UBBL:

PART VI - Constructional requirements like example: site preparation, constructional

materials, method of construction and, architectural related to Structural and M&E
requirements
By-Laws 81.(1) Building Site
It means should erect of suitable land because due to UBBL clause 81 mention that, no
building can be built on a land surface implant with such as faecal, animal waste but it
can build on until the whole ground surface of land to be clean. Ground surface of
building should be rendered and covered with a layer of hardcore, concrete bed, or ash
rammed solid with minimum 0.305mm thick.
(2)
Upon to make sure the building can be built with good condition, it should be effectively
to remove any waste of the land. Example: Turf, vegetable waste, dump waste.
By-Laws 82.(1) Drainage of Subsoil
The subsoil of the site should be effectively drained to prevent the building damage
against moisture like deterioration and defects.
Example of step can be taken to prevent moisture in the soil/surrounding:
-Install a perimeter drainage system to carry away excess water.
-Fill cracks in the floor.
-Add or remove soil to achieve the proper-grade slope because it can prevent moisture
damage to the basement soil and it should slope downward 6 vertical inches for a
distance of 3 horizontal feet.
(2)
-Existing subsoil drains can be discovered during excavation of building, some drains
should be remove, diverted, or replace by pipes of approved materials to ensure that the
water can pass through the drains and it can prevent water dampness to the site of
building.

By-Laws 83.(1) Protection against Soil Erosion

-air wells and open space surrounding of building should be protected and step can be
taken to prevent soil erosion. Soil erosion below the earth causing settlement of a
building, and alsoaffectsthe foundation of building.
Example: can built the retaining wall to prevent soil erosion

Figure 1: workers take action on site to prevent soil erosion.

(2)
-all construction works underground below of the building or raised building should be
well undertakes, constructs and finished appropriately to prevent accumulation of water
or growth of moss or pets breeding.
By-Laws 84.(1) Prevention of Dampness
-Good building design and maintenance need to be taken to prevent penetration of
dampness into a building
Step can be taken to prevent the penetration of moisture are cladding, external renders,
weatherproof paints and coatings.
(2)

Figure 2: Damp Proof Course with at least 150mm high above the ground level

-Damp proof course provided need to comply in accordance with British Standard
743(materials for horizontal D.P.C)
(3)

-Every bricks or masonry wall of a building constructed on the strip footings shallprovide
with a damp proof course of 150mm high above the ground surface adjoining the wall.
This can prevent the raising damp from penetrating inside the building through bridging
effect by earth deposited against the outside of the wall.
- Furthermore, damp proof course shall also provide below the level of underside lowest
timber of ground floor resting on the wall or if the ground is solid floor that are not higher
than the level of the upper surface of concrete and other similar materials forming the
structure of the floor. Vertical wall should cover by damp proof course, whereby the floor
area shall provide with a big sheet of damp proof membrane.

(4)
-Any lowest floor or storey height of a building which below the surface of adjoining
ground, a vertical damp proof course should be provided to prevent the dampness or
moisture with minimum 150mm highabove the ground surface. Itpreventsthe rising damp
from penetrating through the wall as well as stop the dampness penetrates all the way up
by capillary action. Insert an additional damp proof course in the wall or the bottom most
wall adjoining to the floor.
(5)
-If the floor or any portion of walls of a building is expose to water pressure, then
theparticular portion of the floor or wall below ground level or in contact with the ground
shall be waterproof.

By-Laws 93 Measurements of Length of a Walls

-purpose of this by-law is the walls shall divide the wall into adifferent length by return
walls when bonded to each other. Provided that, if the wall is very long or thin, the wall is
made into a return wall to support the load. The accurate length of walls should be
measure from centre to centre of bonded cross walls. Secondly, is to measure from piers
which having dimension parallel to the length of the wall with minimum two times
thicker of the wall. The dimension should measure at right angle to the wall withat least
three times of thickness of the walls.

By-Laws 94 Use of 100mm Brickwork and Concrete Block in Load Bearing

Burnt Bricks

Cement Bricks

-type of walls build from burnt brick(good resistance to moisture, insects and erosion and
higher strength) or cement bricks with 100mm thickness or wall in concrete blocks with
minimum thickness of 100mm thick which can be consider used for both internal and
external load-bearing wall (wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight
to a foundation structure) provided in accordance with by-law 80 (structure above
foundations)

By-Laws 95 External Panel Walls

-If 100mm brickwork or 100mm precast concrete blocks are used to build for external
walls, the walls should properly secure and fix by using reinforced concrete framework.
According to the by-law, properly secured to the reinforced concrete framework means
fix to the walls with minimum 14 gauge and 40mm width, and should built not less than
230mm into the brickwork provide with vertical spacing of maximum 400mm. All the
metal ties shall be fixed to the column. It also can protect the wall prevent from collapse.

Figure: show that the metal ties location and its look
Function of metal ties used for walls:
1) provide a connection
2) transfer lateral loads
3) permit in-plane movement to accommodate differential movements

By-Laws 98 Fences and Boundary Walls

-any fences and boundary walls of a housing other than that boundary which adjoin to the
street of backlane should be constructed to a maximum height with 1.8metres in the case
of solid fence which made by brickwall, timber wood or wall can only up to maximum
2.75m height in the case of fences to allow the passage of light and air. According to the
by-law, fences and boundary walls height more than 10 feet (3.048m) need to provide
ventilation. Height of fences and boundary walls should be higher but up to a certain limit
as stated in the by-law, so to avoid outsiders to climb in.

By-Laws 106.(1) Dimension of staircases

The rise of any staircase shall be maximum 180mm high and the tread of staircase shall
be minimum 225mm wide according to the by-law 106. The dimension of risers and tread
for staircase should be equal and consistent. If dimension of staircase no consistent, it
cannot be construct. People may falls easily due to the inconsistent dimension of the
treads and risers.
(2)
The width of staircase should be construct according to the by-law 168, normally a
"normal" or "standard" width of a main staircase minimum around 1200mm overall
strings.

(3)
The depth(length) of landing shall not less than the width of the staircase, because
according to the law, the width of landing slab in each flight should same with the width
of staircase in each flight. Furthermore,the length of the landing should be at least equal
to the width of the tread.

By Laws 107.(1) Handrails

Figure: example of staircase in front of the entrance less than 4 risers

-

for all staircase which is more than 4 risers is require to provide with at least one
handrail, except for the staircase with constructed less than 4 risers

(2)

Figure: example of intermediate handrail

-staircase exceeding 2.25m in width should provide a intermediate handrails between it
and spaced equally.
Example: total width of staircase is 5m, then for each 2.25m will put an intermediate
handrails between it with equally.

(3)

For any building other than residential building, a handrails shall be provide at each side
of the staircase if the width of staircase is more than 1100mm. Handrails provide can
make sure the safety of guest or elderly person.

(4)

SKETCH
-All handrails of staircase should project maximum 100mm from the face of the finished
wall surface, and it shall be located minimum 825mm and maximum 900mm measured
from the nosing of the treads. Handrails to landing shall be at least 900mm from the level
of the landing.
By-Laws 108.(1) Maximum flight

Figure: example of step in one flight ( Maximum 16 risers)

-In residential buildings, a landing shall provide with at least 1,80m in length at vertical
intervals with maximum 4.25m. Usually risers of all staircases in any building shall not
be exceeding 16 risers between each landing.
-If the stairs has more than 16 risers in consecutive flight, it can be make a minimum of
one change of direction between flights.
(2)

-there is no flight with less than 2 risers according to by-laws.

By-Laws 109.(1) Winders

Figure: spiral(winding) staircase

-based on the provision of Part VII and VIII (fire requirements) by-laws, spiral staircase
can be consider as secondary staircase in buildings where the topmost floorcannot exceed
more than 12.2m. So it is suitable for lower height building.
-winding staircase may not use as egress, because if in case of fire, it is hard to let people
to escape so it is not so suitable for using it.
By-Laws 110.(1) No obstruction in staircases
-according to the law, there is no allow any obstruction in any staircase at the topmost
landing of staircase and the exit discharge at the ground floor. It is because will block the
road for the guest to go through other area of houses. When fire, if got obstruction block
the road, it will hard for the people to run off from the fire. So it should keep landings
clear of permanent obstruction.

(2)

-there should be no projection(something outstanding) in staircase at any lower level than

2 meter or above the floor/stair, coz it will injured people but other than handrails in
staircase or in any corridormay cause kids fall down.

By-Laws 111 Lighting and ventilation of staircases

-all staircases should be provided with completed lighting and ventilation according to
the requirement of local authority. Lighting provided is because it can provided an
artificial light which located directly over each stairway section provide to prevent people
step wrong the tread and fall down. Ventilation provided for air circulation. According to
the law, all interior and exterior stairways shall be provided with a means to illuminate
the stairs, including the landings and treads. Interior stairways shall be provided with an
artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of each landing of the stairway.
Furthermore, exterior stairways shall be provided with an artificial light source located in
the immediate vicinity of the top landing of the stairway.

By-Laws 112 Enclosure of staircase in a shop

-the flight of stairs for shop lots which has direct access from the street should be
enclosed with walls with incombustible materials. It is because can improve safe escape
provision and extend the time of escaping from the building. Example of incombustible
materials: Concrete is a very good fire-resistance material to construct the wall.

Figure: Timber Staircase

By-Laws 113.(1) Use of timber staircases

-timber staircase only can permitted for few types of building which cannot be more 3
storey height building such as: double storey house, Semi-D residential buildings, single
storey house, upper floor of shop lots which it is no located within the protected area by
fire with its full height, or some similar type of buildings that easily to get fire which
discretion by local authority(Bomba).It is because timber can be considered as
combustible materials, so it is not so commonly used for high rise building.
(2)
- Fire rating hours for at least 2 hours for all type of staircase in any building in order to
protect the people from escaping while using the staircase to a safety area.