Unidirectional composite

V l
Volumefractions:
f ti

0.3<Vf <0.8

Density:
y
1

1.Longitudinalstrength andstiffness

1.Thefibers andthematrix experience thesame strain

2.Theload is shared between thefibers andthematrix

Rule ofmixtures:
f

[Goodagreementwith experiments intraction

Some deviation incompressionduetobuckling ofthefibers]

Example:Eglass=70Gpa,Ecarbon=350Gpa,Eepoxy=3.5GPa

The properties inthelongitudinaldirectionaredominated

Theproperties
in the longitudinal direction are dominated bythefibers
by the fibers

Fractionoftheload carried bythefibers:

Carbon/epoxy

Glass/epoxy

Glass/epoxy:
Carbon/epoxy:

fu

Stressstrain curve ofanhypothetical compositewith ductile andbrittle fibers andtypical ductilematrix

The composites with brittle fibers fractureat
Thecompositeswith
fracture at thefracturestrain
the fracture strain ofthefibers.
of the fibers
Ifthefibers areductile,thefracturestrain ofthefibers inthecompositemay be larger than without thematrix.

Ultimate strength ofunidirectional compositeasfunction offiber volumefraction

Vmin =minimumfiber
i i
fib volumefractionthat
l
f
i
h
Ensures fibercontrolled compositefailure

Vcrit= critical volumefractionabove which

thestrength ofthecompositeexceeds
that ofthematrix

Glass/epoxy:
fu=2500Mpa
fu=3.5%
mu=130MPa
Em=3500MPa

Vcrit <1%
6

2.Transversestiffness andstrength
21 C t t t
2.1.Constantstressmodel:
d l
Thecompositeis stressed inthetransversedirection,
perpendicular tothefibers.Itis
to the fibers It is represented asmadeby
as made by
layers offibers andlayers ofmatrix,with thesame area,
andexperiencing thesame load andthesame stress.

Elongations:

Assumption !!

Inverserule ofmixtures
Problems:
1.Theassumption ofuniform stressis wrong
2.Mismatch ofPoissons ratiosf andm

Glass

CFRP

Inverserule ofmixtures:

2 2 HalpinTsai
2.2.Halpin
Tsai semi
semiempirical
empirical model
model

is obtained bycurve fitting onelasticity solutions

Forcircular orsquarefibers:=2
Forrectangular
g
fibers:=2a/b

/ ((aintheloadingg direction))
(For=0,it reduces totheinverserule ofmixtures)

Example:
(circular fibers:=2)

Almost independent
ofEf/Em
10

2.3.Transversestrength
g
Inthelongitudinaldirection,theload is shared bythefibers andthematrix.
Inthetransversedirection,thefibers areunable totake alargepartoftheload.
The high modulus fibers serveaseffectiveconstraints
Thehigh
serve as effective constraints onthedeformation
on the deformation ofthematrix.
of the matrix
Thefibers areresponsible forstressconcentration.
Thecompositefailure occurs at amuch lower strain than theunrestrained matrix material.
Compositebreaking strain:

Stressconcentrationinmatrix surrounding asinglecylindrical inclusion

Ef/Em=10,m=0.35f=0.3

11

Normalized principalstressinmatrix surrounding multiplefibers

m=0.35f=0.20
12

3.Shear modulus GLT

3.1Constantstressmodel

tm
tc

tf

Inverserule ofmixtures
13

3.2.HalpinTsai semiempirical model

Same asforET,
except that =1

14

4.Prediction ofthePoissons ratio

4.1.MajorLT

tm
tf

Thedeformation ofthecompositeis thesum

ofthat ofthematrix andofthefiber:

Rule ofmixtures
of mixtures
15

4.2.Minor TL

T
L

Load caseNo1:L=1
L=1

Load caseNo2:=1

T=1

L=1
L=1/EL
=LT/EL

L=TL/ET
According Maxwells
Principle ofreciprocity,

T=1/ET

T=1
1

16

17