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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION

DESCRIPTION

PAGE

1.0

PURPOSE

.............................................................

2.0

SCOPE

.............................................................

3.0

REFERENCES...........................................................

4.0

DEFINITIONS

5.0

PROCEDURES ..........................................................
5.1
Radiography Equipment.................................
5.2
Equipment Strength / Capacity.......................
5.3
Source Size.....................................................
5.4
Thickness Range............................................
5.5
Source to Film Distance..................................
5.6
Surface Preparation........................................
5.7
Film Type........................................................
5.8
Intensifying Screen.........................................
5.9
Radiographs Technique.................................
5.10 Quality of Radiographs...................................
5.11 Location Markers...........................................
5.12 Radiograph Identification...............................
5.13 Density...........................................................
5.14 Image Quality Indicator (IQI)..........................
5.15 Sensitivity.......................................................
5.16 Back-Scatter Radiations................................
5.17 Film Processing.............................................
5.18 Storage of Film...............................................
5.19 Interpretation of Radiograph..........................
5.20 Acceptance Criteria.......................................
5.21 Qualification of Personnel.............................
5.22 Radiographs Viewing Facilities.....................
5.23 Reports..........................................................

5
5
5
5
5.
5
6
6
6
9
11
11
11
11
11
13
14
14
16
16
16
17
17
17

6.0

SPECIAL REQUIREMENT...........................................

18

7.0

RECORD

18

..........................................................

...............................................................

APPENDICES
Attachment 1: Radiographic Testing Report Format.19
Attachment 2: Location Markers.....................20

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1.0

PURPOSE
This procedure outline the requirements for radiographic testing of structural welds to
detect surface, sub-surface and internal discontinuities in materials, welds and
fabricated parts or components.

2.0

SCOPE
This procedure covers the personnel qualification, safety, equipment, materials,
technique, methods, film processing and quality of radiograph for radiographic
examination.

3.0

REFERENCES
The following codes and standards shall form parts of the requirements of this
procedure:
AWS D1.1
ASTM E 94
ASTM E 1032
ASME V

4.0

:
:
:
:

Structural Welding Code (2008)

Guide for Radiographic Testing.
Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldment
Non Destructive Examination Article 2 (2007 Edition).

DEFINITIONS
RT
NDT
PCN
ASNT
ASTM
ASME
CSWIP
AWS
PTW

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Radiographic Testing
Non-destructive Testing
Personnel Certification in Non-Destructive Testing
American Society for Non-Destructive Testing
American Society for Testing and Materials
American Society of Mechanical Engineer
Certification Scheme of Welding and Inspection Personnel
American Welding Society
Permit To Work

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5.0

PROCEDURE
5.1

Radiography Equipment
The Radiography equipment used shall cover the following model where
applicable:a)

5.2

Equipment Strength/Capacity
a)
b)

5.3

Iridium 192 of source strength of maximum 25 curies and minimum of

12 curies.
Gamma-Ray Equipment shall be selected in accordance with quality
level/energy per ASME Sec. V T-272 and SE-94 Part 1.

Source Size
a)

5.4

Gamma-Ray projector, Amertest Model 660 for Iridium 192 or

equivalent. The projector shall be tested and certified by the
manufacturer (leak test, drop test, fire test) and approved by LPTA.

2.7mm diameter x 1.45 mm long for Iridium 192.

Thickness Range
This procedure shall cover for Butt Weld and Girth Weld of thickness range
from 5mm up to 38 mm.

5.5

Source to Film Distance

i)

The source to subject distance shall not be less than the total length of
film being exposed in a single plane, and

ii)

The source to subject distance shall not less than seven (7) times the
thickness of weld plus reinforcement and backing strip, and

iii)

The minimum source to film distance or different thickness of material

shall be determined from the following derivation.

Ug

= Fd/D

Ug
F
d
D

= Geometric unsharpness
= Source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source
= Distance from source side of weld or object being radiograph to the film
= Distance from source of radiation to object being radiographed
Geometric unsharpness of radiograph shall not exceed Table 5.5

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Table 5.5: Geometric Unsharpness

5.6

Material
Thickness (inch)

Ug
Maximum (inch)

Under 2
2 through 3

0.020
0.030

Surface Preparation
Component to be radiography shall satisfy following requirement.
5.6.1

5.6.2

5.7

Weld ripples or other weld irregularities on both the inside and

outside of the weld which would mask or be confused with image of
unacceptable imperfection shall be removed by grinding to an extent
which permits satisfactory interpretation of the radiograph.
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) should free from spatter or other
irregularities which would mask or be confused with image appear in
the radiograph.

Film Type
Radiographic film used shall be ASTM Class II Film. (example: Agfa
Geavert D7 or Fuji 100, or Equivalent) However ASTM Class 1 Films shall
be used for material stainless steel, duplex stainless steel and when
required sensitivity could not be achieved using ASTM Class II film or for
Radiography performed after PWHT. (example: Agfa Geavert D4 or Fuji 80,
50 or Equivalent)

5.8

Intensifying Screen
5.8.1

Lead Intensifying Screens used shall be 0.125 mm thick lead for both
front and back. Leads Screen shall be free from scratches, dirt, dent,
moisture and periodically checked and replaced whenever there is
scratch or deep impression, in order not to affect film interpretation.

5.8.2

The use of fluorescent screen shall not be permitted.

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5.9

Radiographic Technique
5.9.1

Radiographic Testing of Groove Weld in Butt Joints Plate Structure

Radiographs shall be made with Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)
Technique. This technique, the radiation passes through one (1) wall
of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the
radiograph. Arrangements of source and film placement are
illustrated in Fig 5.9.1a, 5.9.1b, 5.9.1c & 5.9.1d.
IQI placement

Weldment

Length less than 225mm

Fig 5.9.1a: Radiographic Test on welded plate, Length of interest is 225mm
or lesser

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IQI placement

Length 225mm and greater

Fig 5.9.1b: Radiographic Test on Welded Plate, Length of interest greater than 225mm
Film

IQI Placement
I-Beam

Source

Fig 5.9.1c:

Radiographic Test on Welded I-Beam structure - Bottom / Top plate

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SFD > L

Overlapping min 25mm

Source
L one (1) exposure multiple
film
IQI Placement

Film

Fig 5.9.1d: Radiographic Test on Welded I-Beam Structure Web Plate

5.9.2

Radiographic Test of groove weld in Butt Joint Tubular Connectors

The technique used to radiograph circumferential butt joints shall be
capable of covering the entire circumference. The technique shall
preferably be Single Wall Single Image (SWSI). Where accessibility or pipe
size prohibits this, the technique may be double-wall exposure technique.
5.9.2.1

Single Wall Single Image

The source of radiation is placed inside the pipe and the film on
the outside of the pipe (see figure 5.9.2a). For pipe diameter
more than 14 in (350 mm), panaromic exposure may be made if
the source-to-object requirements are satisfied; if not, a
minimum of three exposures shall be made. The IQI may be
selected and placed on the source side of the pipe. If not
practicable due to safety issue / concern , it may be placed on
the film side of the pipe.

5.9.2.2

Double Wall Single Image

Where access or geometrical conditions prohibit single wall
exposure, the source may be placed on the outside of the pipe
and film on the opposite wall outside the pipe. See figure 5.9.2b.
A minimum of three exposures is required to cover the complete
circumference. The IQI may be selected and placed on the film
side of the pipe.

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5.9.2.3

Double-Wall Exposure/Double-Wall View

When the outside diameter of the pipe is 3 1/2 in (89mm) or less,
both the source side and film side weld may be projected onto
the film and both walls viewed for acceptance. The source of
radiation is offset from the pipe by a distance that is at least
seven times the outside diameter. The radiation beam shall be
offset from the plane of the weld centreline at an angle sufficient
to separate the images of the source side and film side welds.
There shall be no overlap of the two zone interpreted. A
minimum of two exposures 90 to each other is required (see
figure 5.9.2c) The weld may also be radiographed by
superimposing the two welds, in which case there shall be a
minimum of three exposures 60 to each other (see figure
5.9.2d). In each of these two techniques, the IQI shall be placed
on the source side of the pipe.
IQI

Film
Source

3 IQI at 120 deg

One exposure (panaromic)

Note: Pipe diameter more than 14 in (350mm)

Source

IQI

Film

Note: Whenever is practical, IQI shall always be placed on source side

Fig 5.9.2a: Single Wall Single Image - Minimum Three Exposures

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Note: Whenever is practical, IQI shall always be placed on source side.

Fig 5.9.2b: Double Wall Exposure - Minimum Three Exposures
Source

Source

Offset
7Dmin

IQI

Weld
D

Film

Fig 5.9.2c: Double Wall Double Image (Elliptical Image)

Weld

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IQI

7D min

Centreline
Axis of weld

Source

Source

Weld

Film

Fig 5.9.2d Double Wall Double Image (SUPER IMPOSE)

5.10

Quality of Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes
to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of
any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed.
Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
a) Fogging;
b) Processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains;
c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges or
tears;
d) False indications due to defective screens, cassettes or internal faults
(artifacts).

5.11

Location Markers
The image of the location markers for the coordination of the part with the
film shall appear on the film without interfering with the interpretation, with
such an arrangement that it is evident that complete coverage was
obtained. These marker positions shall be marked on the part at 1
(25.4mm) form the edge of the film and its position shall be maintained on
the part during radiography. Suggested location of markers for the various
techniques are shown in Attachment II

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5.12

Radiograph Identification.
5.12.1

Each Radiograph must be properly identified for permanent

correlation between the part being radiographed and the film. The
minimum identification shall include the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

5.13

Contract No./Project name

Component
Weld or part no.
Contractor name
Date radiograph
Welder ID
Repair (R1, R2)

Density
The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of
the required IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film
viewing for radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for
radiographs made with gamma-ray source. For composite viewing of double
film exposure, the minimum density shall be 2.6. Each radiograph of a
composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density
shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing. A calibrated densitometer
or step wedge film comparison shall be used for judging film density with a
max tolerance of 0.05.

5.14

Image Quality Indicator (IQI)

IQI or Image Quality Indicator of ASTM wire-tyres shall be used for
determination of radiographic film sensitivity.
5.14.1

Placement of Penetrameter (IQI)

The penetrameter shall be placed on the source side at the part
being examined except where in accessibility prevent to hand
placing the penetrameter on the source side. When the part being
examined is not accessible, the penetrameter shall be placed on
the film side in contrast with part being examined. A lead letter F
shall be place adjacent for or on penetrameter. The penetrameter
of wire type should be placed on the weld so that length of the
wire is perpendicular to the length of the weld.

5.14.2

Number of Penetrameter
For component where one (1) film holder is used for an exposure
which the length of interest is 9 (225mm) or less, one (1)
penetrameter shall be used and to be placed at the centre on the
length radiograph. (see fig 5.9.1a).

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For component where one (1) or more film holder is used for each
exposure which the length of interest is more than 9 (225mm),
two (2) penetrameters shall be used. The penetrameter shall be
placed at the end of radiograph, see figure 13.1b (i.e 25mm from
end or section marking which the thinnest wire facing outwards).
The tubular component where the source is placed on the exist of
the object and are used for a single exposure (panaromic) of a
complete circumference at least three (3) penetrameter shall be
placed approximately 120 degree apart.
6 WIRES EQUALLY
SPACED

ASTM
FOR SETS A & B, THE
MINIMUM
DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE AXIS OF
WIRES IS NOT LESS
THAN 3 TIMES THE WIRE
DIAMETER
AND
NOT
MORE
THAN
5MM
(0.2IN.)
FOR SETS C & D, THE
MINIMUM
DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE AXIS OF
WIRES IS NOT LESS
THAN 3 TIMES THE WIRE
DIAMETER
AND
NOT
MORE THAN 19MM (0.75
IN.)

Minimum 25mm (1in.)

for sets A & B.
Minimum 51mm (2 in.)
for sets C & D.

5mm

1 A

O 1

MATERIAL GRADE
NUMBER
LARGEST WIRE NUMBER
SET IDENTIFICATION LETTER

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Wire diameter In (mm)
Set A

Set B

0.0032 (0.08)
0.004 (0.1)
0.005 (0.13)
0.0063 (0.16)
0.008 (0.2)
0.010 (0.25)

0.010 (0.25)
0.013 (0.33)
0.016 (0.4)
0.020 (0.51)
0.025 (0.64)
0.032 (0.81)

Set C

Set D

0.032 ( 0.81)
0.040 (1.02)
0.050 (1.27)
0.063 (1.6)
0.080 (2.03)
0.100 (2.5)

0.10 (2.5)
0.126 (3.2)
0.160 (4.06)
0.20 (5.1)
0.25 (6.4)
0.32( 8)

T- 233.2: Image Quality Indicator (wire penetrameter) sizes

Nominal
Material
Thickness
Range, in
Up to 0.25 incl
Over 0.25 to 0.375
Over 0.375 to 0.625

Over 0.50 to 0.75

Over 0.75 to 1.50
Over 1.50 to 2.00
Over 2.00 to 2.50
Over 2.50 to 4.00
Over 4.00 to 6.00
Over 6.00 to 8.00

Nominal
Material
Thickness
Range, mm
Up to 6 incl
Over 6 to 10
Over 10 to 16
Over 16 to 20
Over 20 to 38
Over 38 to 50
Over 50 to 65
Over 65 to 100
Over 100 to 150
Over 150 to 200

Source Side
Maximum Wire
Diameter
in
mm
0.010
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.040
0.050
0.063
0.100

0.25
0.33
0.41
0.51
0.63
0.81
1.02
1.27
1.60
2.54

Film Side
Maximum Wire
Diameter
in
mm
0.008
0.010
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.040
0.050
0.063

0.20
0.25
0.33
0.41
0.51
0.63
0.81
1.02
1.27
1.60

Notes :
1. Single-wall radiographics thickness (for tubulars)
2. Applicable to tubular structures only.
WS D1.1 Table 6.5: Wire IQI Requirements

5.15

Sensitivity
The radiographic sensitivity shall be judged base on wire image quality
indicators (IQI). Proper radiographic technique and equipment employed shall
provide sufficient sensitivity to be achieved. Table 6.5 AWS D1.1 above provide
guide to achieve the required sensitivity.

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For double-wall exposures and double viewing technique, the diameter of wires
employed shall be based on the nominal double-wall thickness of the specimen
including weld reinforcement.
For double-wall exposure and singlewall viewing technique, the diameter of
the wire shall be based on the nominal single-wall thickness of the specimen
including reinforcement. Steel backing strip shall not be considered of the weld
or weld reinforcement for sensitivity determination.
5.16

Back-Scatter Radiations
Back-scatter radiations results in the scattering of radiation from walls, grounds
or obstructions which might affect film appearance. The adequacy of protection
from back scattering shall be checked with lead letter B of size height and
1/16 thick being attached at the back of film holder. If a light image of letter B
appears on a darker background of the radiograph, the radiograph shall be
rejected due to insufficient protection of back scatter.

5.17

Film Processing
Processing of film shall be done in air-conditioned dark-room with normal
processing. Dilution or mixture of chemicals shall be in accordance to
manufacturers recommendation.
5.17.1

Preparation
Exposed film shall be unloaded in a suitable darkroom with filtered
illumination (safe light) onto film holders or hangers. Temperature
of processing chemical should be within 20 ~ 25C or as per
manufacturers recommendation.

5.17.2

Developer

Developers Agfa G 150 are used by dilution in water

accordance to the mixing instruction (for new solution) as
follows :
5 litres Agfa G 150 (16.7%) + 25 litres Water
(83.3%)
Developers Solutions

The solutions must be thoroughly stirred with a paddle or

plunger type agitator to make sure that they are mixed
thoroughly.

For old solution, checked the solution levels and ensure that
the solutions completely cover the film and replenisher
added to the proper solution, if needed.

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Replenisher mixer shall be in accordance as follows:

5 litres Agfa G 150 (25%) + 15 litres Water (75%)
Replenisher

Measure the temperature of the developer solution. Take the

reading after the thermometer is immersed in the developer
for 2 minutes.

Determined the development time in accordance to the table

5.16.2.

Table 5.16.2 - Temperature vs Time (Agfa G150 Solutions)

Temperature
Degree C
Development
Time (Mins)

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.75

3.5

3.25

3.0

2.75

2.5

5.17.3

Immerse film completely in developer solution and

simultaneously start the timer. The film shall be continuous
agitated for the first 30 seconds. Then for every 1 minute
agitates the film 5 second until the development time is
completed.

Stop Bath or Rinse

After the development is completed, the film should be immersed
in the stop-bath acid or by rinsing with vigorous agitation in clear
water to discontinue the activity of the developer that remained in
the emulsion for at least 30 seconds.

5.17.4

Fixing

Fixer Agfa G354 are used by dilution in water accordance to

the mixing instruction as follows

Step 1
5 litres Agfa G 354 (20%) + 15 litres Water (60%)
Solution A
Step 2
5 litres water (20%) + Solution A

Fixer Solution

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5.17.5

Fixing shall be done for at least twice the clearing time but
not more than 15 minutes in fixer solution. The film shall
completely immersed and agitate vigorously at the beginning
of fixing step about 10 seconds and at least a two minute
intervals afterward to assure uniform action of the chemicals
on the film emulsion.

Washing
The films shall be immersed in clean water and rinsed for at least
10 minutes to ensure complete removal of the fixer that may
remain in the emulsion. The films may de dip in wetting agent for
approximately 30 seconds to facilitate quick and even dry.

5.17.6

Drying
The film may be hung in the dark room and dry at room
temperature or in dry oven for quick drying. Drying temperature
must not exceed 55C.

5.18

Storage of Films
5.18.1

Unexposed films will be stored in an air-conditioned room and will

also be protected form the effects of light, pressure, excessive
heat, humidity, damaging vapours or penetrating radiation.

5.18.2

All RT films, after interpretation/reviewed one duplicate RT report

shall be wrapped on the RT films and keep in the original RT film
boxes.

5.18.3

The Project Number, RT report Number and discipline

(Structural/Piping) shall be written on the RT films box for easy
retrieval and traceability.

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5.19

Interpretation of Radiograph
5.19.1 Interpretation film shall be used intensity illuminator (viewer). The
viewer shall have sufficient capacity to illuminate radiograph with
H&D density if 4.0. Film view shall be done in darkroom (subdued
light area)
5.19.2 All radiographs shall be examined and interpreted by qualified
personnel and approved by client. The interpreter shall be qualified and
certified to CSWIP 3.4 /PCN Level II radiographer interpreter.
5.19.3 The interpreter shall have at least two (2) years experience in
interpretation of industry radiograph.

5.20

Acceptance Criteria
Limitation of imperfections shall be evaluated as in the following codes and
standards which are applicable in contract specification/clients acceptance
criteria as applicable:
AWS D1.1:

6.12.1
6.12.2

Acceptance Criteria for statically Loaded Non

Tubular and Statically or Cyclically Loaded
Tubular Connections.
Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Non
Tubular Structure

All parties should follow the above acceptance criteria on the interpretation and
evaluation of radiographs.

5.21

Qualifications of Personnel
5.21.1

All NDT personnel performing Radiographic Testing shall be

qualified and certified in accordance with NDT Sub Contractor
Written Practice and ASNT-TC-1A or equivalent. The task and
responsibility for each certified level as follows:
NDT
Practitioner Level 1 He shall perform Radiography testing
with under supervision of Level II only. NDT Practitioner Level II
- He shall responsible to perform Radiography Testing,
supervise and guidance NDT Level I personnel.

5.21.2

Personnels utilizing radiographic equipments shall be qualified

NDT Level II and practice all safety requirements laid down by
the company in accordance to Act 304, Atomic Energy

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Licensing Board. All personnel involved in radiographic work
shall be registered with AELB. Level III to provide refreshment
course for the personnel prior commence of the project.
5.22

5.23

Radiographs Viewing Facilities

5.22.1

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of

an intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections,
shadows or glare on the radiograph. Equipment used to view
radiographs for interpretation shall provide a light source
sufficient for the essential designated sensitivity to be visible for
the specified density range. The equipment illumination shall
be capable to provide even lighting intensity over the viewing
area for density up to 4.0.

5.22.2

Sufficient time shall be allowed for the interpreters eyes to

become adapted to the lighting condition, and he shall also have
his eyes tested for ability to observe the smallest details at normal
film viewing distance.

Reports
5.23.1

All reports shall be prepared and completed by the interpreter and

also be counter-signed by authorized representatives.

5.23.2

The report format used shall be as enclosed.

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6.0

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
6.1

7.0

Prior to any radiography work, a PTW shall be obtained from the Kencana HL
Safety Department.

RECORDS
7.1

All radiography test reports shall be prepared and completed by the interpreter
and submitted together with the film for review within 24 hours after completion
of radiography.

7.2

The records of all objects radiographed including those of rejected welds,

repairs and reshoots shall be properly catalogued and filed for easy retrieval
during and after construction.

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Attachment I Radiographic Testing Report Format

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ATTACHMENT 2 : LOCATION OF MARKERS