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Combustion in CI Engine
Combustion in a CI engine is quite different
from that of an SI engine. While combustion in
an SI engine is essentially a flame front moving
through a homogeneous mixture, combustion
in a CI engine is an unsteady process
occurring simultaneously in many spots in a
very non-homogeneous mixture controlled by
fuel injection.
AB : delay period
4
Combustion in CI Engine
1 cm
In Cylinder Measurements
This graph shows the fuel injection flow rate, net heat release
rate and cylinder pressure for a direct injection CI engine.
Start of injection
Start of combustion
End of injection
6
Start of
injection
-20
End of
injecction
-10
TC
10
20
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Combustion in CI Engine
The combustion process proceeds by the following stages:
CI Engine Types
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For
very-large
engines
(stationary
power
generation) which operate at low engine speeds
the time available for mixing is long so a direct
injection quiescent chamber type is used (open or
shallow bowl in piston).
As engine size decreases and engine speed
increases, increasing amounts of swirl are used to
achieve fuel-air mixing (deep bowl in piston).
For small high-speed engines used in automobiles
chamber swirl is not sufficient, indirect injection is
used where high swirl or turbulence is generated in
the pre-chamber during compression and
products/fuel blowdown and mix with main
chamber air.
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Types of CI Engines
Glow plug
Orifice
-plate
Direct injection:
quiescent chamber
Direct injection:
swirl in chamber
Direct Injection
quiescent chamber
Direct Injection
multi-hole nozzle
swirl in chamber
Direct Injection
single-hole nozzle
swirl in chamber
Indirect injection
swirl pre-chamber
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Combustion Characteristics
Combustion
occurs
throughout the chamber
over
a
range
of
equivalence
ratios
dictated by the fuel-air
mixing
before
and
during the combustion
phase.
In general most of the
combustion occurs under
very
rich
conditions
within the head of the jet,
this
produces
a
considerable amount of
solid carbon (soot).
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Ignition Delay
Ignition delay is defined as the time (or crank angle
interval) from when the fuel injection starts to the onset
of combustion.
Both physical and chemical processes must take place
before a significant fraction of the chemical energy of
the injected liquid is released.
Physical processes are fuel spray atomization,
evaporation and mixing of fuel vapour with cylinder air.
Good atomization requires high fuel-injection pressure, small
injector hole diameter, optimum fuel viscosity, high cylinder
pressure (large divergence angle).
Rate of vaporization of the fuel droplets depends on droplet
diameter, velocity, fuel volatility, pressure and temperature of
the air.
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Ignition Delay
Physical processes are fuel spray atomization,
evaporation and mixing of fuel vapour with
cylinder air.
Chemical processes similar to that described
for auto-ignition phenomenon in premixed fuelair, only more complex since heterogeneous
reactions (reactions occurring on the liquid fuel
drop surface) also occur.
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17
18
Cetane Number
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Cetane Number
In
the
original
procedures
amethylnaphtalene
(C11H10)
with
a
cetane number of zero represented the
bottom of the scale. This has since been
replaced by HMN which is a more stable
compound.
ignition
delay.
quality,
i.e.,
shorter
ignition
20
65.6
900
13
100
10.3
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23
25
Factors Affecting
Ignition Delay
(gauge)
26
27
Effect of
Ignition
Delay
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Knock in CI Engines
Knock in SI and CI engines are fundamentally
similar. In SI engines, it occurs near the end of
combustion; whereas in CI engines, it occurs
near the beginning of combustion.
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References
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DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
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3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.
Wisley.
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