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MATERIAL REMOVAL
Abrasive
Single - point
Multipoint
Turning
Boring
Shaping
Planing
Drealing
Reaming
Spot-facing
Milling
Broaching
Rapid prototyping
Mechanical Removal
Cutting
MATERIAL DEPOSITION
Grinding
Honing
Superfinishing
Lapping
Water-jet
Electrochemical
Wire EDM
Electrical discarge
Laser profiling
Stereolythography
Laminated object manufacturing
Fused deposition modeling
Selective laser sintering
3D printing
Model Maker manufacturing system
Stratoconception manufacturing system
MATERIAL REDISTRIBUTION
Solidification
Casting
Molding
Bulk deformation
Powder forming
Forging
Extrusion
Sheet metal
Bending
Piercing
Streching
Deep drawing
Shearing
Spinning
Punching
Blade
a) No cleareance
b) Cleareance
Cleareance
Angle
()
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
From the cutting point, the lower surface of the tool shapes upwards by an angle called the
relief (clearance) angle, usually denoted by a .
Its purpose is to avoid the rubbing of the tool on the cut surface. The relief angle vary slightly, depending
upon the cutting operation and the material being cut, between 5 and 7.
The face is angled away from the vertical by the rake angle, usually denoted by y . The rake angle controls
the chip formation and the mechanics of the cutting action of the tool. Some tools may have neutral rake
and negative rake (Fig 4).
a) Positive rake
c) Negative rake
Fig. 4
The rake angle vary from -5 to +25 and depends on cutting operation, tool
material, and workpiece material.
The most used materials for the tools are: high speed steels (HSS), cemented
carbides, coated carbides, ceramics and diamond.
The failure of the cutting tool ca occur in one of two ways: sudden and catastrophic
when the tool breaks or by a gradual process with wear on the tool faces increasing
and making the tool ineffective after a period of time.
Tool life means the
time between two
regrounds. The
relationship between
tool life and cutting
speed was established
by Taylor in 1907:
Crater
wear
vTm = C (1)
Flank
wear
Fig. 5
Chip formation
Shear
zone
C h ip
Tool
Discontinuous
chips are obtained
W o rk
S h e a r p la n e
Tool
Fig. 8
D e p th
of cut
S h e a r p la n e
Fig. 7
P o in t o f c o n ta c t
o f c h ip
Work parameters
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Material
Turning(m/min)
Drilling(m/min)
Milling(m/min)
Roughing
Finishing
Steels
0.4-0.8
0.1-0.4
0.2-0.5
0.1-0.2
Stainless steels
0.4-0.8
0.1-0.4
0.1-0.3
0.1-0.18
Cast iron
0.4-0.8
0.1-0.4
0.1-0.3
0.08-0.25
Copper alloys
0.4-0.8
0.1-0.4
0.2-0.5
0.1-0.25
Aluminium
0.4-0.8
0.1-0.4
0.3-0.8
0.15-0.25
Depth of cut(mm)
2.5-5.0
0.4-2.5
0.5-1.5
Table 1
Speed "v" [m/min] is generated by the primary motion which is the rotation
of the workpiece. The cutting speed at the corner is given by:
where: D - the diameter of the mechined surface [mm]
n - the rotational speed of the workpice [rev/min]
(2)
In table 2 are shown typical speeds
Table 2
For a given work material machined under given conditions, the specific
power required to remove a unit volume of material, ps, can be
measured (Table 3).
(6)
F=P/
(7)
Pe= P/[W]
(8)