Intensive SPM Seminar

2015
BIOLOGY
TK Leong
(016 - 209 7687)

ANALYSIS OF SPM BIOLOGY

Chapter

Introduction of Biology

Cell Structure and Cell

Organisation
Movement of Substances
across the Plasma
Membrane

Chemical Composition of
the Cell

Cell Division

Nutrition

Respiration

Dynamic Ecosystem

Endangered Ecosystem

FORM 4

Contents

Scientific investigation. (P3)

Variables, observation, inferences, hypothesis and
operational definition.
Procedures of an experiment.
Describe cell organisation in the formation of tissues,
organs and systems in multicellular organisms.
General revision.
Fluid mosaic structure of the plasma membrane.
Define fluid mosaic model.
Permeability of plasma membrane.
General revision.
Explain the uses of enzymes in daily life and industry
using examples.
Explain the effects of pH, temperature, enzyme
concentration, and substrate concentration on enzyme
activity, (Graph)
Mitosis.
Cloning / tissue culturing. (Application of mitosis)
Mechanism of photosynthesis. (Essay)
Digestion of cellulose in ruminants/rodents.
Pasteurisation.
Respiration in plants. (Light compensation point)
Revision of J-tube experiment. (Determination air
composition)
Industrial importance of anaerobic respiration.
The roles of bacteria in Nitrogen cycle.
Biodiversity (Plantae, Animalia and Fungi)
Sampling method: Capture Recapture Method
Eutrophication and B.O.D value.

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Chapter 1
1. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentration of sucrose
solutions on potato tissues.
The following steps were carried out:
Step 1: Four pieces of potato discs with thickness of 2mm each were obtained from a potato.
Step 2: Each disc was immersed in a petri dish containing different concentration of sucrose
solution.
Step 3: After 20 minutes, the potato discs were removed and wiped dry with a filter paper.
Step 4: The final diameter of each potato disc was measured and recorded.
Diagram 1 shows the initial diameter for each potato disc.

Table 1 shows the results of the experiment.

Concentration
of sucrose
solution (M)

Final Diameter of potato disc after 20 minutes, (cm)

0.2

0.4

0.6

Table 1

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(a) State two different observations based on table 1. [3]

Observation 1:

Observation 2:

(b) State the inference which corresponds to each observation in (a). [3]
Inference for observation 1:

Inference for observation 2:

(c) Complete the table 2 based on the experiment. [3]

Variables
Manipulated variables

Method to handle the variables

Responding variables

Controlled variables

(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment. [3]

(e) Based on this experiment, define osmosis. [3]

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2. Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plants, especially in leaves. Transpiration occurs
mostly through the stomata, the amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size,
surrounding light intensity, temperature, humidity and wind speed. Diagram 3 shows the
movement of water in a terrestrial plant.

Based on the information, design an experiment to be conducted in the laboratory to

investigate the effect of the number of leaves on the rate of transpiration in a hibiscus plant.
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Problem statement.
Hypothesis
Technique used
Experimental procedures
Presentation of data
Conclusion

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Chapter 2
1. Diagram 1 shows the levels of cell organisation in human.

Diagram 1
(a) State what is cell X. [1]
(b) Name cell P and tissue Q. [2]
(c) Based on diagram 1, explain the organisation and function of Tissue Q and stomach. [2]
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(d) State the level R of the cell organisation. [1]

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2. Diagram 2 shows some specialised cells and tissue.

Diagram 2
(a) Name cell P and tissue R. [2]
(b) State one function of cell P and tissue R. [2]
(c) Name the system which consists of cell S. [1]
(d) Explain one role of cell S in the system named in (c). [2]
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(e) Explain one characteristic of tissue Q to facilitate water absorption from the soil. [2]
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(f) Herbicide is capable of stopping the transportation of some mineral into a plant through
tissue Q. Explain why. [3]
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Chapter 3
1. Movement of substances across the plasma membrane in the cell is important for the
continuity of life of organisms. The process helps to maintain a constant internal
environment.
(a) Explain the importance of plasma membrane for the survival of living organism. [4]
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(b) A student carry out an experiment to determine the concentration of an external solution
which is isotonic to the cell sap. The student immersed the potato strips in different
concentration of sugar solution for a duration of 30 minutes each.
Diagram 3 shows graph plotted to show the change in mass against concentration of
solutions.

Diagram 3
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(i)

Based on the graph in Diagram 3, state the concentration of the solution that is isotonic
to cell sap. [1]

(ii)

Explain what happen to the cell at point P, Q and R respectively. [9]

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Chapter 4
1. Table 4 shows mixtures and parameters of an experiment conducted to study the enzyme
activity of pepsin on albumen. The mixtures in the test tubes were incubated for 10 minutes
and then the results were recorded. The HCl and NaOH solutions are of equal concentration.
Test Tube

Albumen
(ml)

HCl (No of
drops)

Pepsin
(ml)

Water (ml)

P
Q
R
S
T
U

3
0
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
0
2
2

1
1
0
1
1
1

0
3
1
0.02
0
0

Table 4

Incubating
temperature
(C)
37
37
37
37
80
4

Initial
Observation

Final
Observation

Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy

Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy

(a) Solution of test tube Q is clear in initial and final observation. Why? [1]
(b) Suggest a function of test tube Q in this experiment. [1]
(c) Solution of test tube R remained cloudy throughout the experiment. Why? [1]
(d) What can be inferred from test tube R? [2]
(e) Solution of test tube S showed cloudy throughout the experiment. However, the solution
become slightly clearer when it was incubated for longer duration. This did not occur in test
tube R. What can be inferred from these observations? [2]
(f) Contents of test tube T remained cloudy throughout the experiment. Why? [1]
(g) Contents of test tube U remained cloudy throughout the experiment. Why? [1]
(h) Re-incubate test tube U at 37C converts changes solution from cloudy to clear but not for
test tube T. Explain why. [2]
(i) State the conclusion of this experiment. [1]

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Chapter 5
1. Diagram 5 shows parent cell undergoing cell division.

Diagram 5
(a) Based on the diagram 5.
I. What is the process shown? State the significant of the process. [4]
II. Draw and explain the phases involved to produce daughter cells. [10]

(b) Define cloning and describe one cloning technique to produce a commercial plant of
desirable characteristics. [8]
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Chapter 6
1. Green plants synthesise their food through the process of photosynthesis. The chemical
process of photosynthesis can be summarised as in the schematic diagram in Diagram 6.

Diagram 6
(a) State the meaning of photosynthesis based on the schematic diagram in Diagram 6. [2]
(b) Starting with water and carbon dioxide as the raw materials, describe how a green plant
produces starch molecules. [8]
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Chapter 7
1. An experiment was conducted to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the
inspired and expired air using J-tube shown in Diagram 7. Chemical reagents were used
sequentially Potassium hydroxide followed by Potassium pyrogallate. The results of the
experiment are shown in Table 7.

Diagram 7
Air Column
Initial length/cm
Length after treatment of
potassium hydroxide/cm
Length after treatment of
potassium pyrogallate/cm

Inhaled Air
10.0
9.9

Exhaled Air
10.0
9.5

7.8

8.0

Table 7

(a) State the functions of the chemical reagents used. [2]

(b) Explain why we should not touch the J-tube during the experiment. [1]
(c) Calculate the carbon dioxide content in inhaled air and exhaled air respectively. [4]

(d) Calculate the oxygen content in inhaled air and exhaled air respectively. [4]

(e) Compare the composition of water vapour content and temperature of the inhaled air and
exhaled air. [2]

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Chapter 8
1. Diagram 8 shows the roles of useful microorganisms in an ecosystem.

Diagram 8
(a) Based on Diagram 8, explain how the microorganisms maintain the content of compound
X in the soil. [8]
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(b) Explain what will happen to the ecosystem if all the decaying bacteria and fungi die. [3]
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Chapter 9
Diagram 9 shows the eutrophication process that occurs to a lake due to the human activities.

Diagram 9
(a) Based on the Diagram 9, explain what is meant by eutrophication. [10]
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ANALYSIS OF SPM BIOLOGY

Chapter

Transport

Support and Locomotion

FORM 5

Coordination and
Response

Reproduction

Inheritance

Variation

Contents

Describe the formation of interstitial fluid.

State the meaning of antigen and antibody.
State the meaning of immunity and immunisation
Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in a
diagram of the arm.
Describe briefly the mechanism of locomotion in an
animal.
Explain how support is achieved in aquatic plants.
Draw and label a diagram of a cross section of the
spinal cord and state the main functions of the spinal
cord.
Explain the role of auxins (IAA) in tropism.
State the use of hormones in agriculture.
Explain the role of hormones in regulating the menstrual
cycle.
Describe the formation of the embryo sac in the ovule
Explain sex-linked inheritance
Conceptualise Mendels First and Second Laws.
Explain the effects of genetic factors on variation
(Continuous and Discontinuous)
Mutation

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Chapter 1
1. Diagram 1.1 shows a body defence mechanism.

Diagram 1.1
(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, explain the bodys response towards the entry of bacteria into the
body. [4]
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(b) The graphs in diagram 1.2 show the concentration of antibodies in the blood of two
individuals X and Y, after given two injections of different substances.

Diagram 1.2
i.

Explain with examples why both individuals are immuned to specific diseases. [5]

ii.

Describe the differences between the immunity obtained by the individuals. [5]

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Chapter 2
1. Diagram 2.1 shows the vertebral column of human.
(a) In the box provided at Diagram 2.1, name the vertebra in region P and R. State their
special structural characteristics. [4]

Diagram 2.1
(b) Vertebra in region Q and R have variation in the size and shape but all still have similar
structure. Explain the similarity. [2]
2. Diagram 2.2 shows a ball and socket joint with tissue P, Q and R which are responsible for
locomotion in a human.
Explain the role of the structures above in locomotion. [10]

Diagram 2.2
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Chapter 3
1. Auxin is a plant hormone which helps in plant growth.
Diagram 3.1 shows the growth of a plant shoot towards light.
Explain the role of Auxin in the growth of plant shoot as in Diagram 3.1. [6]

Diagram 3.1
2. Diagram 3.2 shows synapse and a reflex arc when hand touches a hot object.
Based on Diagram 3.2, explain the pathway of an impulse in a reflex arc shown. [8]

Diagram 3.2
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Chapter 4
1. Diagram 4.1 shows a graph on how the endometrium in the human uterus varies in thickness
with time. Fertilisation took place on the 16th day of the second month.

Diagram 4.1
(a) State the process which took place at X. [1]
(b) State one reason to support your answer in (a). [1]
(c) Complete the diagram in Diagram 4.1 to show the changes in the thickness of the
endometrium after day 22 in the second month until day 28 of the third month. [1]
(d) Explain your answer in (c). [3]
(e) Based on the changes in Diagram 4.1, complete Diagram 4.2 to indicate the level of the
hormone progesterone from the first to the third months. [1]

Diagram 4.2
(f) Explain the changes in the level of progesterone in the three months as shown in Diagram
4.2. [2]

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Chapter 5
1. Diagram 5.1 shows a dihybrid cross of pure-breeding round and yellow seeds with wrinkled
and green seeds of pea plant.

Diagram 5.1
(a) In Diagram 5.1, label the alleles for F1 genotype. [1]
(b) State the phenotype for F1 generation. [1]
Diagram 5.2 shows two possibilities of gametes formation by F1 generation.

Diagram 5.2
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(c) Name the process that occurred during meiosis which produced different gametes in
second possibilities. [1]
(d) In Diagram 5.2, complete gamete J and K which are produced in second possibility. [2]
(e) State which possibility cause more variation to the offspring. [1]
(f) Explain one reason for your answer in (e). [3]

(g) The pea plant of F1 generation which has undergone second possibility is crossed with the
parent which has wrinkled-green seed.
Complete Diagram 5.3 by filling in F1 generation gametes drawn in (d), genotype of F2
generation and phenotype of F2 generation which will be produced.

Diagram 5.3

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Chapter 6
1. Diagram 6.1 shows the human karyotype for individual M and N, and the gametes that can be
produced through process P.

Diagram 6.1
Based on the human karyotype in Diagram 6.1:
(a) State the total number of chromosome in a somatic cell for individual M and individual N. [1]
(b) State one difference between individual M and N. [1]
(c) S and T represent the gametes produced through process P. Complete Diagram 6.1 to
show the number and type of chromosomes inherited by gamete S and T. [2]
(d) Based on your answer (c), explain the process P. [2]
(e) Explain the type of variation shown by individual M and N. [2]

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2. A man has the free earlobe as shown in Diagram 6.2a, married to a woman with same type of
earlobe as shown in Diagram 6.2b

Diagram 6.2a

Diagram 6.2b

Their children P, Q, R, S, T and V have trait, as shown in Diagram 6.3.

Diagram 6.3
(a) Based on the Diagram 6.3, which of the earlobe trait is dominant? Explain your answer. [2]
(b) Explain whether the trait is inherited as sex-linkage inheritance. [2]
(c) If E is a dominant allele for earlobe trait, and e is a recessive allele, draw a schematic
diagram for this inheritance of earlobe trait. [5]

(d) What type of variation shown in this earlobe inheritance? [1]

(e) State how this type of variation is caused. [1]
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