Architecture 324

Structures II

Steel Beam Analysis and

Design

Steel Properties

Steel Profiles

Steel Codes: ASD vs LRFD

Analysis Method

Design Method

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 1/28

Cold Form Sections

Photos by Albion Sections Ltd, West Bromwich, UK

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Structures II

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Cold Form Sections

From:
Building Design Using Cold Formed Steel
Sections: Structural Design to BS 5950-5:1998.
Section Properties and Load Tables. p. 276

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Structures II

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Structures II

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Cold Form Sections

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Hot Rolled Shapes

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Structures II

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Structures II

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Hot Rolled Shapes

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Nomenclature of steel shapes

Standard section shapes:
W wide flange
S American standard beam
C American standard channel
L angle
WT or ST structural T
STD, XS or XXS Pipe
HSS Hollow Structural Sections
Rectangular, Square, Round
LLBB , SLBB - Double Angles

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Structures II

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Nomenclature of steel shapes

Castellated Sections:
round
hexagonal

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Structures II

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Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Columns:
Closer to square
Thicker web & flange

Beams:
Deeper sections
Flange thicker than web

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Structures II

Slide 9/28

Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Columns:
Closer to square
Thicker web & flange
Beams:
Deeper sections
Flange thicker than web

Photo by Gregor Y.

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 10/28

Young's Modulus
Young's Modulus or the Modulus of Elasticity, is
obtained by dividing the stress by the strain
present in the material. (Thomas Young, 1807)

It thus represents a measure of the stiffness of

the material.

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures I I

Slide 11/28

Stress vs. Strain mild steel

Fu

Esh

Stress

Fy

y
.001 to .002

sh
.01 to .03

u
Strain

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures I I

Slide 12/28

Stress vs. Strain AISC design curve

Fu

Esh
Fy

Stress

Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design

y
.001 to .002

sh
.01 to .03

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u
Strain

Structures I I

.1 to .2

r
.2 to .3

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Stress Analysis
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

use design loads (no F.S. on loads)

reduce stress by a Factor of Safety F.S.

Load & Resistance Factored Design (LRFD)

Use loads with safety factor

Use factor on ultimate strength

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Structures I I

Slide 14/28

Allowable Flexure Stress

l
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Structures II

Slide 15/28

Steel Beams by ASD

Yield Stress Values
A36 Carbon Steel Fy = 36 ksi
A992 High Strength Fy = 50 ksi

Allowable Flexure Stress

Fb = 0.66 Fy Increased
Compact Section

= Lc

Braced against LTB ( <Lc)

Fb = 0.60 Fy Basic
Compact or Not
Lc <

= Lu

l < Lu

Fb < 0.60 Fy Decreased

Compact or Not

LTB failure mode ( >Lu)

Allowable Shear Stress

Fv = 0.40 Fy
Fv = V/(twd)
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from AISC 9th ed.

Structures II

l
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Capacity Analysis of Steel Beam

Given: allowable stress, steel section
Find: moment or load capacity
1. Find the Section Modulus for the
given section from properties tables.
2. Determine the equation for maximum
moment in the beam.
3. Assume maximum stress level: fb=Fb
4. Solve the flexure stress equation for
moment: M=Fb S
5. Calculate load based on maximum
moment.

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 17/28

Example Capacity Analysis of Steel Beam

Find Load w in KLF
Fy = 36 ksi
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 24 KSI

1. Find the Section Modulus for

the given section from the
tables (D-35 and D-36).

2. Determine the maximum

moment equation.

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Structures II

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Example Load Analysis cont.

W30x116

3. Using the flexure equation,

fb=Fb, solve for the moment,
M.

4. Using the maximum moment

equation, solve for the
distributed loading, W in kips
or w in klf.

w = 1.28 KLF
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Structures II

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Beam Design with

Section Modulus Table
1. Calculate Required Moment
2. Assume Allowable Stress
Fully braced
Fb = 0.66Fy = 24 ksi (A36)
Partially braced (l < Lu)
Fb = 0.60Fy = 21.6 ksi (A36)
3. Using the flexure equation,
set fb = Fb and solve for S

4. Choose a section based on S

from the table (D-35 and D-36)
Bold faced sections are lighter
Fy is the stress up to which the
section is compact ( is ok for all
grades of Fy)
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from Structural Principles, I. Engel

Structures II

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Design of Steel Beam

Example

1. Use the maximum moment

equation, and solve for the
moment, M.
2. Assume unbraced length is
less than Lu therefore,
Fb = 0.6 Fy = 50 ksi
3. Use the flexure equation to
solve for Sx.

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Structures II

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Structures II

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Design of Steel Beam

Example
4. Choose a section based on
Sx = 64 in3 from the table
(D35 and D36).
5. Most economical section is:
W16 x 40
Sx = 64.7 in3

from Structural Principles, I. Engel

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Design of Steel Beam

Example
6. Add member self load to M and
recheck Fb (here we assume DL
is already included)

7. Check shear stress:

Allowable Stress
Fv = 0.40 Fy
Actual Stress
fv=V/(twd)
fv Fv

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Structures II

Design of Steel Beam

Slide 23/28

Actual
deflection

(Example cont.)
6. Check Deflections:
Calculate actual deflection.

Code limits

Compare to code limits. If the actual

deflection exceeds the code limit, a
stiffer section is needed.

from the Standard Building Code

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Structures II

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Steel Beam
Deflection

Serviceability limits:
Limits by application
Also more stringent cases:
Machine tolerance e.g. L/1000
DL deflection can be compensated
for by beam camber

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Structures II

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Beam without Camber

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

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Structures II

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Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

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Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Beam with Camber

Developed by Scott Civjan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 28/28


Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Cambered beam counteracts service dead load deflection.

Developed by Scott Civjan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

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