
II. Technical
Terms
Philosophy
archais (dat. plur.) 'first principles' 807 W. (= 790 M.)
atomus (ace. plur.) 'atoms' 820 W. (= 753 M.)
eiddla (ace. plur.) 'images' 820 W. (= 753 M.)
eis aithera 'to the sky' 848 W. (= 799 M.)
ge 'earth' 810 W. (= 793 M.)
'air' 810 W. (= 793 M.)
pneuma
'elements'
stoicheia, stoicheiois
(Latinised stoechia, stoechiis)
W. (= 792 M.), 807 W. (= 790 M.), 811W. (794 M.)
zetematium
(Latinised) 'a little problem' 675 W. (= 650 M.)
809
Grammar & Rhetoric
40 Anna Chahoud
archetypa
M.)
atechnon
or archaeotera
(neutr. plur.)
'models' 411 W.
(= 1111
(= 186 M.)
(letter R) 389 W. (= 377 M.)
cacosyntheton
'ugly-sounding'
'utter'
869
W. (= 908 M.)
epiphoni (imperative?)
'sonorous'
euphona (neutr. plur.)
(words) after 418 W. (= 1168 M.)
Isocration
'in the manner of Isocrates' 191W. (= 186M.)
lerodes 'silly' (talk) 192W. (= 187M.) (cj. ochleron
'tiresome')
lexeis 'words' 84 W. (= 84 M.)
meiraciodes
'childish; affected' (style) 192W. (= 187M.)
'creative'
542 W. (= 495 M.)
poeeticon
rhesis (nom. plur.?) 'speeches' 788 W. (= 709 M.) (cj.)
rhetoricoterus
'more eloquent' 86W. (= 86 M.)
schema
(= 1133 M.)
(but schema abl. sing.
'figure' 416 W.
= 804
M.)
'posture' 972 W.
schole 'school' 822-3 W. (= 756 M.)
semnos (adv.) 'in a grand style' 15W. (= 15M.)
sigma 'sigma' (the Greek letter) 391 W. (= 379 M.)
'inartistic'
191W.
Medicine
apepsia 'indigestion' 976 W. (= 923 M.)
arthriticos
'gouty' 354 W. (= 331 M.)
III. Spoken Greek
(?)
'the Unsmiling' p. 422 W. (= 1300 M.)

agelastos
aigilipoi
'steep' (mountains) 105W. (= 113M.)
amphitapos
'double-napped coverlet' 13W. (= 13M.), 277 W. (=
252 M.)
arytaena (Latinised) "ladle' 14W. (= 17M.)
Atticon
'Attic' coin 1259 W. (= 1199 M.)
celetas (ace. plur.) 'small fast boat' p. 421 W. (= 1359 M.)
chaere 'hello' 92-3 W. (= 93-4 M.)
te dynastes
Chios
'Lord of Chios' (wine) 596 W. (=
(sc. oinos)
1131 M.)
'of golden colour' 1226-7 W. (= 1155
chrysizon
(sc. oinos) wine
M.)
clinopodas
(ace. plur.)
'bed-feet'
15W.
(= 15M.)
diallaxon
emblemate
empleuron
M.)
(fut. participle) 'about to cross' 334 W.

(abl. sing.) 'mosaic' 85 W. (= 85 M.)
'broad-flanked' (woman)
(fern, ace),
41
(= 306 M.)
1056 W.
(= 1251
'hit, success' 955 W. (= 829 M.)

epiteugma,
'dispatch-boat'? p. 421 W. (= 1359 M.)
hypereticos
muco ? (dat./abl. sing.) 'the recesses' (of a house) 1024 W. (= 1075
M.)
omotribes (sc. elaion) 'cold-pressed' (olive oil) 987 W. (= 961 M.)
oxyodontes
'sharp-toothed' 1028W. (= 1065 M.)
'the one who snores alongside' 251 W. (= 1223 M.)
Pararhenchon
'I burst with lust' 332 W. (= 304 M.)
psolocopoumai
man'
201 W. (= 1236 M.)
'wise
sophos
stomide (abl. sing.) 'bridle-bit' 518 W. (= 511 M.) (cj.)
'treasurer' 623 W. (= 581 M.)
(= thesaurophylax)
tesorophylax
Oscan
(with
pronunciation)
thaunomeno?
(cj. 'thaumaino' 'I am surprised', or chauno(s) meno
'I'll stay relaxed') 275 W. (= 238 M.)
'usurer' 540 W. (= 497 M.)
tocoglyphos
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Pierre Chantraine
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The Roman Satirist's Use of Greek

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Classical Association of Ireland

The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

in language is half someone else's'

over other Roman

however, were not

scilicet oblitus patriaeque patrisque Latini,

tali uoce Quirinus

'in siluam non ligna feras insanius ac si

'but his (Lucilius's) was a great achievement,

insignem laudem adeptus Lucilius

quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet

as identified by Horace, and carried on by Persius and Juvenal. It

The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

the Falernian brand is mixed with Chian.' When you're

you'd prefer, whereas Pedius Publicola and Corvinus sweat out

the early satirist, only to dismiss

demoting himself to the rank of a bilingual Apulian

that Quirinus himself, the Roman god identified with

of the city, should be the one to advise Horace against

erasure of the distinction

of Roman political activity. Hence the admixture of Graecisms,

is not yet fully and thoroughly Roman'

matrem Italam; autper contrarium Hybridam

dicunt appellari, qui mixto

dico, quos utraque

lingua domi forisque

The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

the title as well

(see below, III.I).9

intimate facts to his books, which

ut omnis / uotiua pateat ueluti descripta tabella /

to the poetry of Lucilius,

that this approach may

The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

II.GREEK& LATIN INCONTACT:

often offer a merely

into the Latin

(Remains of Old Latin

and phrases at 418-23; F. Marx' edition (Leipzig

of the history of the Latin language

than of the author's

utilior mihi quam sapiens.'

the word paenula

has very little to do with the

991 libertas paenulast

tergo tuo your freedom's

The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

(= 305 and 306 M.)

et cruribus crura diallaxon^

and I, about to cross legs with

legs' (transl. E.H. Warmington)

At (2) a seemingly elegiac tone (cf. the diminutive labellis22)

instance of the verb is in the active form (psolocopeo)

est, quod Lucilius

The Roman Satirist Speaks Greek

dia-9 but failed

that the compound

AND FUNCTIONOF GREEK INLUCILIUS

27 Eur. Her act. 836

epallachtheis podi. See J.

and Dr. Lucia

typically Greek disciplines (philosophy, rhetoric, medicine);